Kruzenshtern Ivan (Adam) Fedorovich (born November 19, 1770 - death August 24, 1846) Russian navigator, admiral, corresponding member, honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Head of the first Russian round-the-world expedition (the voyage lasted more than 3 years), one of the founders of Russian oceanology.
He was the first to map most of the coast of Sakhalin Island. One of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society. Author of the Atlas of the South Sea. The strait in the northern part of the Kuril Islands, the passage between Tsushima Island and the islands of Iki and Okinoshima in the Korean Strait, islands in the Bering Strait and the Tuamotu Archipelago, a mountain on Novaya Zemlya are named after him.
Origin. Education
The first Russian navigator to circumnavigate the world, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, left a deep mark on the history of geographical discoveries. He was born in 1770 in the Estland (Estonian) province near Revel (modern Tallinn) in the family estate. His father, Johann Friedrich, and mother, Christina Frederica, were from poor nobles. When Ivan was 15 years old, his parents sent him to the Naval Corps in Kronstadt. The cadet life was not easy: they lived half-starving, the buildings were poorly heated, windows were broken in the bedrooms, firewood had to be dragged from neighboring warehouses. Many years later, the admiral, who dreamed of the maritime future of his sons, still did not dare to send them to the Naval Corps, and they became students of the famous Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum.
Military service
Due to the beginning of the Russian-Swedish war, the graduation of the cadets took place ahead of schedule. 1788 - Ivan Fedorovich was sent to the ship "Mstislav", but he, like the rest of the graduates, was not given the rank of midshipman, which was due in such cases. In his documents there was an entry: "for the midshipman." However, he soon received the rank: the young man took part in four battles and for his valor he became a lieutenant already in 1790.
Education in England
A brave, energetic and determined officer was noticed. At the end of hostilities, he was sent to continue his studies in England. On English ships, Kruzenshtern was able to visit America, Africa, Bermuda, India and China. It was then that he had the idea of the need for the Russians to circumnavigate the world for research and exploration of trade routes for Russia.
Returning to Russia in 1800, Kruzenshtern, who received the rank of lieutenant commander, submitted notes to the government: “On the elevation of the Russian fleet through long-distance navigation to the level of the best foreign fleets” and “On the development of colonial trade and the most profitable supply of Russian-American colonies with everything they need”. Both notes remained unanswered, but after the palace coup, at the head of the maritime department, N.S. Mordvinov, who, together with the Minister of Commerce N.P. Rumyantsev was able to get permission from the emperor for an expedition to organize maritime trade with China and Japan. Krusenstern was appointed commander of the expedition.
Circumnavigation
The ships for the expedition, bought in England, were named "Neva" and "Nadezhda". In the same place, the best tools and instruments for navigation were purchased at that time. Kruzenshtern sailed on the Nadezhda, and his best friend and comrade Yu.F. was appointed captain of the Neva. Lisyansky. The total number of crews was 129 people. The team consisted of Russians, only the scientists who took part in the expedition were foreigners. On board the Nadezhda was also the Russian ambassador N.P. Rezanov, sailing with his retinue to Japan.
June 26, 1803 - the expedition left Kronstadt and headed for the coast of Brazil. This was the first passage of Russian ships to the southern hemisphere. As an anti-scorbutic agent, a large supply of the best wine was purchased on Tenerife, each sailor was entitled to a bottle a day. Krusenstern personally examined the sailors. Fortunately, thanks to the efforts of the commander, scurvy was avoided on this journey.
After a month of repairs on the Brazilian island of St. Catherine, the expedition moved to Cape Horn. There, during the fog, the ships lost each other. Kruzenshtern went to the Marquesas Islands, and Lisyansky went to Easter Island and corrected Cook's mistake in determining its geographical coordinates. Sailors met near Nukagiva Island (Marquesas Islands).
Further, the ships headed for the South Sandwich Islands, and there again divided. Ivan Fedorovich moved without stopping to Kamchatka, and Lisyansky went to the Sandwich Islands in order to replenish food supplies and from there went to the Aleutian Islands.
From Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchatka, Krusenstern went to Nagasaki. During this transition, the ship fell into a terrible typhoon and almost lost the mast. In Nagasaki, they were forced to stand for 6 months. The Japanese did not want to accept Rezanov; having achieved nothing, the embassy had no choice but to return to Kamchatka. The Japanese authorities did not even give permission to purchase food. True, the emperor supplied the expedition with the necessary products for two months.
On the way back, the travelers mapped the western coast of the island of Hondo (Nippon), the islands of Honshu and Hokkaido, as well as the southern part of Sakhalin. In the Kuril chain, they discovered several previously unknown islands, very low and therefore dangerous for navigation. Krusenstern called them Stone Traps. Having landed the embassy, Kruzenshtern continued sailing. He explored the eastern and northern coasts of Sakhalin to the mouth of the Amur, and from there went to Macau (Aomyn) to meet with Lisyansky. Having taken on board a large cargo of Chinese goods, the expedition on February 9, 1806 set off on its way back to their homeland.
On April 15, in cloudy weather, the ships parted again. Kruzenshtern made attempts to find the Neva, but all in vain. There was no Lisyansky at the agreed meeting place on about. St. Helena.
Later it turned out that the captain of the Neva decided to go to Kronstadt without stopping in the name of the glory of Russian sailors. He managed to safely make this transition, which before him none of these ships had succeeded. And delayed due to searches and calling on about. St. Helena "Hope" arrived in Kronstadt two weeks later, on August 19, 1806. While anchored in Copenhagen, the Russian ship was visited by a Danish prince who wished to meet the Russian sailors and listen to their stories.
1) Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich; 2) Lisyansky Yury Fedorovich
Significance of the expedition
The first Russian round-the-world expedition was of great scientific and practical importance and attracted the attention of the whole world. The Russian sailors corrected in many points the English charts, which at that time were considered the most accurate. Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky discovered many new islands and excluded those that did not exist, but were marked on the maps. They made observations on the temperature of the deep layers of the sea and currents.
For the first time in history, professional meteorological studies were carried out, which have retained their scientific significance to this day. During the entire voyage, studies of currents, their direction and strength were carried out, and ethnographic observations were made, especially valuable in relation to the Nukagivs, Kamchadals and Ainu. These materials are considered classic. In addition to geographical research, botanical, zoological and ethnographic collections were collected. Kruzenshtern's round-the-world expedition introduced not only Russia, but also world science to mysterious Japan. In addition, for the first time seafarers traveled by sea from the European part of Russia to Kamchatka and Alaska, in connection with which a special medal was engraved.
These works have received well-deserved recognition. The expedition leader received the rank of captain of the 2nd rank, was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences and the Admiralty Department.
Scientific, organizational activity
After returning Kruzenshtern, Ivan Fedorovich worked for a long time on theoretical issues of maritime affairs and hydrographic soundings. The famous navigator tried to determine the role and place of geography in the system of sciences, was interested in its connection with physics, chemistry, philosophy and history, sought to determine the influence of economics and commerce on geographical research and geographical discoveries. John Barrow, an indisputable authority in the field of geographical research, reckoned with the opinion of Ivan Fedorovich and corresponded with him. He, in particular, found out from his Russian colleague what he thought about the northwestern passage.
The navigator also corresponded with Humboldt, the cartographer Espinoza and other famous scientists of that era.
The war of 1812 once again showed the patriotism of the naval commander: he donated a third of his fortune to the people's militia. During this difficult time, Kruzenshtern turned into a diplomat, was part of the mission in London, but even here he did not stop being interested in innovations in the field of shipbuilding, the achievements of the British fleet, and inspected the most important ports and docks.
Questions of the organization of Russian navigation continued to interest the scientist. 1815 - after the end of the Napoleonic wars, he participated in the organization of the expedition of O. Kotzebue in search of the northwestern passage. Later, the scientist-navigator did a lot to organize other voyages, primarily for the expedition of Bellingshausen and Lazarev, which culminated in the discovery of Antarctica.
Monument to I. F. Kruzenshtern
Indefinite vacation. Publication of a book, atlas
But intense scientific activity greatly affected the health of the captain. Due to an eye disease, he was forced to apply for indefinite leave to improve his health. However, this was not the main reason: the new maritime minister, the Marquis Traversay, a mediocre and conceited man, did not favor the favorite of the Minister of Commerce Rumyantsev and in every way prevented his proposals to improve the fleet and activities in the field of geographical surveys.
In his estate, Kruzenshtern continued his scientific studies. He finished work on a book about a round-the-world trip, presented several notes to the Admiralty, including the need to compile a "general sea atlas". But his ideas were ignored. Only after Traverse was replaced by Admiral A.V. Moller, who understood the significance of such a publication, accepted the project. Alexander I agreed to issue 2,500 rubles for the publication of Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich's book and an atlas. After the publication of the Kruzenshtern atlas, both in Russia and in Europe they began to consider the first hydrograph of the Pacific Ocean. The atlas itself went far beyond the scope of hydrography: together with the materials of the round-the-world expedition, it greatly contributed to the further development of the Earth sciences.
1827 - the famous traveler, by that time promoted to vice admiral, was the director of the Naval Corps and, thus, got the opportunity to correct the problems that tormented him in his youth. At the same time he worked in many scientific institutions. With the active participation of the admiral, the Geographical Society was organized in Russia, which became one of the most powerful and authoritative in the world.
Death. Heritage
Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern died on August 24, 1846 in his estate Ass and was buried in Reval in the Vyshgorodskaya (Domskaya) church. His work was continued by his son, Pavel Ivanovich, and his grandson, Pavel Pavlovich. Both became famous travelers who explored the northeastern shores of Asia, the Caroline and other islands of the Pechersk Territory and the Ob North.
The scientist-navigator left behind a number of serious scientific works, including the “Atlas of the South Sea” already known to the reader with an explanatory text. A round-the-world trip was described by him in the essay “Journey around the world in 1803-1806. on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva". An abridged version of the book was reprinted in 1950.
Ivan Kruzenshtern is known as a navigator, discoverer and writer. He was a member of scientific communities and foreign academies, the author of the updated "Atlas of the South Sea", a traveler and director of the Naval Cadet Corps.
Ivan Kruzenshtern led the first round-the-world trip and witnessed on the map a large part of the Sakhalin coast. He was one of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society. The strait on the Kuril Islands, the passage between the islands in the Korean Strait, the mountain on Novaya Zemlya, the islands located on the Tuamotu archipelago and in the Bering Strait are named after this scientific and statesman.
Childhood and youth
The real name of the admiral and navigator is Adam Johann von Krusenstern. The future researcher and representative of the ancient German family Krusenstern was the 7th child in the family. The boy was born in November 1770. His father is Judge Johann Friedrich von Krusenstern and his mother is Christina Frederika von Tol.
The family of Russified Germans gave Europe several prominent figures. Among them are the diplomat Philip Crusius and Admiral Moritz-Adolf Krusenstern, Ivan's uncle. Adam received a new name thanks to peers who remade him in the Russian manner. And he inherited dreams of the sea from his uncle, whose stories he often listened to.
The boy read books about naval battles and dreamed of going on a ship. Having been educated at the city school of Revel, he entered the Naval Cadet Corps, located in Kronstadt. The educational institution was distinguished by ascetic living conditions for pupils, and it was not easy for a future sailor from a noble family to come to terms with them. Nevertheless, for his efforts in 1787, Krusenstern was promoted to midshipmen.
Fleet and expeditions
The training ended in 1788, as Russia entered the war with Sweden. The young man was sent to a ship called Mstislav. On this ship, Kruzenshtern distinguished himself in the battle of Hogland and the Battle of Eland. In 1790, the young man received the rank of lieutenant and recognition of achievements in naval battles. In 1793, together with Yuri Lisyansky, Kruzenshtern left Russia on the appointment of the leadership and went to England.
He served there for 6 years. On a British ship, the conqueror of the seas visited the coast of North and South America, visited Surinami, Bermuda and Barbados. The return to Russia in 1799 was marked for the sailor by a project related to trade with India. A round-the-world expedition was seen by the traveler as an actual option for probing the ground in this matter. But Krusenstern was refused his request at the Admiralty.
The state, which was in military relations with France, did not have finances, and the discoverer himself was unknown to anyone. The navigator's request was granted in 1802 at the initiative of the higher authorities, guided by the interests of the navigator.
The expedition of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky lasted 3 years, from 1803 to 1806. The ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva" passed along the lined route. The ships left the port of Kronstadt and entered the Atlantic Ocean, then bypassed Cape Horn, explored Kamchatka, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. In the travel journal, Kruzenshtern noted interesting facts, features of the geography of the places visited and descriptions of the coast, the culture and economy of the lands he visited.
Ambassador Nikolai Ryazanov was officially the head of the expedition. Together with the ship's guest Fyodor Tolstoy, he caused a lot of trouble for Kruzenshtern. The eccentric Count Tolstoy brought the situation to the point that he was landed in Kamchatka. Ryazanov filed a complaint against Kruzenshtern in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, and it was granted.
Scientific and government activities
Returning from a round-the-world trip, Kruzenshtern devoted himself to a different direction in work. Since 1811, he served as an inspector of classes in the Naval Cadet Corps and at the same time carried out scientific activities. The researcher prepared instructions for a round-the-world trip planned for 1815-1816. Ivan Fedorovich made all the necessary purchases in England, preparing the leader, Otto Kotzebue, for sailing, and he himself took a vacation to write the Atlas of the South Sea. For him, Kruzenshtern prepared a collection of comments explaining his works.
In 1827, the navigator became the director of the Naval Cadet Corps and held this position for 16 years. He was also accepted into the Admiralty Council, and a year later, a member of Moscow University. Kruzenshtern made an invaluable contribution to the development of maritime and research affairs. Thanks to his initiative, new disciplines appeared in the cadet corps, and the libraries were replenished with relevant materials and study aids. An officer class was opened.
The biography of the scientist and admiral is firmly connected with the sea. Even after leaving for his estate in 1842, he continued to be active, establishing the Russian Geographical Society with his partners.
Personal life
Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern was an enviable groom. At the age of 30, he fell in love with Julia von Taube der Issen, who was 10 years younger than the admirer. The orphan and incomparable beauty was favored by the attention of the officer, since she did not have a dowry. The union could not take place, since the relatives predicted the girl as the wife of a wealthy landowner, who was thoroughly suited to life, and not a traveler living by the sea.
Kruzenshtern's personal life was successful. Mutual feelings flared up between him and his chosen one, and, despite all the obstacles, on September 14, 1801, the wedding took place. A year later, the wife gave birth to Kruzenshtern's son Otto, whose family name was Nikolai. This event coincided with the appointment of a man as the head of a round-the-world expedition. The authorities had high hopes for Ivan Fedorovich. After leaving the family, Kruzenshtern, as a consolation to his wife, named one of the ships "Hope".
Subsequently, Julia and Ivan had 5 more children: Alexander (nee Julius), Pavel (Paul), Plato (Emil) and 2 daughters, Julia and Charlotte. Together they lived on Cape Ass, in an Estonian manor belonging to the Lääne-Virumaa ensemble. The sons of the admiral became pupils of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Each built an interesting career and became the pride of his father.
Ivan Fedorovich was very fond of pets, his spaniel often became the admiral's travel companion. The ritual of scratching the pet's ears supposedly brought good luck in swimming.
Kruzenshtern was a patriot and a generous person. Despite his modest fortune, he donated a third of it to the creation of a militia during the Patriotic War of 1812.
Death
Ivan Kruzenshtern died in August 1846, while on his estate. The cause of death turned out to be quite natural: the admiral was at an advanced age - 75 years. By decree of the sovereign, he was buried in Reval, in the Tallinn Dome Church.
The scientific heritage left by him serves as the basis for the study of maritime affairs in modern specialized universities. Traveler portraits can be found today in textbooks.
His son Pavel and grandson Pavel Pavlovich followed in the footsteps of the famous relative and also became navigators. Their merit was the study of the Asian coast, the Ob North, the islands of the Pechersk Territory and the Caroline Islands.
Today, the icebreaker, named after Ivan Kruzenshtern, plies the waterways between St. Petersburg and the Baltic Sea, clearing the passage for ships.
Awards
- Order of St. George IV class;
- Order of St. Vladimir 3rd degree;
- Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky;
- Diamond signs to the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky;
- Order of St. Anne II degree,
- Prussian Order Pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste.
Hello reader! In recent days, I have been thinking about the significance of people on the planet. After all, everyone says that each of us is destined to do something, for the sake of this we were born in this world. If you imagine life as a period of time, and look at it from the height of a bird's sweat, then many people do not understand their purpose at all. Many of my friends do not even know what they want to do, where to work, many are even too lazy to leave the house and devote several hours a day to self-development.
I find it while reading books, various articles by other bloggers, or while watching movies. But in recent days I have been studying the biographies of great people. Do you know what Krusenstern discovered? This is what my article will be about today.
Great people - who are they?
Why did great people become like this and what prompted them to unprecedented feats? Many will ask: "What to discover, what to explore, if we already know the answers to all questions of interest." Maybe such phrases will find their successors, but did Bellingshausen and Lazarev know what they would discover? Or Kruzenshtern knew what he would see during his trip, by the way, it was he who glorified Russia to the whole world. These brilliant people have a common feature, they were madly in love with their homeland and were ready to perform incredible deeds, discoveries, for the sake of its glorification and advancement among other states. Alas, today people have completely different values.
Of course, in our country there are many geniuses, great scientists, doctors, gifted children, but for some reason many prefer to emigrate abroad. Let's not condemn anyone, where to live, with whom to live, for whom to work, this is the choice of everyone, the main thing is not to forget your land and parents. Always remember who you are...
Who is Kruzenshtern
Kruzenshtern - the biography of this person is worthy to be studied, taught me to look at familiar things in a new way. He has a lot of perseverance, wisdom, determination, lack of fear and indecision, he is a man of word and deed, it is with him that I associate the word officer - a man of honor.
Few people know that it was Lisyansky and Kruzenshtern who made their native state a great maritime power.
At the end of August 46 of the nineteenth century, a man left the world, through whose efforts our country became the main one in the club of great states. His name was Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and his name is known to everyone, and from an early age.
The reason for this admiration is paradoxical.
The real merits of the departed admiral are little discussed today, although there is enough solid literature, both purely scientific and youth, on this topic. But all the work was blocked by a short episode of the cult animated series Prostokvashino. “Let me ask a question to test your education: who will Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern be?” asked the dear postman. And Matroskin said a brilliant phrase: “I’m not exactly sure. The ship that my grandmother sailed on was named after him.” Sharik summed up the results: "This is a great man and a ship."
The history of the Kruzenshtern family
Many well-known facts from the life of the admiral need to be corrected. So, the most popular ship that was named after him, it is wrong to call a steamer, this is a barque with four matches, the largest and most famous sailing ship of the twenty-first century. The name also does not quite correspond to historical realities.
From the very beginning his name was Adam Johann.
But this name was subjected to rigid Russification. Moreover, the carrier himself did this, because he really wanted to be a blood Russian. And so he asked everyone around him to call him Vanya. But he did not intend to stop there.
He began to make friends with Yuri Lisyansky, who was then a cadet, and Ivan, without thinking for a long time, decided to borrow his friend's middle name. From that very moment he became Fedorovich.
The most surprising thing is that in these actions there was no specific “treason” to his family, which had Austro-German roots. His family was united by Russia, they were closer than it might seem, and this connection with the state only became stronger with each new generation.
The great-great-grandfather of the national hero, Philip Kruizius, twice became the head of the embassy in Moscow - the first time from Germany, the second from Sweden, in those years the embassy was detained in the capital for as much as 36 months. The admiral's grandfather, Evert Philipp, lived in Russia even longer - he was taken prisoner near Narva, then he was transported to Siberia. Upon returning to the family estate near Tallinn, he saw that his land had already become part of Russia.
In other words, Russia was the only home of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. Surprisingly, he considered the most pleasant praise to be an article in a Hamburg newspaper that was dedicated to his journey around the world (1803-1806). It was written there that the expedition was important not only for trade, but for the entire Russian people.
The head of the expedition and everyone on the ships were Russians.
Kruzenshtern's first circumnavigation
In those years, Kruzenshtern realized that in order to prepare for the first circumnavigation of the world, everything had to be put on the line. This business was advanced in his life, and at the same time, it raised the prestige of his beloved country. So that my readers can understand the magnitude of what was happening, in those days - approximately tantamount to owning a nuclear warhead or a personal space station in the twenty-first century.
This will allow you to instantly get into the list of the most influential people in the world, and the state will become no less elite. This phrase could be found in the European bulletin: “Russia at sea is today considered the most powerful country, not only thanks to the skill of its officers, but also thanks to the numerous ships. The upcoming journey around the globe will be the first in navigation, and in general it is better that it is not carried out by the Russian people.
I am surprised and inspired in this man by his purposefulness and determination. If he set a goal for himself, the poor conditions on the ship, the lack of proper food and a place to sleep, will not stop him. He set himself a real goal, and went towards it, doesn't that command respect. His merit lies directly in the fact that he did not tear his shirt, did not throw phrases into the wind, did not do unnecessary feats, but at the same time he did more for our country than other speakers.
To be more precise, it was this person who abolished all corporal punishment in the Navy. It was this already illustrious sailor who pointed out to the leadership of the Naval Cadet Corps the need to undergo training for children from a non-noble family. When the Patriotic War knocked on the door of the country, the admiral gave almost a third of his fortune to the army.
Was there a second Columbus in Russia?
Vitus Jonassen Bering, for sure, many people know this person since the time of school. A few days ago, I stumbled across the Internet on his biography, which told about life values, goals and methods for achieving them. The life story of this legendary person will motivate me for a long time to change the world for the better.
If you briefly describe everything you read, then at the end of the seventeenth century, Captain-Commander Vitus Bering was born, who would later lead two Kamchatka expeditions.
I wanted to ask you a question - how do you feel about foreigners? For some reason, there is an opinion that Russians often discriminate against people who come from another country, especially if it is a black person. I don’t agree, it’s more of a myth that was invented by those who believe that Russia still lives in the dashing 90s, everyone drives BMWs and wears leather jackets.
But, even today, politicians and local officials argue about inviting foreigners to work, this will benefit or harm the country and its integrity. On the one hand, a different look at familiar things, new methods of work, no one will understand a Russian person like another Russian person (sorry for the tautology). And in what year such disputes began is unknown, many argue that they have been going on for as long as the country itself exists.
Today and many years ago you can meet such people who say that foreigners come only to earn more money, they will not bring any benefit. Let's not be cunning, those who came only for money, our country has been visited by countless numbers. But at the same time, tens of thousands of foreign citizens served Russia, they are real heroes. For the sake of the state, which became their second homeland, many were ready to give and even gave their lives.
In the summer of 1681, Vitus Jonassen Bering was born in the small town of Horsens. This man was destined to become a domestic researcher and discoverer.
His father worked at customs, and the boy, after receiving a secondary education, enters the Naval Cadet Corps. Together with his comrades, the guy dreamed of distant lands and glory. It was almost impossible to make their dreams come true in tiny little Denmark, and young sailors chose the country in which to go to serve.
exemplary person
Political changes were taking place in Russia at that time, Tsar Peter the Great could be seen on the throne, he had a very positive attitude towards foreigners, and in every possible way promoted their work in Russia, as a result they received decent salaries and better career opportunities.
At the beginning of the eighteenth century, Bering made the first major expedition to the Indian shores. Upon returning from it, he met the vice-admiral of the Russian fleet, Cornelius Kruys, who was just on a special mission that the tsar himself had entrusted to him.
He helped Russian youths enter European universities and at the same time recruited young graduates to serve in the Russian fleet. At the same moment, Kruys singled out Vitus from the crowd and invited him to go with him to Russia. The latter readily agreed.
At the beginning of the eighteenth century, Bering began to serve Russia, he was given the rank of non-commissioned lieutenant. The new sailor proved himself on the positive side, as a result, the king drew attention to him and singled him out among all.
Bering was instructed to fly the first ship under the national flag around from the port of the Sea of Azov straight to the Baltic. Bering married and was completely conquered by Russia, he then returned to his native Denmark, but only once for a few days to see his relatives, he was more attracted to Russia and its boundless expanses, which he so wanted to explore. All new discoveries lay ahead, and Bering could not wait.
special purpose
In those years, a peninsula in the northeastern part of Eurasia was annexed to our country. By decree of the king, sea communication was established on boats between Okhotsk and the western border of Kamchatka. Navy officer Vitus Bering had a dream to devote himself to research, in particular, to find the answer to the question of the existence of the Asian and American isthmus.
The health of the Russian emperor was then already seriously undermined, but this did not prevent him from paying more attention to the study of remote Russian land and territory that are on the same border with them.
Shortly before the death of the king, Bering was awarded the rank of captain-commander, he was appointed chief of the Far Eastern expedition. The emperor gave clear instructions - to build powerful and strong ships and find the junction of Asia and America. At the same time, the members of the expedition had to explore the little-studied eastern territory.
I am sure that many people know how this story will end, and what discoveries Vitus Bering made in addition to the 2 famous Kamchatka expeditions. The stories of such people not only motivate, they make you get off the couch and do something unusual. How long ago did you leave your comfort zone? Why not start leaving or expanding it today after reading this article? After all, believe me, a lot has not been explored yet, there are many new discoveries ahead, and who knows, maybe in a few years, someone will write a blog about your discoveries that motivate millions of people. Write all your thoughts in the comments and do not forget to subscribe to. See you later!
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Ivan Fyodorovich Kruzenshtern (1770 - 1846),
Russian navigator, admiral, leader of the first Russian round-the-world trip.
Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern is a military sailor by education. In order to improve in maritime affairs, he was sent by the Russian government to the English fleet. The ships on which Kruzenshtern served went to the shores of Canada, to the West Indies, South America, India, and China.
In 1802, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern developed and proposed to the Russian government a project for circumnavigating the world. The project was accepted, and Kruzenshtern was appointed head of the expedition.
It included two ships - "Nadezhda" (commander Kruzenshtern) and "Neva" (commander Yu. F. Lisyansky).
The expedition was supposed to establish contact with the Russian colonies in North America and with Kamchatka, deliver the Russian embassy to Japan, and conduct scientific research.
The ships sailed from Kronstadt in August 1803. Having visited the Marquesas and Hawaiian Islands, they dispersed: "Nadezhda" under the leadership of Kruzenshtern went to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, and "Neva" - to Alaska.
In August 1804, Nadezhda set off for Japan and delivered the Russian embassy there. However, negotiations with the Japanese government failed.
After standing for seven months in Nagasaki, the ship moved in the direction of Kamchatka. Kruzenshtern made hydrographic surveys in the Sea of Japan, filmed part of the Kuril Islands, Sakhalin.
From Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, the embassy went overland to St. Petersburg, and Kruzenshtern on the Nadezhda again sailed to Sakhalin in order to study its eastern shores.
In September 1805 "Nadezhda" set off on her return journey. In the Chinese port of Guangzhou, the Neva again joined the ship.
Bypassing Africa from the south, in June 1806 they arrived in Kronstadt. The expedition mapped numerous islands in the Pacific Ocean, refined maps of sea currents, made astronomical observations, and collected valuable materials on the fauna, flora, and ethnography of the visited islands.
Krusenstern described his voyage in the book “Journey around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806. on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva".
Upon his return, Kruzenshtern served as director in the Naval Cadet Corps. Published the Atlas of the South Sea.
Admiral Kruzenshtern retired in 1842 and returned to his homeland, Estonia.
Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern was buried in the capital of Estonia, the city of Tallinn, in the Cathedral Lutheran Church.
A number of islands, straits, capes in the Pacific Ocean, a mountain on Novaya Zemlya are named after him.
In 1869, on the centenary of his birth, on the banks of the Neva, opposite the building of the Naval Corps, a monument was erected to I.F. Kruzenshtern. The sculpture was created by I. N. Schroeder.
The Russian training sailboat "Kruzenshtern", named after the remarkable navigator, in a round-the-world voyage (2005), dedicated to the 200th anniversary of the historical voyage of Kruzenshtern.