Kabardino-Balkaria. Territory and population - historical information, current state Population of the CBD

Population density

Population density - 69.15 people/km 2 (2016). According to this indicator, the republic ranks 10th among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. But the population in the republic is distributed unevenly. So above 2500 meters there is no permanent population, and the majority of the population of the subject lives in the foothill and lowland zones of the republic.

The highest population density is observed in urban districts (Nalchik, Prokhladny, Baksan). Among the districts, the highest population density is in the Urvansky district, the lowest in the Chereksky district.

National composition

Settlements

General Map

Map legend (when you hover over the marker, the actual population is displayed):

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Notes

1. . Retrieved March 27, 2016. .
3. . Retrieved February 7, 2015. .
4. . Retrieved October 10, 2013. .
5. . Retrieved October 14, 2013. .
6. demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus79_reg1.php All-Union Population Census 1979
7. . Retrieved June 28, 2016. .
8. . .
9. www.fedstat.ru/indicator/data.do?id=31557 Resident population as of January 1 (persons) 1990-2013
10. . .
11. . Retrieved September 21, 2014. .
12. . Retrieved May 31, 2014. .
13. . Retrieved November 16, 2013. .
14. . Retrieved April 13, 2014. .
15. . Retrieved August 6, 2015. .
34. :
36. :
37. www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2016/bul_dr/mun_obr2016.rar Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2016

An excerpt characterizing the population of Kabardino-Balkaria

From October 28, when frosts began, the flight of the French only took on a more tragic character: people freezing and roasting to death at the fires and continuing to ride in fur coats and carriages with the looted goods of the emperor, kings and dukes; but in essence, the process of flight and disintegration of the French army has not changed at all since the speech from Moscow.
From Moscow to Vyazma, out of the seventy-three thousand strong French army, not counting the guards (which throughout the war did nothing but plunder), out of seventy-three thousand, thirty-six thousand remained (of this number, no more than five thousand died in battles). Here is the first term of the progression, which mathematically correctly determines the subsequent ones.
The French army in the same proportion melted and was destroyed from Moscow to Vyazma, from Vyazma to Smolensk, from Smolensk to Berezina, from Berezina to Vilna, regardless of the greater or lesser degree of cold, persecution, blocking the path and all other conditions taken separately. After Vyazma, the French troops, instead of three columns, huddled together in one heap and continued like this until the end. Berthier wrote to his sovereign (it is known how far from the truth the commanders allow themselves to describe the situation of the army). He wrote:
“Je crois devoir faire connaitre a Votre Majeste l"etat de ses troupes dans les differents corps d"annee que j"ai ete a meme d"observer depuis deux ou trois jours dans differents passages. Elles sont presque debandees. Le nombre des soldats qui suivent les drapeaux est en proportion du quart au plus dans presque tous les regiments, les autres marchent isolement dans differentes directions et pour leur compte, dans l "esperance de trouver des subsistances et pour se debarrasser de la discipline. En general ils regardent Smolensk comme le point ou ils doivent se refaire. Ces derniers jours on a remarque que beaucoup de soldats jettent leurs cartouches et leurs armes. vues ulterieures qu"on rallie l"armee a Smolensk en commencant a la debarrasser des non combattans, tels que hommes demontes et des bagages inutiles et du materiel de l"artillerie qui n"est plus en proportion avec les forces actuelles. En outre les jours de repos, des subsistances sont necessaires aux soldats qui sont extenues par la faim et la fatigue; beaucoup sont morts ces derniers jours sur la route et dans les bivacs. Cet etat de choses va toujours en augmentant et donne lieu de craindre que si l"on n"y prete un prompt remede, on ne soit plus maitre des troupes dans un combat. Le 9 November, a 30 verstes de Smolensk.”
[It is my duty to inform Your Majesty about the condition of the corps that I examined on the march in the last three days. They are almost in complete disarray. Only a quarter of the soldiers remain with the banners; the rest go on their own in different directions, trying to find food and get rid of service. Everyone thinks only about Smolensk, where they hope to relax. In recent days, many soldiers have thrown away their cartridges and guns. Whatever your further intentions, the benefit of Your Majesty’s service requires gathering corps in Smolensk and separating from them dismounted cavalrymen, unarmed ones, excess convoys and part of the artillery, since it is now not in proportion to the number of troops. Food and a few days of rest are needed; the soldiers are exhausted by hunger and fatigue; In recent days, many have died on the road and in bivouacs. This distress is continually increasing, and makes us fear that, unless prompt measures are taken to prevent the evil, we will soon have no troops at our command in the event of a battle. November 9, 30 versts from Smolenko.]
Having burst into Smolensk, which seemed to them the promised land, the French killed each other for provisions, robbed their own stores and, when everything was looted, ran on.
Everyone walked, not knowing where or why they were going. Napoleon's genius knew this even less than others, since no one ordered him. But still, he and those around him followed their long-standing habits: they wrote orders, letters, reports, ordre du jour [daily routine]; called each other:
“Sire, Mon Cousin, Prince d" Ekmuhl, roi de Naples" [Your Majesty, my brother, Prince of Ekmuhl, King of Naples.] etc. But the orders and reports were only on paper, nothing was carried out on them, because which could not be fulfilled, and, despite calling each other majesties, highnesses and cousins, they all felt that they were pathetic and disgusting people who had done a lot of evil, for which they now had to pay. And, despite the fact that they were pretending. as if they cared about the army, they were thinking only about themselves and how to quickly leave and save themselves.

The actions of the Russian and French troops during the return campaign from Moscow to the Neman are similar to a game of blind man's buff, when two players are blindfolded and one occasionally rings a bell to notify the catcher. At first, the one who is caught calls without fear of the enemy, but when he gets into trouble, he, trying to walk silently, runs away from his enemy and often, thinking of running away, goes straight into his arms.
At first, Napoleonic troops still made themselves felt - this was during the first period of movement along the Kaluga road, but then, having got out onto the Smolensk road, they ran, pressing the bell with their hand, and often, thinking that they were leaving, ran straight into the Russians.
Given the speed of the French and the Russians behind them, and as a result of the exhaustion of the horses, the main means of approximate recognition of the position in which the enemy was located - cavalry patrols - did not exist. In addition, due to the frequent and rapid changes in the positions of both armies, the information that was available could not keep up in time. If the news came on the second day that the enemy army was there either on the first day or on the third, when something could have been done, this army had already made two marches and was in a completely different position.
One army fled, the other caught up. From Smolensk the French had many different roads ahead of them; and, it would seem, here, after standing for four days, the French could find out where the enemy is, figure out something advantageous and do something new. But after a four-day stop, the crowds again ran, not to the right, not to the left, but, without any maneuvers or considerations, along the old, worse road, to Krasnoe and Orsha - along the broken trail.
Expecting the enemy from behind rather than in front, the French fled, spread out and separated from each other by a distance of twenty-four hours. The emperor ran ahead of everyone, then the kings, then the dukes. The Russian army, thinking that Napoleon would take the right beyond the Dnieper, which was the only reasonable thing, also moved to the right and reached the high road to Krasnoye. And then, as if in a game of blind man's buff, the French stumbled upon our vanguard. Suddenly seeing the enemy, the French became confused, paused from the surprise of fear, but then ran again, leaving their comrades behind. Here, as if through a formation of Russian troops, three days passed, one after another, separate parts of the French, first the viceroy, then Davout, then Ney. They all abandoned each other, abandoned all their burdens, artillery, half the people and ran away, only at night going around the Russians in semicircles on the right.
Ney, who walked last (because, despite their unfortunate situation or precisely as a result of it, they wanted to beat the floor that had hurt them, he began tearing up the walls of Smolensk that did not interfere with anyone), - who walked last, Ney, with his ten-thousandth corps, came running to Orsha to Napoleon with only a thousand people, abandoning all the people and all the guns and at night, sneaking through the forest through the Dnieper.
From Orsha they ran further along the road to Vilna, playing blind man's buff in the same way with the pursuing army. On the Berezina there was confusion again, many drowned, many surrendered, but those who crossed the river ran on. Their main leader put on a fur coat and, getting into the sleigh, rode off alone, leaving his comrades. Those who could, also left; those who could not, gave up or died.

It would seem that in this campaign of flight of the French, when they did everything they could to destroy themselves; when not a single movement of this crowd, starting from the turn onto the Kaluga road and until the flight of the commander from the army, made the slightest sense - it would seem that during this period of the campaign it is no longer possible for historians, who attribute the actions of the masses to the will of one person, to describe this retreat in their meaning. But no. Mountains of books have been written by historians about this campaign, and everywhere the orders of Napoleon and his profound plans are described - the maneuvers that led the army, and the brilliant orders of his marshals.
The retreat from Maloyaroslavets when he is given the road to an abundant land and when that parallel road along which Kutuzov later pursued him is open to him, the unnecessary retreat along the ruined road is explained to us for various profound reasons. For the same profound reasons, his retreat from Smolensk to Orsha is described. Then his heroism at Krasny is described, where he allegedly prepares to take the battle and command himself, and walks with a birch stick and says:
- J "ai assez fait l" Empereur, il est temps de faire le general, [I’ve already imagined the emperor, now it’s time to be a general.] - and, despite that, immediately after that he runs on, leaving the scattered parts of the army located behind.
Then they describe to us the greatness of the soul of the marshals, especially Ney, the greatness of the soul, which consists in the fact that at night he made his way through the forest bypassing the Dnieper and, without banners and artillery and without nine-tenths of the army, ran to Orsha.
And finally, the last departure of the great emperor from the heroic army seems to us by historians as something great and brilliant. Even this last act of flight, in human language is called the last degree of meanness, which every child learns to be ashamed of, and this act in the language of historians receives justification.
Then, when it is no longer possible to stretch such elastic threads of historical reasoning any further, when an action is already clearly contrary to what all humanity calls good and even justice, the saving concept of greatness appears among historians. Greatness seems to exclude the possibility of measuring good and bad. For the great there is no bad. There is no horror that can be blamed on someone who is great.
- “C"est grand!" [This is majestic!] - say historians, and then there is no longer either good or bad, but there is “grand” and “not grand.” Grand is good, not grand is bad. Grand is, according to their concepts, something special. animals they call heroes. And Napoleon, walking home in a warm fur coat from the dying not only of his comrades, but (in his opinion) of the people he brought here, feels que c’est grand, and his soul is at peace.
“Du sublime (he sees something sublime in himself) au ridicule il n"y a qu"un pas,” he says. And the whole world has been repeating for fifty years: “Sublime! Grand! Napoleon le grand! Du sublime au ridicule il n"y a qu"un pas". [majestic... From majestic to ridiculous there is only one step... Majestic! Great! Napoleon the Great! It’s only a step from the majestic to the ridiculous.]
And it will not occur to anyone that recognition of greatness, immeasurable by the measure of good and bad, is only recognition of one’s insignificance and immeasurable smallness.
For us, with the measure of good and bad given to us by Christ, there is nothing immeasurable. And there is no greatness where there is no simplicity, goodness and truth.

Which of the Russian people, reading descriptions of the last period of the campaign of 1812, did not experience a heavy feeling of annoyance, dissatisfaction and uncertainty. Who hasn’t asked himself questions: how they didn’t take and destroy all the French, when all three armies surrounded them in superior numbers, when the frustrated French, starving and freezing, surrendered in droves, and when (as history tells us) the goal of the Russians was precisely that to stop, cut off and take prisoner all the French.
How did that Russian army, which was weaker in number than the French, fight the Battle of Borodino, how did this army, which surrounded the French on three sides and had the goal of taking them away, did not achieve its goal? Do the French really have such a huge advantage over us that we, having surrounded them with superior forces, could not beat them? How could this happen?
History (the one called by this word), answering these questions, says that this happened because Kutuzov, and Tormasov, and Chichagov, and this one, and that one, did not make such and such maneuvers.
But why didn't they do all these maneuvers? Why, if they were to blame for not achieving the intended goal, why were they not tried and executed? But, even if we admit that the failure of the Russians was due to Kutuzov and Chichagov, etc., it is still impossible to understand why and in the conditions in which the Russian troops were located at Krasnoye and near Berezina (in both cases the Russians were in excellent forces), why was the French army with its marshals, kings and emperors not captured, when this was the goal of the Russians?
The explanation of this strange phenomenon by the fact that Kutuzov prevented the attack (as Russian military historians do) is unfounded because we know that Kutuzov’s will could not keep the troops from attacking near Vyazma and near Tarutin.
Why was that Russian army, which with weaker forces won a victory at Borodino over the enemy in all its strength, at Krasnoe and near Berezina with superior forces defeated by frustrated crowds of the French?
If the goal of the Russians was to cut off and capture Napoleon and the marshals, and this goal was not only not achieved, but all attempts to achieve this goal were each time destroyed in the most shameful way, then the last period of the campaign quite rightly seems to be close to the French victories and is completely unfairly presented by Russian historians as victorious.
Russian military historians, to the extent that logic is obligatory for them, involuntarily come to this conclusion and, despite lyrical appeals about courage and devotion, etc., must involuntarily admit that the French retreat from Moscow is a series of victories for Napoleon and defeats for Kutuzov.
But, leaving national pride completely aside, one feels that this conclusion itself contains a contradiction, since a series of victories for the French led them to complete destruction, and a series of defeats for the Russians led them to the complete destruction of the enemy and the purification of their fatherland.
The source of this contradiction lies in the fact that historians who study events from letters of sovereigns and generals, from reports, reports, plans, etc., have assumed a false, never-existent goal for the last period of the war of 1812 - a goal that supposedly consisted of to cut off and catch Napoleon with the marshals and the army.
This goal never existed and could not exist, because it had no meaning, and achieving it was completely impossible.
This goal did not make any sense, firstly, because Napoleon’s frustrated army fled from Russia as quickly as possible, that is, it fulfilled the very thing that every Russian could wish for. Why was it necessary to carry out various operations on the French, who fled as quickly as they could?
Secondly, it was pointless to stand in the way of people who had directed all their energy to escape.
Thirdly, it was pointless to lose their troops to destroy the French armies, which were destroyed without external reasons in such a progression that without any blocking of the path they could not transfer across the border more than what they transferred in the month of December, that is, one hundredth of the entire army.
Fourthly, it was pointless to want to capture the emperor, kings, dukes - people whose captivity would greatly complicate the actions of the Russians, as the most skillful diplomats of that time admitted (J. Maistre and others). Even more senseless was the desire to take the French corps when their troops had melted halfway to Krasny, and convoy divisions had to be separated from the corps of prisoners, and when their soldiers did not always receive full provisions and the already taken prisoners were dying of hunger.
The entire thoughtful plan to cut off and catch Napoleon and his army was similar to the plan of a gardener who, driving cattle out of the garden that had trampled his ridges, would run to the gate and begin to beat this cattle on the head. One thing that could be said to justify the gardener would be that he was very angry. But this could not even be said about the drafters of the project, because they were not the ones who suffered from the trampled ridges.
But, besides the fact that cutting off Napoleon and the army was pointless, it was impossible.
This was impossible, firstly, because, since experience shows that the movement of columns over five miles in one battle never coincides with plans, the likelihood that Chichagov, Kutuzov and Wittgenstein would converge on time at the appointed place was so insignificant , that it amounted to impossibility, as Kutuzov thought, even when he received the plan, he said that sabotage over long distances does not bring the desired results.
Secondly, it was impossible because, in order to paralyze the force of inertia with which Napoleon’s army was moving back, it was necessary to have, without comparison, larger troops than those that the Russians had.
Thirdly, it was impossible because cutting off a military word has no meaning. You can cut off a piece of bread, but not an army. There is no way to cut off an army - to block its path, because there is always a lot of space around where you can go around, and there is night, during which nothing is visible, as military scientists could be convinced of, even from the examples of Krasny and Berezina. It is impossible to take prisoner without the person being taken prisoner agreeing to it, just as it is impossible to catch a swallow, although you can take it when it lands on your hand. You can take prisoner someone who surrenders, like the Germans, according to the rules of strategy and tactics. But the French troops, quite rightly, did not find this convenient, since the same hungry and cold death awaited them on the run and in captivity.

The North Caucasus Republic was formed in Soviet times from the historical territories of the neighboring peoples of Kabarda and Balkaria, according to the principle of a good neighbor - better than a distant relative. Since Kabardians and Balkars are not related peoples and their languages ​​belong to different language groups. in the last three years it has been growing gradually, mainly due to natural growth.

general information

The republic is located on the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus, in its central part. It neighbors such Russian regions as the Stavropol Territory, Karachay-Cherkessia and North Ossetia-Alania, and borders Georgia in the south. It occupies an area of ​​12,500 sq. km.

The population density of Kabardino-Balkaria is 69.43 people/km 2 (2018). It ranks 10th in this indicator in Russia. Residents live mostly in cities (Nalchik, Baksan, Prokhladny), on flat and foothill terrain, and in areas located above 2500 meters above sea level, no one lives.

Formation of the republic

Two neighboring peoples, at the whim of the Soviet government, existed first in one autonomous region (since 1922), and then as part of one autonomous republic (since 1936). Even the “epidemic of division” after the collapse of the USSR could not destroy this union.

From 1944 to 1957, the republic was called the Kabardian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, because the Balkars were deported to Kazakhstan and Central Asia. In 1956-1957, the decision to repress them was declared illegal. The Balkars were allowed to return to their homeland. The republic again became Kabardino-Balkaria, and two Caucasian peoples again began to dominate the national composition of the population.

History of joining Russia

Even the history of joining Russia is completely different for Kabardians and Balkars. Kabardians fought for their independence from 1763 to 1822. When Russian troops under the command of General Ermolov finally occupied the North Caucasus, according to some estimates, the population of Kabardino-Balkaria decreased from 300 to 30 thousand people. Most died in battles, many died from the plague, others went to other regions of the Caucasus. Most of Kabarda was finally included in the Russian Empire in 1825.

The Balkars became part of Russia in 1827, submitting a petition from all their communities to join the empire, subject to the preservation of ancient customs, Muslim religion, and class structure. From that time on, amanats (hostages) from among the Balkar nobility were in Russian fortresses, then many of them fought as part of the tsarist army.

Population

Four years after the formation of the autonomous region in 1926, the population of Kabardino-Balkaria was 204,006 people. According to the latest pre-war data from 1931, 224,400 citizens lived in the republic. The population began to increase largely due to specialists arriving from other regions of the Soviet Union.

During the war years, a significant part of the republic was occupied by the Germans, many of its residents fought in the Red Army. At the end of the war, the Balkars were deported. Therefore, it was not possible to establish exactly how many people lived in Kabardino-Balkaria at that time. According to the first post-war data from 1959, 420,115 people were registered in the region. In terms of national composition, the largest share was occupied by Kabardians - 45.29% of the population of the republic, followed by Russians - 38.7% and Balkars - 8.11%. The change in proportions in the national composition is connected, firstly, with industrialization, because then many Russian specialists came to the republic, and secondly, many Balkars remained in places of deportation.

In subsequent Soviet years, the population of the Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria grew rapidly. Already in 1970, 588,203 people lived in it. The number of residents increased both due to natural growth and due to a large migration influx. In post-Soviet times, the indicator reached its maximum value in 2002. At that time, according to the census, the population was 901,494 people. In subsequent years, until 2015, the population of Kabardino-Balkaria generally decreased. This was due to the unfavorable economic situation in the region. People left to work in the central regions of the country. According to 2018 data, about 865,828 people live in the republic. The national composition has changed slightly; the predominant groups are still Kabardians, Russians and Balkars.

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The population of the region according to Rosstat is 860 709 people (2015). Population density - 69,02 people/km2 (2015). Urban population - 52,25 % (2015).

• 1 Population
• 2 Population density
• 3 National composition
• 4 Settlements
• 5 General map
• 6 Notes

Population

100 000 200 000 300 000 400 000 500 000 600 000 700 000 800 000 900 000 1 000 000 1926 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Population density

Population density - 69.02 people/km2 (2015). According to this indicator, the republic ranks 10th among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. But the population in the republic is distributed unevenly. So above 2500 meters there is no permanent population, and the majority of the population of the subject lives in the foothill and lowland zones of the republic.

The highest population density is observed in urban districts (Nalchik, Prokhladny, Baksan). Among the districts, the highest population density is in the Urvan district, the lowest in the Cherek district.

National composition

Settlements

General Map

Map legend(when you hover over the marker, the actual population size is displayed):

• Capital, more than 200,000 people.
• from 20,000 to 60,000 people.
• from 10,000 to 20,000 people.
• from 5,000 to 10,000 people.
• from 3,000 to 5,000 people.

Notes

1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2015. Retrieved August 6, 2015. Archived from the original on August 6, 2015.
2. Estimated resident population as of January 1, 2015 and average for 2014 (published March 17, 2015)
3. All-Union Population Census of 1926. M.: Publication of the Central Statistical Office of the USSR, 1928. Volume 9. Table I. Populated areas. Available urban and rural population. Retrieved February 7, 2015. Archived from the original on February 7, 2015.
4. All-Union Population Census of 1959. Retrieved October 10, 2013. Archived from the original on October 10, 2013.
5. All-Union population census of 1970. The actual population of cities, urban-type settlements, districts and regional centers of the USSR according to census data as of January 15, 1970 for republics, territories and regions. Retrieved October 14, 2013. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013.
6. All-Union Population Census 1979
7. All-Union population census of 1989. Archived from the original on August 23, 2011.
8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Resident population as of January 1 (persons) 1990-2010
9. All-Russian population census 2002. Volume. 1, table 4. Population of Russia, federal districts, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, districts, urban settlements, rural settlements - regional centers and rural settlements with a population of 3 thousand or more. Archived from the original on February 3, 2012.
10. 1 2 3 The population of the Kabardino-Balkaria region by settlement according to the results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census. Retrieved September 21, 2014. Archived from the original on September 21, 2014.
11. Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities. Table 35. Estimated resident population as of January 1, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2014. Archived from the original on May 31, 2014.
12. Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2013. - M.: Federal State Statistics Service Rosstat, 2013. - 528 p. (Table 33. Population of urban districts, municipal districts, urban and rural settlements, urban settlements, rural settlements). Retrieved November 16, 2013. Archived from the original on November 16, 2013.
13. Estimated resident population as of January 1, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014.
14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
15. 1 2 3 4
16. 1 2 3 4
17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
18. 1 2 3 4 4.22. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
19. 1 2 3 4 4.6. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
20. Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2011
21. Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2012
22. Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2013
23. Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2014
24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 5.13. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by regions of the Russian Federation
25. 1 2 3 4 4.22. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
26. 1 2 3 4 4.6. Fertility, mortality and natural population growth by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
27. Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2011
28. Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2012
29. Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2013
30. Fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce rates for January-December 2014
31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Life expectancy at birth, years, year, indicator value per year, entire population, both sexes
32. 1 2 3 Life expectancy at birth
33. Demoscope. All-Union Population Census of 1959. National composition of the population by regions of Russia: KBASSR
34. Demoscope. All-Union population census of 1989. National composition of the population by regions of Russia: KBASSR
35. All-Russian Population Census 2002: Population by nationality and Russian language proficiency by constituent entities of the Russian Federation
36. Official website of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census. Information materials on the final results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census
Chechnya Chuvashia The edges

Altai Transbaikal Kamchatka Krasnodar Krasnoyarsk Perm Primorsky Stavropol Khabarovsk

Regions

Amur Arkhangelsk Astrakhan Belgorod Bryansk Volgograd Vologda Voronezh Ivanovo Irkutsk Kaliningrad Kaluga Kemerovo Kirov Kurgan Kursk Leningrad Lipetsk Magadan Moscow Murmansk Nizhny Novgorod Novgorod Novosibirsk Omsk Orenburg Oryol Penza Pskov Rostov Ryazan Samara Saratov Sakhalin Sverdlovsk Smolensk Tambov Tver Tomsk Tula Tyumen Ulyanovsk Chelyabinsk Yaroslavl

Federal cities

Moscow St. Petersburg Sevastopol

Autonomous region

Jewish

Autonomous okrugs

Nenets1 Khanty-Mansiysk - Yugra2 Chukotka Yamalo-Nenets2

1 Located on the territory of the Arkhangelsk region 2 Located on the territory of the Tyumen region

Population of Kabardino-Balkaria Information About

Caucasus. The edge is beautiful and strict. A world where everything is constantly changing and unchanged for centuries. Here, like nowhere else, there is a strong feeling of the infinity of time and the moment of existence. The earth here reaches out to the sky, and nature takes the soul captive. It is also a unique region in terms of ethnic diversity. Land of the Highlanders. It’s amazing how peoples have managed to preserve, over centuries of living side by side, each their culture, identity, historical traditions, and languages.We have in our hands the “calling card” of Kabardino-Balkaria.

“...On the edge of the horizon stretches a silver chain of snowy peaks, starting with Kazbek and ending with the double-headed Elbrus... It’s fun to live in such a land! Some kind of gratifying feeling flowed through all my veins. The air is clean and fresh, like a child's kiss; the sun is bright, the sky is blue - what would seem to be more?”

(Mikhail Lermontov)

REPUBLIC OF KABARDINO-BALKARIA

Biography of one of the main resort centers The south of Russia and the city of military glory began in 1724, when the auls of the main princes of Kabarda - Aslanbek Kaitukin, Dzhambot Tatarkhanov, Kuchuk Dzhankhotov - appeared at the foot of the mountains of the Main Caucasus Range.

Nalchik is located in a semicircle of mountains and resembles a horseshoe. Maybe that's where the name comes from? From both Balkar and Kabardian the word “nal” is translated as horseshoe.

There is another version. If you believe historians, in the old days there was viscous, impassable mud in this place - such that horseshoes were torn off horses. One way or another, today the horseshoe is on the emblem of the city, and in place of that legendary mud there are swift avenues that run into the mountains.

The main decoration of Nalchik- a park that is rightfully considered one of the best in Russia and the largest in Europe. The shady alleys of the park merge with the surrounding forests. There are 156 species of trees and shrubs in the park, including rare and even relict ones. Such, for example, as Gingko Biloba.

Speaking of Gingko: in the German city of Weimar there is a museum whose employees keep a register of all the miracle trees preserved on Earth. Nalchik specimens are also included in this “red book”.

NATURE

Pearl of the Republic- double-peaked Elbrus, rising into the sky at its highest point at 5642 meters. It is not surprising that the image of its snow-capped peaks adorns the flag and coat of arms of Kabardino-Balkaria.

In addition, it emphasizes the long-term connection between two close peoples, Kabardians and Balkars. But to the Creator, when he created this region, it was as if Elbrus alone was not enough.

Within the republic there are five more mountain giants, whose height is more than 5000 meters: Dykh-Tau, Koshtan-Tau, Shkhara, Dzhangi-tau, Pushkin Peak.

Sparkling glaciers, picturesque gorges, noisy waterfalls, emerald lakes - Kabardino-Balkaria has everything to fall in love with these places for the rest of your life.

LANGUAGE

Kabardino-Balkaria says in three state languages: Russian, Kabardian and Balkar.

The Kabardian language belongs to the Abkhaz-Adyghe group of Caucasian languages. Writing in this language was created after the October Revolution. The literary language arose on the basis of the dialect of Greater Kabarda.

The Balkar language belongs to the northwestern branch of the Turkic languages. He preserved the ancient Turkic roots in purity - with his help, oriental scientists study the ancient written languages ​​of the Turkic system. It received its modern name in the 1950s - before that time it was called Mountain-Tatar, Mountain-Turkic, Tatar-Jagatai.

At the celebration of the 450th anniversary of joining Russia. Nalchik, September 2007

RELIGION

Sunni Islam- About 75% of the population professes Islam in the republic. Islam came to the territory of the republic in the 14th century - it is known that the Kabardian and Adyghe princes swore allegiance to the Russian prince “according to their faith and Muslim law.”

From the first half of the 19th century, Islam became the dominant religion of the Kabardians and Balkars. In addition to Islam, Christianity and Judaism are represented in the republic. There are representatives of other faiths.

TRADITIONS

Hospitality. Kabardino-Balkaria, like other Caucasian republics, is distinguished by its hospitality. In the house of every mountaineer, the traveler will be fed and warmed. However, the treat is not the same for everyone. For example, instead of the national drink, buza, women will be served sweet tea. For men it’s the opposite. National halva is not prepared for a random guest, but it will definitely be put on the table if the visit was known in advance.

Wedding. The groom, leaving for the bride, is seen off with an evening feast, to which the entire village gathers. The procession with the bride along the way is met by friends and relatives of the groom - in the field they arrange a feast, raise toasts, and dance. After this, the guests are escorted into the house and walk until the morning. The rider who manages to enter the bride’s room on horseback is treated to a large bowl of buza, lakum, and meat. The most authoritative woman of the family smears her daughter-in-law’s lips with honey and oil so that the new family will be just as sweet and pleasant for her.

Birth of a child. Kabardians and Balkars celebrate this event on a grand scale. But special celebrations are held in the family in which a boy is born - the successor of the family. Many guests are invited.

The person who is entrusted with slaughtering a ram or bull for sacrifice says a prayer. He asks God to make the boy strong, strong, to give him many years of life.

A pole with a crossbar is dug into the courtyard of the house, from which a round smoked cheese is suspended - you need to reach it along an oiled rope and bite off a piece. The winner is awarded a prize.

PRIDE

Kabardian horses. One of the best mountain horse breeds. According to legend, the breed came from an Alpine stallion that emerged from the foamy sea waves.

As a result of the Civil and Great Patriotic Wars, the number of Kabardian horses sharply decreased; restoring it took enormous effort.

These horses are distinguished by good memory, lively temperament, and caution in the mountains. The breed is worthy of its homeland.

KITCHEN

Buza(makhsyma) is a low-alcohol, ancient and most popular drink in the republic. Usually made from corn or millet flour, sugar or honey, and barley malt. It is brewed for weddings, on the occasion of major holidays and ritual events.

Lakuma- soft and airy dough product. Each housewife has her own recipe, which, as a rule, is not disclosed.

Halva- a favorite delicacy of Kabardians and Balkars. Not everyone can prepare real halva. Often, a special craftswoman who is famous for preparing halva is specially invited to a family where a big feast is planned.

Khychiny- a dish of Balkar cuisine, thin pies made from unleavened dough with all kinds of fillings: potatoes with cheese, cottage cheese, fresh mint, meat. To visit the republic and not try Khychin means to learn nothing about these places.

You will find recipes for khychins and lakoums in our magazine in the section
(“Feast with a double-headed mountain”).

The business card was designed by Alexander Lastin

Photo: Sergey Klimov, Zhanna Shogenova

The settlement of Kabardino-Balkaria by Russians began in the mid-18th - second half of the 19th century, when the first villages appeared - Soldatskoye, Prokhladnoye - whose inhabitants were Russian and Ukrainian peasants, retired soldiers and others. In the 70-80s of the 18th century, during the construction of the Caucasian cordon line, a number of fortresses and villages were founded on the territory of Kabarda, (Ekaterinogradskaya) where the Don Cossacks were resettled. In 1818, the Nalchik fortress was founded, which later became a settlement. In the 20-30s of the 19th century, Russian villages on the territory of Kabarda were transformed into villages, and their inhabitants were assigned to the Terek Cossack army. During this period, military Cossack colonization prevailed, and one of the components of the Russian population in the region, the Terek Cossacks, was formed.

The second stage of settlement of the territory of Kabarda by the Russian population began after the peasant reform and the end of the Caucasian War. Russian land-poor peasants hoped to receive plots of fertile land. During the period from 1868 to 1880, the population of the North Caucasus increased by more than a million, and by 1892 it had already reached more than 3 million people. The tsarist government, interested in the growth of the Russian-speaking population in the Caucasus, did not prevent the resettlement of peasants from various provinces of Russia to the south. According to the law of 1889, they could move in an organized manner, with the help of the government, or at their own peril and risk. The Terek region was populated by Russian peasants at a particularly rapid pace.

In the 80-90s of the XIX century, more than a thousand families moved to the Nalchik district and settlements were formed: Novo-Ivanovskoye (1886), Novo-Konstantinovskoye (1888), Nikolaevsko-Aleksandrovskoye (1895), Kremenchug-Konstantinovskoye (1896) and others.

According to the administrative reform of 1888 in the Terek region, the villages of Prokhladnaya and Soldatskaya, close to Kabarda, were included in the Pyatigorsk (Cossack) department, and Malaya Kabarda was assigned to the Sunzha department (returned to the Nalchik district in 1905). In connection with these transformations, the Russian population in the district decreased to 15 thousand people.

The settlement of the North Caucasus by Russians and Ukrainians was of a voluntary nature. Some of the settlers settled in Cossack villages, while others fell into the category of non-residents who did not have the rights to own Cossack lands. More than 92 thousand such “nonresidents” lived in the Terek region in 1897, that is, 11% of the population. The third group of settlers settled on state and landowner lands. By 1897, Russians made up just over 42% of all immigrants, Ukrainians - about 34%.

In 1889, 250 thousand Russians, 182 thousand Chechens, 82 thousand Ossetians, and more than 5 thousand Jews lived in the Terek region. It should be noted that Russian and Ukrainian peasants moved to the Caucasus in search of land and salvation from hunger.

The Cossacks, who made up 19.5% of the total population of the Terek, owned 60% of the flat land, depriving the bulk of the local population of a source of subsistence - land. This caused not only food difficulties, but also interethnic confrontation. The highlanders lived on their ancestral land much worse than the Russian-speaking population. This was a state policy aimed both against the local population and at dividing the working Russian population into Cossacks and “non-resident” men. If “the Cossacks possessed the best lands - from 9 to 11 dessiatines per capita, then the non-resident population was forced to rent land from the Cossacks, and the highlanders even live in entire villages on lands rented from the Cossacks, for example, the Ingush village of Galashki. Many Cossack villages, just 50 years ago, belonged to the mountaineers.”

With the development of capitalism in Russia, the economy of the Russian-Cossack population also took the path of market relations, which led to increased economic and social contradictions. The richest non-residents and Cossacks rented land from Kabardian landowners. Nonresident residents of the Nalchik settlement annually rented about 230 acres. Subleasing and speculation based on it developed. In the village of Prokhladnaya, wealthy Cossacks rented state land for 30 kopecks per tithe, and rented it out to land-poor peasants and Cossacks for 20 rubles.

At the beginning of the 20th century, more than 314 thousand people lived in the Terek region. From 1904 to 1914 their numbers increased by 30%. According to the 1897 census, about 33 thousand Russians were engaged in agriculture, 3,715 in construction, 2,922 in trade, 1,485 in carriage, 741 in livestock farming, 2 thousand Russians served railways, 6 thousand people served in the armed forces. They were engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding. Russians made up the majority of the population in cities, which were independent administrative-territorial units and centers of districts and departments.

Russians and Ukrainians made up a significant part of the urban population and industrial centers, and were significantly overrepresented. Most of them were officials and workers.

In the 60s of the 19th century, the population of Nalchik exceeded 1,100 people; in 1914 it increased 7 times and reached 7,589 people, including 1,418 Mountain Jews, 240 Kabardians, 100 Armenians, 62 Georgians, 52 Germans and 14 Balkars. In 1897, the newcomer population of Nalchik amounted to 1,898 people, including 1,166 Russians or 61.43%.

At the end of the 19th century, Russians lived in both Kabardian and Balkar villages. According to census materials, there were 72 people of the Orthodox faith in Balkar societies, and in Kabardian villages - 229.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the size of the Russian and Ukrainian population in the territory of Kabardino-Balkaria continued to increase. In 1903, 13,105 Russians and Ukrainians lived in the Nalchik district, i.e. 1.4 times more than in 1897.

Until the First World War, the Russian population of the district increased. Although new settlements almost did not appear during this period, or small farms appeared, for example, the Koldrasinsky farm near the village of Novoivanovsky. In 1914, 12,944 people lived in Russian villages and hamlets of Greater Kabarda. In 1913, 4,380 Russians and Ukrainians lived in Nalchik, so the total East Slavic population of Greater Kabarda in 1914 was approximately 17 thousand people. By this time, the boundaries of the Nalchik Okrug had changed, and Malaya Kabarda was included in its composition. About 2 thousand Russians and Ukrainians lived on its territory (modern borders), and in the Nalchik district as a whole - up to 19 thousand people.

About 35 thousand people still lived outside the district. (including 11,275 “non-residents who are not settled” or “temporarily living”), and the total number of the East Slavic population in the territory of Kabardino-Balkaria was close to 54 thousand people, which is 1.8 times more than in 1897. From There were less than 22 thousand Cossacks, i.e. less than half. The number of peasants and other classes in the territory of Kabardino-Balkaria exceeded the number of Cossacks, which was the result of peasant colonization in the late 19th – early 20th centuries.

According to the All-Russian Agricultural Census of 1916, about 181 thousand people lived in the Nalchik District, including 135 thousand Kabardians, about 15 thousand Russians and 1,327 Jews.

The growth of the Cossack and nonresident population is also observed in the villages of Prishibskaya, Kotlyarevskaya, Aleksandrovskaya and amounted to 2,779 Cossacks and 48 nonresidents in 1878; 6,346 and 843 people respectively in 1914.

The population has doubled. There has also been a noticeable increase in the non-Cossack population of the villages, which is associated with the cessation of registration in the Cossack class; the Cossacks were given the right to rent out their land, giving the same “non-resident” the opportunity to rent it and work.

The ruin of the peasants during the years of crisis of 1899 - 1903. intensified. The shortage of land grew every year, accompanied by crop failures and hunger of tens of millions of peasants. Kabarda and Balkaria also experienced a similar situation.

The head of the Nalchik district in the annual report for 1900 was forced to admit the uneven distribution of land between residents, because large owners have the best and most of the land, and the majority of the population suffers from land scarcity.

During this period, Russian settlers, the so-called “nonresidents,” found themselves in an extremely difficult situation, the influx of whom into the North Caucasus continued due to the ruin of the peasantry in the central provinces of Russia.

With the increase in land scarcity, the conditions for renting land for nonresidents began to worsen every year; owners inflated rental prices or simply refused to lease land. This circumstance forced many nonresident peasants to leave Kabarda.

There were also other circumstances that forced the peasants to leave the lands of Kabarda - the tsarist bureaucracy (notary, court and others), supporting large land ownership, thereby created insoluble contradictions in land relations.

The situation of temporary mountaineers was much more difficult than that of non-resident Russians. This is also explained primarily by the general lack of land of the urban population, including indigenous residents, which made it difficult for temporary residents to rent land. The Cossack villages had excess land, which was rented by non-residents. It should also be noted that the mountain peoples were in a more powerless position than the Russian population, while temporary residents were even more powerless.

About their difficult situation, Tsagolov G. wrote: “The elders and other persons treat them as beings of a lower order. They charge for anything and everything. Almost for the fact that temporary residents breathe the same air as the gentlemen, the indigenous inhabitants.”

In the Terek region, 13,133 dessiatines were leased from nonresidents in 1903. reserve military land, 260,015 des. public village and 9,185 des. Cossack share land. Non-residents of the Terek Region rented state-owned and privately owned lands, so the peasants of a number of farms in the Nalchik District annually rented hundreds of acres of land from the mountain landowners Toglanov, Kazarshev and others for 20 years.

At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, changes also occurred among the Terek Cossacks in socio-economic terms. The support of tsarism, the Cossacks, was being destroyed; now they no longer represented a single whole, despite the preservation of medieval orders of communal and military life. The land question also became an acute social issue among the Cossacks. The Cossack poor intensified the struggle for land, for the destruction of large landownership.

The lack of land in Kabarda and Balkaria increased every year both among the indigenous population and among nonresidents and Cossacks. This process of decomposition of the peasantry was inevitable in the conditions of the development of capitalism on the outskirts of tsarist Russia.

There is no doubt that the colonization of the North Caucasus, and in particular the Kabardian Plain by Russian settlers, had a progressive significance for the evolution of agriculture in Kabarda and Balkaria. It is enough to point out that until the end of the 19th century in Kabarda the main crops were millet (occupying 38.5% of the crop) and corn (27.8%). The rest came from wheat, barley and other grains. There were almost no winter crops. Everything was sown with spring crops. Vegetable gardening and horticulture were in their infancy, and their development was under the influence of Russian settlers.

The population of Russian villages and farms of Kabarda grew various field and garden crops, taking into account the needs of the market, and widely introduced winter crops - all this had a fruitful impact on the development of the agricultural economy of Kabarda and Balkaria. Capitalist elements began to penetrate more and more into the Kabardian and Balkar villages, disintegrating patriarchal-feudal relations.

Agrarian relations in the country at the beginning of the twentieth century became even more aggravated. The tsarist government, regardless of the lack of land in the Caucasus, took measures to populate the Caucasus with Russian settlers.

The governor of the Caucasus, Vorontsov-Dashkov, a faithful servant of tsarism, demanded that the government slow down the resettlement somewhat and insisted on caution in the resettlement policy in the Caucasus. He proceeded from the fact that the thoughtless resettlement of Russian peasants to the Caucasus could create many new troubles for the tsarist administration and prepare for the new year 1905.

The Governor of the Caucasus took great care of the settlement of the Caucasian region by Russian peasants and demanded large allocations for preparatory measures for the resettlement matter. He argued that for resettlement it is necessary to take people not from the internal provinces of Russia, that is, from among the peasants who are completely unsuited for life on the Caucasian outskirts. They should be recruited from the Russian population of the North Caucasus - the Kuban and Terek regions, where by 1907 up to 1 million 500 thousand souls of the landless peasantry had accumulated (up to 1 million tenants and 500 thousand agricultural workers). They talked about methods and forms of conducting a resettlement campaign and initial attempts to prevent interethnic conflicts.

Based on materials from 1897, it is quite difficult to accurately determine the total population in the territory of Kabarda and Balkaria, because only the total population by district was published. The bulk of the population of present-day Kabardino-Balkaria was part of the Nalchik district, and the rest was part of the Pyatigorsk and Sunzhensky districts and it is possible to distinguish them only indirectly and approximately on a national basis (villages with a predominance of one or another people). The total population of the Nalchik district according to the 1897 census was 102,915 people: Kabardians - 64,746, Balkars -23,184, Russians - 4,811, Ukrainians - 4,745, other nationalities - about 5 thousand.

The third stage of migration from central Russia begins already in Soviet times, when migration was more spontaneous than planned, despite all attempts by the state to streamline this process. Most of the Russian population of the republic appeared here during the period of expanding migration in the post-revolutionary and pre-war years (famine of the early 20s and early 30s, industrialization, collectivization).

If in 1913 there were 20,061 Russians in Kabarda, then in 1921 there were 24,942. According to the 1921 census, there were 151 thousand souls of both sexes in Kabarda, 27,535 in Balkaria. V. Khristianovich, such a high population growth (2 .05% per year) explains by such reasons as evasion of registration in the 1920 census or the fact that part of the population was then on the run and a significant influx of Russian immigrants evicted from Kabarda at the beginning of the revolution, their partial return to Kabarda after 1920.

Drought and crop failures in 1920-1921 caused famine in 34 Russian provinces with a total population of 30 million people. At the beginning of 1921, the total number of refugees from starving areas to the Mountain Republic was 30 thousand people. Dormitories were opened for them, but most of them were housed in the houses of the mountaineers. The mountaineers took in orphans for upbringing. In the villages of Kabarda and Balkaria, specially designated hunters shot game for the starving.

In 1920, about 25 thousand Russian residents of the villages of Sunzhenskaya, Aki-Yurtovskaya, Tarskaya, Ermolovskaya, Mikhailovskaya, Samashkinskaya, Feldmarshalskaya were resettled to the Tersky District (Essentuki, Mineralovodsk, Prokhladnensky, Mozdok districts) in connection with the land management of the Chechens and Ingush.

The All-Union Agricultural Census was carried out in August 1920 in the context of the still ongoing civil war. While hostilities in central Russia had already ceased, in the Don and North Caucasus they were still fierce. It was in August that Wrangel landed troops on the Don and Kuban. Therefore, a number of villages were not covered by the census.

In the Terek region, it was not possible to enumerate the residents of 159 settlements with more than 19 thousand households, especially in the mountainous area. In conditions of hostilities, the population was afraid of requisitions and hid information about their households. Thus, according to statements by census leaders in the Terek region, rural residents reduced the number of crops, agricultural implements, livestock, and poultry by approximately 10% in each district.

Territorial changes also made their own adjustments to the 1920 census data. The Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Region seceded from the Mountain Republic on September 1, 1921; on January 16, 1922, Balkaria was annexed to it and the region received the name Kabardino-Balkarian. In fact, the merger occurred only in August 1922 after the end of the Kabarda census. Until the fall of 1921, Kabarda and Balkaria together made up the Nalchik district of the Mountain Republic, and before the formation of the Mountain Republic.

Such frequent changes of administrative boundaries make it difficult to compare data; however, changes in territory and population were not significant. The post-revolutionary Nalchik district, and then (under the Mountain Republic) the Kabardian district differs from the pre-revolutionary one only in the annexation of three Cossack villages to Kabarda in 1921 - Kotlyarevskaya, Prishibskaya, Aleksandrovskaya with farmsteads and a population of 8,609 people (1921). In addition, in 1920, the Ossetian village of Lesken was removed from Kabarda and joined the Digorsky district of the Mountain Republic. There were 2,425 people in Lesken (1921).

Thus, the area of ​​KBAO was 10.6 thousand km. km., and the area of ​​the KBASSR is 12.8 thousand square meters. km. By 1933, since in 1932 the villages of Prokhladnaya, Ekaterinogradskaya and Soldatskaya were included in the KBAO.

In terms of nationality, the population of the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Okrug looked like this: Kabardians - 64.5%, Balkars - 15.3%, Russians - 13.7%, Ossetians - 2.4%.

The beginning of the breakdown of the economic structure in the countryside, famine, the closure of plants and factories, which led to mass unemployment, the civil war, crop failures in 1920 and 1921, the Spanish flu and typhus epidemics - all this caused mass migrations of the population in the 1920s, mainly , to the Urals and Siberia, although the North Caucasus was not bypassed. A particularly powerful migration process was observed in 1925-1926. The following years are characterized by recession. Thus, in 1925/26 it was 10.7%, in 1926/27 - 3.3%, in 1927/8 - 1.3%, and in 1928/29 - 0.5%.

The area of ​​Kabarda by 1921 increased by 27,840 acres compared to 1889 due to the inclusion of part of the former Sunzhensky department (Malaya Kabarda).

Further, the Russian population continues to grow moderately. According to 1921 data, there were 23,737 Russians in the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomy, in 1926 - 26,982, in 1931 - 107,243, and in 1939, according to the All-Union Census - 129,067 people.

In 1939, the census recorded an increase in the share of Russians in the North Caucasus to 68%, while the share of Ukrainians decreased from 30.5% to 3.1%. In the Terek province, the percentage of Russians decreased from 41.1 to 36.1 (due to lower natural growth and the small number of Ukrainians). Since 1867, Russians have been the largest ethnic group in the region, and in 1939 their share approached 70% of the total population.

At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century. all the peasants of the Stavropol region distinguished themselves from the Caucasian Cossacks, and from the “Russian” (as they said) peasants. The population of Russian and Ukrainian villages also distinguished themselves from each other, although this opposition was not antagonistic: in marriages and other contacts, ethnicity was never taken into account.

The tendency towards convergence of the culture of Russians and Ukrainians in the North Caucasus environment was reflected in the process of linguistic assimilation of Ukrainians. Apparently, here there was an “enlargement” of ethnic self-awareness on the basis of the East Slavic community in the condition of socio-psychological opposition to the surrounding foreign ethnic environment. Ukrainians were often classified by the local population as Russians, and in the statistical collection of the 1920 population census, they were not indicated at all. Information about them is found only in 1926. According to the 1926 census there were 10,244 people, and in 1939 there were 11,142 individuals with families.

There were quite a lot of Russians in all the republics, and they were in constant contact and communication with each other. The history and reality of Russia and the country as a whole have been largely identified in the mass consciousness of Russians. The national language, although it was not constitutional, was Russian. It was mandatory in the education system. The movement of nations towards independence in the republics cannot but complicate the position of the Russians here, since in the new situation they begin to feel “not at home” more acutely than before. And then you have to either adapt, isolate yourself, or emigrate.

A characteristic feature of the economic and social structure of the densely populated Kabardino-Balkaria was the significant predominance of small-scale production. In 1921, 92.6% of the population (Kabardians, Russians, Ukrainians) were engaged in agriculture, about 5.5% - in crafts. In the mountainous regions of Kabarda and Balkaria there were a large number of subsistence farms.

During his stay in Kabardino-Balkaria, Mikoyan A.I. noted: “One of the important achievements of Soviet power is national peace between Kabardians, Russians and Balkars and mutual trust between these peoples, the desire to devote themselves to peaceful labor.”

According to archival data, in 1926 the absolute number of the population of the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Region was 196,943 people: of which 127,619 were Kabardians, 28,163 Balkars, 26,982 Russians. However, A.M. Gonov. provides slightly different data - “according to the results of the 1926 census, there were 230,932 people in KBAO. The size of the entire population has increased with the development and strengthening of state formations. And in 1929, there was a slight decrease in the population, which, obviously, was explained by the same political measures on the part of the state (collectivization, dispossession, etc.) and amounted to 215,500 people. And already in 1935 the population of the region was 316,900 people.”

Along with more numerous peoples (Kabardians, Russians, Kalmyks, Ossetians, Jews), in 1928 there were 33,121 Balkars living in the region, and by the end of the 30s - 38,776 Balkars.

In the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Region in 1926, the majority of the population lived in rural areas and were engaged in their peasant farming. The village population was 93.7%. The population growth rate from 1926 to 1928 was quite high and amounted to about 4.5%. Representatives of fifty nationalities lived in the region, the most numerous of them: Kabardians, Balkars, Russians and Ukrainians, accounting for 92.6%, the share of other nationalities accounted for 7.4%.

Thus, in Kabardino-Balkaria at the end of the 20s, Kabardians (60.1%), Balkars (16.3%), Russians (11.5%), Ukrainians (0.5%) dominated.