Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin was born on June 6, 1799 in Moscow, in the family of a retired major, a hereditary nobleman, Sergei Lvovich Pushkin. Mother Nadezhda Osipovna was the great-granddaughter of Abram Hannibal, the famous "Arap". It was from his mother and her African roots that Pushkin inherited his ardent disposition, unbridled love of life, and his poetic talent allowed him to masterfully transfer thoughts full of passion to paper, infecting his contemporaries and descendants with his feelings.

In addition to Sasha, the family had two more children: Lev and Olga. Alexander's parents were very educated people, even by the standards of their time, when all secular society was characterized by knowledge of Latin and French, foreign and domestic history, and literature. The house was constantly visited by prominent creative personalities: artists, poets, musicians.

Parents of Alexander Pushkin

Alexander Sergeevich's home education was excellent, but it would be unlikely that the study of French literature could give the world the poet we all know and love, with his reverent attitude to the history of Rus', folk tales, legends, traditions and to the Russian people. For this love of Pushkin for everything Russian, special thanks to his grandmother, in whose village he spent a lot of time. Maria Alekseevna herself spoke and wrote only in Russian, and it was she who hired the nanny Arina Rodionovna to serve.

Thanks to the nanny's fairy tales, stories, her melodious dialect and sincere love, the little boy got used to the sound of folk speech, its natural beauty and poetry. Subsequently, this made it possible to balance the typically “French” upbringing and education, which was then characteristic of all noble Russia. Even the young Pushkin wrote his first poem in French.

However, the reason for this was not only the love of a foreign language, but also the exotic nationality of the African great-great-grandfather. It was the origin and heredity that largely influenced the formation of the hot character and bright appearance of the poet.

As a child, Sasha not only studied language and other sciences with French tutors, but also listened to the tales of Arina Rodionovna. The boy read a lot, doing self-education. At his complete disposal was a magnificent father's library, books from the library of the Buturlin family and uncle Vasily Lvovich.

It was in the company of his uncle that the twelve-year-old Pushkin first came to the capital Petersburg in order to enter the newly opened Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. The lyceum was under the patronage of the imperial family and was located in an outbuilding adjoining the Catherine Palace. Alexander was among the first thirty students who studied various wisdoms within its walls.

The system of education used in the lyceum was truly revolutionary. Boys-nobles from the best families were taught the humanities by young, enthusiastic teachers, and a friendly and relaxed atmosphere reigned in the lyceum itself. The teaching proceeded without corporal punishment, which was already an innovation.

At the Lyceum, Pushkin quickly became friends with the rest of the students. His classmates were Delvig, Kuchelbecker, Pushchin, and Alexander Sergeevich managed to preserve and carry this innocent, sincere youthful friendship through his whole life, retaining the most pleasant and enthusiastic memories of his lyceum years.

Lyceum students of the first graduation, which was later recognized as the most successful, listened to lectures by eminent professors, and members of the Academy of Sciences and teachers of the Pedagogical Institute regularly took exams.

The students themselves devoted a lot of time to creativity, publishing handwritten magazines. The young men organized a circle of poets and short stories, its members gathered in the evenings and composed impromptu poems. Subsequently, three of Pushkin's friends and classmates became Decembrists, two of them were convicted (Pushchin and Kuchelbecker). Alexander Sergeevich himself miraculously managed to avoid participation in the uprising (mainly through the efforts of his friends).

Even then, the poetic talent of the young Pushkin was highly appreciated by friends, and soon he was noticed by such luminaries as Batyushkov, Zhukovsky, Derzhavin and Karamzin. In 1815, Alexander, passing the exam, read the poem "Memories in Tsarskoye Selo" in the presence of Derzhavin. The old poet was delighted.

Service and career

In 1817, Alexander Pushkin entered the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. By that time, the poet's family had moved to the capital. The Pushkins lived in Kolomna, on the Fontanka, occupying an apartment of seven rooms on the third floor. Here Pushkin lived from 1817 to 1820. It is believed that it was in this apartment that the poet wrote the works that brought him fame: the ode “Liberty” and the poem “Ruslan and Lyudmila”.

The College of Foreign Affairs was located on the Promenade des Anglais, in the building of the present Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Colleagues of the young diplomat were his classmates-lyceum students Kuchelbecker, Korsakov and Gorchakov. A diplomatic career did not occupy the poet much, but he regularly visited the place of service from 1817 to 1824. Alexander Sergeevich then used the knowledge gained in the “Notes on Russian History of the XIII Century” written in 1822.

Pushkin was attracted by the stormy life of the capital, which seemed especially attractive and interesting to the freedom-loving poet by nature after voluntary imprisonment in the walls of the lyceum. No wonder its graduates jokingly called this educational institution a monastery - its rules were so strict, which isolated students from the outside world.

The poet's social circle was very diverse: he was friends with hussars and poets, with artists and musicians, fell in love, fought duels, visited theaters, fashionable restaurants, salons, and literary circles. Women have always occupied one of the main places in his life and work, and especially at the time of youth. Pushkin admired his muses, dedicated poems to them, extolling their spiritual qualities. The heartfelt experiences of the young Alexander Sergeevich were for the most part sublime, platonic in nature.

The offer of a hand and heart to the youngest daughter of the Olenins, Anna, belongs to this period. Pushkin often visited the Olenins' mansion on the Fontanka, where all the literary world of St. Petersburg gathered. Having been refused by Anna Olenina, the poet soon met a new muse, the niece of the mistress of the house, Anna Kern. He subsequently dedicated the poem “I remember a wonderful moment” to her.

First "southern" link

In the society of that time, there was a general uplift, caused by pride in one's people on the wave of victory over. At the same time, free and dangerous ideas, not just advanced, but revolutionary, wandered in the minds of prominent people. This freedom-loving spirit was also absorbed by Pushkin, who was a member of one of the radical literary circles "Green Lamp". The result was unpublished, but known to the general St. Petersburg public, the poems "Liberty", "Village", "On Arakcheeva".

The consequences were not long in coming. The young poet fell out of favor with the emperor, he was threatened with exile in Siberia. With the cares and efforts of friends, the Siberian exile was replaced by southern exile, and on May 6, 1820, the poet left for a new place of service under the command of Lieutenant General I.N. Inzov.

During the period of "wanderings" from 1820 to 1824, Pushkin had a chance to visit different cities and villages of the Russian Empire:

• Ekaterinoslav;
• Taman;
• Kerch;
• Feodosia;
• Gurzuf;
• Bakhchisaray;
• Simferopol;
• Chisinau;
• Kamenka;
• Ackerman;
• Bendery;
• Ishmael;
• Kyiv;
• Odessa.

The result of these official wanderings was rich impressions and emotions that inspired the poet to a number of poetic and prose works. During the period of southern exile, Pushkin wrote the poems “The Prisoner of the Caucasus”, “The Fountain of Bakhchisarai”, “Gypsies”, “Gavriliada”. In the Crimea, Alexander Sergeevich first came up with the idea of ​​"Eugene Onegin", work on which he began already in Chisinau.

In Kamenka, the disgraced poet managed to get close to members of the secret society, and in Chisinau he was even accepted into the Masonic lodge.

In Odessa, with its opera, restaurants and theaters, Pushkin arrived already a famous romantic poet, who was called the "singer of the Caucasus." However, in Odessa, Alexander Sergeevich did not immediately develop relations with his superiors - Count M.S. Vorontsov.

There were rumors about the poet's romance with the count's wife, who soon found a way to eliminate the objectionable subordinate. The Moscow police opened Pushkin's letter, where he confessed his passion for atheism, which was immediately reported to the Emperor. In 1824, Alexander Sergeevich was removed from service, and he left for his mother's estate, the village of Mikhailovskoye.

Mikhailovskoe

The return to the father's house for the poet turned into another exile. His own father oversaw his own son, and such a life for the freedom-loving Alexander Sergeevich was simply unbearable. As a result of a serious conflict with his father, the entire family, including his mother, brother and sister, left Mikhailovskoye and moved to the capital. Pushkin was left alone in the company of Arina Rodionovna.

Despite the depressed state and despondency, during the two years spent in Mikhailovsky, the poet worked a lot and fruitfully. Pushkin was alien to the usual "landlord" fun. He read a lot, filling in the gaps in home and lyceum education. The poet constantly ordered books from the capital, which were inspected by the police, his letters were also opened and read.

Under these conditions, “The Prisoner of the Caucasus”, “Boris Godunov”, “Count Nulin”, many poems (including “Winter Morning”, “Napoleon”, “Song of the Prophetic Oleg”), a number of articles, several chapters of “Eugene Onegin.

The news of the uprising on December 14, 1825, in the organization of which many of the poet's friends and acquaintances took part, took Alexander Sergeevich by surprise. The likelihood that the disgraced Pushkin would have taken part in the uprising was so great that his friends deceived him by naming the wrong date for the upcoming coup and saving the great poet for the Motherland. Many participants in the rebellion were exiled to Siberia, and the main instigators were hanged.

mature years

The emperor who ascended the throne pardoned the disgraced poet, returning him from exile, and allowed him to live where he pleases. Nikolai decided to publicly "forgive" Pushkin, hoping to drown out the discontent in society caused by the arrests and execution of the most progressive part of the noble youth after the events of December 14th. From now on, the tsar himself became the official censor of all the manuscripts of Alexander Sergeevich, and the head of the III department of the office, Benckendorff, controlled this process.

From 1826 to 1828, Pushkin repeatedly asked the sovereign for permission to travel abroad or to the Caucasus, but his requests remained unanswered. As a result, the poet arbitrarily went on a trip, for which he received a severe reprimand upon his return. The result of the trip was the poems "Collapse", "Caucasus", "On the Hills of Georgia ..." and the essay "Journey to Arzrum".

At the same time, Alexander Sergeevich met Natalya Goncharova and fell in love with her recklessly. All his women, loves and novels faded in comparison with the young beauty, who became the most passionate and desired dream of the poet. From that moment on, Pushkin's once-stormy personal life focused on the only lady of his heart - as he affectionately called the bride.

Marriage and family

The situation with the marriage proposal was complicated by a number of facts. Pushkin's parents and the parents of his future wife were in very difficult circumstances, if not on the verge of ruin. The Goncharovs could not give any dowry for their beautiful daughter, and this was considered bad manners in high society. The poet's father could hardly allocate for his son one village with two hundred souls of peasants, which was located near his family estate in Boldino.

Pushkin had to go to Boldino in order to take possession of Kistenevka. The poet planned to subsequently pawn her in order to collect a dowry for his bride. On September 3, 1830, Alexander Sergeevich arrived in Boldino (before that, he lived either in St. Petersburg or in Moscow). Pushkin intended to quickly finish his business, return to Moscow to Natalie and have a wedding, for which the sovereign's personal blessing had already been received.

However, the groom's plans were destroyed by the cholera epidemic. Because of this terrible disease, the roads from Boldin to Moscow, as elsewhere in the central part of Russia, were blocked. This involuntary seclusion gave the world a lot of wonderful poems, stories and poems, among which were "The young lady-peasant", "Shot", "Snowstorm", "The miserly knight", "Feast during the plague", "History of the village of Goryukhin" and other masterpieces .

Pushkin admitted that he always loved autumn and winter more; in the cold season, he usually experienced an unusual burst of energy and a desire to write. The period from September to December 1830 was called the Boldin autumn by Pushkin scholars. It became a golden time for Alexander Sergeevich, who created with inspiration far from the hustle and bustle of the capitals and everyday troubles.

Pushkin managed to return to Moscow only on December 5, and on February 18, 1831, he finally married Natalya Goncharova. At the moment of the exchange of rings, the ring that the poet was holding slipped from his hands, and the candle went out. Pushkin considered this a bad omen, but he was still immensely happy.

At first, the newlyweds lived in Moscow, in a house on the Arbat, but then the newly-made husband quarreled with his mother-in-law, and the Pushkins left. For some time they rented a wooden house in Tsarskoye Selo, so dear to the poet's heart. In addition, Nicholas I expressed a desire that Pushkin's wife decorate court balls, which the emperor gave in the Catherine Palace.

Natalya Nikolaevna responded to her husband's ardent passion with calm and quiet love, she was smart, aristocratic, virtuous, well-behaved in society and plunged headlong into housekeeping, the birth and upbringing of children. From 1832 to 1836, the Pushkins had two daughters and two sons: Maria, Alexander, Grigory and Natalya.

The father of such a large family had to literally be torn apart in order to feed his wife, children, two sisters of his wife, arrange parties and go out into the world himself, visiting salons and balls. Having moved to St. Petersburg, in the summer of 1831, Alexander Sergeevich again entered the service. At the same time, he continued to work hard, because the publication of poems and novels also brought a small income. During this period, the poem "Eugene Onegin" was completed, "Boris Godunov" was written, "Dubrovsky" and "The Story of Pugachev" were conceived.

Duel and death

In 1833, the emperor granted Alexander Pushkin the title of chamber junker. The poet was deeply offended, since this title was given only to fledgling youths, and he was already thirty-five. At the same time, the title of chamber junker gave access to the court, and Nikolai wanted Natalya Pushkina to be present at the imperial balls. As for Natalie herself, who was only twenty-two years old, she passionately wanted to dance, shine and catch admiring glances.

While the emperor platonic courted Natalya Nikolaevna, Alexander Sergeevich tried in vain to improve financial affairs. He took loan after loan from the sovereign, published The History of Pugachev, then took up the publication of the Sovremennik magazine, which published works by Gogol, Vyazemsky, Turgenev, Zhukovsky and Pushkin himself. However, all his projects turned out to be unprofitable, and the debt to the treasury increased.

The year 1836 turned out to be unlucky for Alexander Sergeevich. He worked hard trying to deal with debts. In the spring his mother died, and the poet was very sad. This was followed by gossip related to the name of Natalia Nikolaevna and the French guard Baron Dantes, who did not hesitate to court Pushkin's wife.

The first duel, through the efforts of the poet's friends, still did not take place, although Alexander Sergeevich was ready to defend the honor of his Natalie with weapons in his hands, in whose loyalty he was absolutely sure.

Soon rumors spread again in the capital, and Gekkern himself intrigued against Pushkin and his wife, trying to discredit both. The enraged poet sent an insulting letter to the ambassador. Gekkern did not have the opportunity to personally fight in a duel, since this meant the collapse of his diplomatic career, and Dantes, speaking in defense of his adoptive father, challenged Alexander Sergeevich to a duel.

The fateful meeting of opponents took place on January 27, 1837 on the Black River. A bullet fired by a Frenchman pierced the neck of the thigh and hit Pushkin in the stomach. This was the cause of the poet's death, since at that time such a wound was incurable. Alexander Sergeevich lived for two days in terrible agony.

Without losing courage and presence of mind, Pushkin corresponded with the emperor, who promised to take care of his family, confessed to the priest, said goodbye to his loved ones and died on January 29 (February 10 - according to a new style) 1837.

The sun of Russian poetry was buried in the Church of the Savior Not Made by Hands, and the funeral took place on February 6 at the Svyatogorsk Monastery. The grave of the poet, according to his desire, is located next to the grave of his mother.

After Pushkin's death, grateful descendants erected many monuments in his honor. Only in St. Petersburg and Moscow there are about forty of them.

Already after the death of the poet, many legends appeared related to his life, work and even death. So, one of our contemporaries, living in Canada, put forward a version according to which Pushkin is one and the same person. However, no matter how much Alexander Sergeevich would like to extend his life, this legend does not hold water.

The information that Pushkin and are distant relatives is absolutely true. The great-grandmother of Alexander Sergeevich and the great-great-grandmother of Lev Nikolaevich were sisters.

Alexander Sergeevich really has poems with obscene language and profanity (usually publishers replace these words with spaces and dots), as well as rather vulgar comic poems.

Bibliography

Poems:

• "Ruslan and Ludmila";
• "Prisoner of the Caucasus";
• "Gavriiliada";
• "Vadim";
• "Brothers robbers";
• "Bakhchisarai fountain";
• "Gypsies";
• "Count Nulin";
• "Poltava";
• "Tazit";
• "House in Kolomna";
• "Ezersky";
• "Angelo";
• "Bronze Horseman.

Novel in verse

• "Eugene Onegin"

Dramatic works

• "Boris Godunov"

Little Tragedies:

• "The Miserly Knight";
• "Mozart and Salieri";
• "Stone Guest";
• "Feast in Time of Plague";
• "Mermaid".

Prose:

• "Arap of Peter the Great";
• "Shot";
• "Blizzard";
• "Undertaker";
• "Station Master";
• “Young lady-peasant;
• "History of the village of Goryukhin";
• "Roslavlev";
• "Dubrovsky";
• "Queen of Spades";
• "History of Pugachev";
• "Egyptian Nights";
• "Journey to Arzrum during the campaign of 1829";
• "Captain's daughter".

Fairy tales:

• "Groom";
• "The Tale of the Priest and his worker Balda";
• "The Tale of the Bear";
• "The Tale of Tsar Saltan, of his glorious and mighty son Prince Gvidon Saltanovich and the beautiful swan princess";
• "The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish";
• "The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs";
• "The Tale of the Golden Cockerel".

783 poems

The birthday number "2" symbolizes balance in mood, behavior, actions, softness and tact of character, the search for compromises, smoothing sharp corners, acute problems. Internal contradictions, excessive prudence, eternal advice to friends and others can prevent you from sorting out your own affairs.

The number 2 is antithesis, balance, contrast. It is between light and darkness, good and evil, heat and cold, wealth and poverty, life and death.
You can accept all circumstances as they are, adapt to them, and come to terms with them. You can avoid extremes, any uncertainty and excessive generosity.
It is great that you think and care not only about others, but also about yourself. You are good designers and advisers, but not performers.

Number 2 people are usually soft, artistic and charming, easily adapting to circumstances. Often they are characterized by passivity and detachment. They are more inclined to think than to act. They are characterized by ingenuity and intuition, but they do not succeed very often in the implementation of their plans. These people are often prone to depression. They have very good relations with people of number 1.

The lucky day of the week for the number 2 is Monday.

Your planet is the moon

Important:

Tact, diplomacy, peacefulness.
Two endows its owners with softness and passivity, emotionality and physical health. It encourages a person to live with desires and passions, provokes to emotional disorders and depression. Patronizes women, motherhood, psychologists, work with the subconscious and meditation, as well as people living on rent and actors. It helps to make savings in the material world, but is not the number of bankers.

Love and sex:

For these people, home life is very important, so their partners must have common sense. Sexual passion can fade into the background, giving way to genuine respect and love. Moreover, her absence will not make married life any less happy in the long run. These are very devoted natures and in return require absolute fidelity. As long as they feel that they are loved, they are needed - everything is fine, but as soon as doubts are painted over, they instantly become jealous and can resort to cruel revenge in their quest to save the family.

Birth number for a woman

Birth number for a man

Birth number 6

Magnetic personality and huge sex appeal. They can be physically imperfect, but at the same time have a bright appearance and have a phenomenal charm. By their manners and manners, they attract people of the opposite sex, as a flame attracts moths. Romantics and idealists. They become almost slaves to their lovers. Very sensitive to the atmosphere, surround themselves with beautiful things if they have enough money for it. The rich can become patrons.

All these people live rich emotional lives. Their sex life is carefully balanced, they love equally with body and soul. Ardent and passionate lovers. They love everything beautiful, aesthetes. Sincere in their affections, do not betray their fans. They sigh for the ideal, but they love real people. They think clearly, decisively and firmly in the implementation of their plans. Their idealism and romanticism are organically combined with practicality and diligence in any business. They are close to ideal. They can go to extremes: their hatred for the traitors is great. At the same time, their vindictiveness and hostility can increase over time to the extreme.

They should develop the ability to control their temperament. These people are good as friends, but one must beware of having them in one's enemies. If they get angry, they can lose control of themselves. Having overcome this shortcoming, they can become the most pleasant people in communication and activity.
You should pay attention to the ear, throat, nose.

Pythagorean square or psychomatrix

The qualities listed in the cells of the square can be strong, medium, weak or absent, it all depends on the number of digits in the cell.

Deciphering the Square of Pythagoras (cells of the square)

Character, willpower - 3

Energy, charisma - 1

Cognition, creativity - 1

Health, beauty - 0

Logic, intuition - 0

Diligence, skill - 3

Luck, luck - 1

Call of Duty 2

Memory, mind - 2

Deciphering the Pythagorean Square (lines, columns and diagonals of the square)

The higher the value, the more pronounced the quality.

Self-assessment (column "1-2-3") - 5

Making money (column "4-5-6") - 3

Talent potential (column "7-8-9") - 5

Purposefulness (line "1-4-7") - 4

Family (line "2-5-8") - 3

Stability (line "3-6-9") - 6

Spiritual potential (diagonal "1-5-9") - 5

Temperament (diagonal "3-5-7") - 2

Chinese zodiac sign Goat

Every 2 years there is a change of the Element of the year (fire, earth, metal, water, wood). The Chinese astrological system divides years into active, stormy (Yang) and passive, calm (Yin).

You Goat elements Earth of the year yin

Birth hours

24 hours correspond to the twelve signs of the Chinese zodiac. The sign of the Chinese horoscope of birth, corresponding to the time of birth, so it is very important to know the exact time of birth, it has a strong impact on the character of a person. It is argued that according to the birth horoscope, you can accurately find out the features of your character.

The most striking manifestation of the qualities of the hour of birth will take place if the symbol of the hour of birth coincides with the symbol of the year. For example, a person born in the year and hour of the Horse will show the maximum of the qualities prescribed for this sign.

• Rat - 23:00 - 01:00
• Bull - 1:00 - 3:00
• Tiger - 3:00 - 5:00
• Rabbit - 5:00 - 7:00
• Dragon - 7:00 - 9:00
• Snake – 09:00 – 11:00
• Horse – 11:00 – 13:00
• Goat – 13:00 – 15:00
• Monkey - 15:00 - 17:00
• Rooster - 17:00 - 19:00
• Dog – 19:00 – 21:00
• Pig - 21:00 - 23:00

European zodiac sign Gemini

Dates: 2013-05-21 -2013-06-21

The Four Elements and their Signs are distributed as follows: Fire(Aries, Leo and Sagittarius) Earth(Taurus, Virgo and Capricorn) Air(Gemini, Libra and Aquarius) and Water(Cancer, Scorpio and Pisces). Since the elements help to describe the main character traits of a person, by including them in our horoscope, they help to get a more complete picture of a particular person.

The features of this element are heat and humidity, flexibility, divisibility, adaptability. In the Zodiac, these qualities correspond to the air trine (triangle): Gemini, Libra and Aquarius. The Air trine is considered the trine of ideas and intelligence. Principle: exchange, contact.
Air defines contacts and relationships. The element of Air endows a person with such qualities as mobility, activity, liveliness, changeability, flexibility, agility, receptivity, omnipresence, infinity, curiosity. The air is independent, free. He is responsible for the main processes on Earth - movement, reproduction, procreation, that is, for the transmission of life.
People whose horoscopes express the element of Air have a sanguine temperament. Such people can make an impression. They are quick in decisions and deeds, easily and quickly grasp any information, then they pass it all on to other people in a processed form in their own way. They instantly adapt to any changes and changes in life. They are characterized by spiritual flexibility, lability of the psyche, mobility of the mind, they are tireless, as long as they are passionate about some business. Monotony makes them tired.
The shortcomings of the character of the people of the element of Air include the lack of solidity and depth in the sphere of thinking, in the sphere of feelings and activity, they are very unreliable, they cannot be relied upon. They are too superficial, nervous, indecisive, their goals and plans are constantly fluctuating, changing. But they can present their shortcomings as advantages.
No trine has such abilities for diplomacy and a secular lifestyle as the trine of Air. This is a virtuoso in the ability to establish numerous and diverse connections, to grasp, connect and use heterogeneous information. People of the Air do not tolerate a sedentary lifestyle, a business routine, most often they do not have a stable profession, unless it is related to information, travel and contacts.
The people of the trine of Air have the greatest success in the field of science, technology, the world of arts, especially literature. And journalism is just their element. The best assistants of these people in their work are their constant striving for more and more new impressions, new experiences, a continuous exchange of thoughts and ideas, views and opinions with people around them and their ability to establish quick connections and contacts. Their ideal is to be in the center of all events.
Most often, people of the element of Air do not fit into the generally accepted framework because of the craving for freedom, they do not like obligations, they avoid excessive dramatization of relationships. Even ordinary family life for them may seem like a certain "cross" from which they will try to escape or, at least, make it easier.
Monotony and monotony are their worst enemy, so crises in the field of love and marriage are a common story for them. Their superficial feelings can quickly ignite and inspire, and close contacts can begin even from the first meeting and with the first person they meet, but all this will continue exactly until they meet the next object of delight and admiration, to a new cause of inspiration and enthusiasm.
Parents and educators of the children of the trigon of Air should pay special attention to their excessive idealism, superficiality of thinking, susceptibility to other people's influence. Therefore, it is necessary as early as possible to lay in them that moral core, which will be their support in life. Since the child of this trine is very susceptible to both bad and good influences, it is very important who is next to him. The role of parents in choosing friends is very important. With such a child, one must be constantly in contact, participate in his affairs and be close during the holidays, then the spiritual connection between parents and the child will last until the end of life.
The biggest advantage of people of this element is the ability to contact the outside world, the ability to connect people and circumstances, and the biggest danger is mental and spiritual fragmentation, often causing unnecessary worries and disappointments.

Gemini, Virgo, Sagittarius and Pisces. The mutable cross is the cross of reason, connection, adaptation, distribution. The main quality is the transformation of the idea. He is always here and now, that is, in the present. It gives mobility, flexibility, adaptability, complaisance, duality. People in whose horoscopes the Sun, Moon or most of the personal planets are in mutable signs have diplomatic abilities. They have a flexible mind, subtle intuition. They tend to be very cautious, prudent, alert and constantly in a state of expectation, which helps them adapt to any situation. The main thing for them is to have information. When they feel not very competent or informed in any matter, they are excellent at dodging and dodging everyone and everything, although they are considered the most knowledgeable of the entire Zodiac. They are sociable, courteous, talkative, are interesting interlocutors. They easily and skillfully lose ground, confess their mistakes and mistakes, agree with their opponents, interlocutors. People of the mutable cross strive for inner harmony, concord, mediation and cooperation, but are subject to strong internal unrest and outside influence. Their biggest passion is curiosity, which keeps them in constant motion. Their views and worldview are rather unstable and depend on the environment. Often they do not have their own point of view. This partly explains the reasons for their imbalance and inconstancy, changes in their lives. The true goals and plans of these people are difficult to predict, but they almost unmistakably guess the plans of others. They use any opportunity that can bring them benefit or profit, skillfully manage to bypass the blows of fate. People of the mutable cross are born realists. To achieve their goal, they use numerous friends, buddies, neighbors, relatives, colleagues, even unfamiliar people. Life crises are easily experienced and quickly forgotten. If there is no direct path to a life goal, then they will take a circuitous path, considering each step, bypassing all visible sharp corners, bypassing all pitfalls. What helps them with their natural cunning and cunning, flattery and deceit, the ability to cheat. Mutable signs will help out of any emergency, unusual situation, such a situation will not make them nervous, they will only feel their element in which they can finally act. At the same time, their psyche and nervous system are very unstable. Serious obstacles can quickly put them out of action, unsettle them and push back the achievement of the goal. In this case, they do not resist, but go with the flow.

Watch a video:

Gemini | 13 signs of the zodiac | TV channel TV-3

The site provides concise information about the signs of the zodiac. Detailed information can be found on the respective websites.

Undoubtedly, the image of Pushkin, as a kind of prototype of Lensky: romantically idealistic, prone to creative impulses of unprecedented strength, sensitively following the standard of righteousness, purity of thoughts and deeds, is common among connoisseurs of the genius of Alexander Sergeevich. Without aiming to desecrate and denigrate this magnificent faceless theatrical character in the reader's imagination, with sincere zeal to reveal the true essence and depth of genius through a thorough analysis of his mental currents, reflected in the lines of many of his works, we will work to humanize the poet named Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin.

So who are you, Alexander Sergeevich? Birth and childhood

So, let's refresh a little biographical nuances that can shed light on the personality of the non-trivial Russian classic. From these sources we will find information about where Pushkin was born when. Opening any of them, we read: Pushkin was born in Moscow, on the 26th day of the month of May, in the year 1799. The house where Pushkin was born did not survive to this day, but its alleged location is known: the then German street, now Bauman, 10.

The very knowledge that Pushkin was born in the city of Moscow can describe the personality of the poet very indirectly, except to emphasize his love for this city, which manifested itself in all the variety of many warm lines dedicated to him. Without focusing our attention on these details, let us indulge in further research into the personality of Alexander Sergeevich.

Childhood. Let's stop here in more detail. Alexander was given to be fed, according to the fashion of the time, to a serf peasant woman-breadwinner,

Concerns about him were distributed by his parents among numerous nannies. The entire childhood of the future poet was spent in the company of educators and teachers, as well as grandmothers from the mother's side, Maria Alekseevna, and the notorious Arina Rodionovna, Pushkin's nanny, whose bright image is outlined by every textbook of literature.

Parents, however, did not pay proper attention to their children, among whom Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin was the eldest son, limiting themselves to punishing the latter for disobedience. Parental caress in the house where Pushkin Alexander Sergeevich was born was in short supply.

At the same time, being under the age of six, Alexander had already read most of his father's library, which contained many novels of the pornographic and erotic genres by French writers. And the presence at the poetry evenings of little Sasha Pushkin, often arranged by his dad Sergei Lvovich, where often not the most decent poems of the tabloid genre were read, were also imprinted in the emerging mind of the boy.

Often biographers give this tender period of the poet's life a secondary role. Nevertheless, the very origins of genius are hidden, from the point of view of psychoanalysis, it is in these. It is here that a colossal creative potential is formed, requiring the release and constant improvement of the instrument of its realization, namely the syllable. Lack contributes to the development of remarkable and narcissism, hysterical temperament and contempt for the feminine principle that offended the youth.

Lyceum years

At the age of 12, Pushkin departs with joyful feelings of deliverance from parental tyranny. Here the first social relations of the boy with peers, warm friendships and first loves will be formed. And here, where Pushkin was born as a poet, he will be overtaken by the perfection of his youth, accompanied by the violent activity of vulgar and pornographic poetry, dictated by the specifics of this beautiful age. Biographers prefer to mention this aspect of Pushkin's work in passing.

Numerous epigrams and verses, often riddled with phrases that are incorrect for quoting and frank obscenities, contrast with the first romantically sublime lines that appear parallel to them.

The last years of the lyceum, marked by the highest degree of freedom, which allowed movement outside the educational institution, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin spends in the company of hussars settled in Tsarskoye Selo. This society is preferred by the poet to the boring evenings of poetry, where the rest of the lyceum students spend their time. Sexual maturation, which has come to perfection, has discovered the remarkable erotic temperament inherited from exotic African ancestors, which has recently driven Alexander to a frenzy, finally finds its realization. Here the first sensual contacts take place with representatives of the most ancient profession, who also adored the company of the hussars.

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. Portrait of a psychoanalytic

The further biography of Alexander Sergeevich will be more inconsistent, tied to certain traits of his character, since there are a great many sources of information on this topic. Our task is not a biography, but a description of the personality of the poet through the reconstruction of his internal conflicts, experiences and values.

By examining the work of the poet, his correspondence, biography and characteristics given to him by his contemporaries, psychoanalysts have painted a colorless, idealized portrait of the great poet. In their opinion, the family where Pushkin was born "gave" him huge spiritual wounds, which became the reason for the disclosure of the poetic gift as a way to get rid of the pain caused by them. Their prosaic terms will be explained in the following text, but for now, a purely statement.

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin is the bearer of a pronounced Oedipus complex. It manifests itself in rivalry with men and reaching

Painful thirst for female attention.

Personality type - hysterical: constant mood swings, irascibility, hypersensitivity, compensated by feigned cynicism and rudeness, a high level of sexuality, accompanied by erotic aggression, inconstancy in the choice of partners, friends, as well as in views and life positions; narcissism, manifested by high conceit, along with a painful self-esteem and attitude towards criticism.

This is a saying - not a fairy tale, a fairy tale will be ahead

It must be reiterated that these non-poetic, dry psychoanalytic characterizations cannot be seen as a criticism of the poet or an attempt to belittle him in the eyes of the reader. They should be considered in the dynamic general portrait of A. S. Pushkin. Let's take care of this.

Beloved of Alexander Sergeevich

So, according to the testimonies of Alexander Sergeevich's closest friends, the latter was not distinguished by Christian benefactors. Violent passions, successfully practiced in brothels, brothels and other haunting places, commanded his whole life and youth in particular. Neither years of exile nor poverty stopped him,

Accompanying him almost all his life, not even with Natalie Goncharova. With the zeal characteristic of a hysterical personality, he indulged in bodily pleasures every night of God. Objects of adoration quickly bored, replaced by new ones - eternal hunger.

It should be noted that the objects of adoration for Alexander Sergeevich were divided into two incompatible categories, tearing his poetic consciousness into two parts. If the above-described type of women belongs to the first of them, then to the second - units who were able to win the heart of the poet. Each of them ascended to heaven, made them cry, encouraged them to write brilliant lines. Pushkin loved with all his heart and, as a hypersensitive person, suffered greatly, indulging in torment with all pain, if he did not find reciprocity.

But with all this, his feelings were not eternal, just as the representatives of the first category could not captivate the poet for a long time. In a letter to his brother, Pushkin, comparing himself with Petrarch, does not find similarities and writes about his inability to love only one woman.

The propensity of the hysterical personality of A. S. Pushkin to humiliate his beloved, which is directly realized in love for women of easy virtue, in the case of women of the upper class, is manifested in the disclosure of intimate secrets, a contemptuous attitude towards them at the end of the novel, as well as writing cynical and sarcastic epigrams about them.

Cards

The second passion of the poet was playing cards. Pushkin was a very gambling man. His poverty had its origins, rather it was his predilection, rather than the inability to enrich himself. Alexander Pushkin squandered all the fees in the Igretsky houses, where the twin brother of his lust was born - passion. With a lack of sense of proportion characteristic of hysterics, he indulged in the game entirely. His losses sometimes amounted to tens of thousands of rubles per night. For the same reasons, he almost never got out of debt.

Appearance

Almost all contemporaries who ever described Pushkin's appearance did not mention his external beauty. Moreover, about himself in a well-known verse, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin remarks: "the descendant of blacks is ugly." This phrase is certainly exaggerated, but it has a grain of truth. With the pain characteristic of narcissists, they accept any hint of his ugliness.

A. S. Pushkin had the following external data: height - 166 centimeters, broad in the shoulders, gray-blue eyes, snow-white teeth, thick lips, but a beautiful smile, his nose is somewhat elongated. In addition, Pushkin wore long, well-groomed nails. Manicure at that time had not yet become fashionable, so they were most often compared with animal claws. However, nothing forced him to get rid of nails, he valued them very much.

Character

Explosive and changeable, in one minute able to change ringing laughter with deep thoughts - Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin seemed to have several personalities at the same time. The versatility of his emotions had no place in one chest: either one or the other, mastering his thoughts, rapidly succeeded each other. Other friends noticed in him a certain infusion of the devil himself: more often cheerful and witty, he could suddenly explode with anger over any trifle, resulting in frequent duels appointed by himself.

He was not afraid of death. At duels, in anticipation of an opponent's shot, Pushkin smiled cynically, composing another epigram, sang something indifferently, or even ate cherries, as in the days of Bessarabian exile.

His mind was sarcastic and cynical, but at the same time childishly playful and cheerful. And again, these two characteristics were replaced by vindictiveness and vindictiveness. Pushkin's temperament was too multifaceted to fit it into a few lines.

However, this violent play of contradictions gave rise to his all-encompassing inspiration, causing suffering to the poet himself, and this turned into creative potential.

Savor

The pride of Alexander Sergeevich was his aristocratic origin. Any disrespectful mention of glorious ancestors or doubt in his (Pushkin's) nobility immediately caused a storm of indignation on the part of the poet, ending in a duel.

One of Pushkin's friends once noted in a letter that the aristocratic society, in which he sought to occupy an equal position, accepted him only as an artist, not as an equal. In addition, having no fortune, it was difficult for him to conquer the high society, and as a poet he was very popular.

Pushkin adored theater, music, secular evenings and balls, intellectual conversations and poetry evenings. He was an excellent dancer and a great conversationalist. His

Always invited, valued him as a guest.

Creation

All Pushkin's work is divided into two parts, like himself. The first is sublime and pompous, glorifying him throughout the world as a great master of the word. The second, according to critics, often withheld from readers, is not aesthetically valuable. We are talking about pornographic poetry and vulgar epigrams. To understand what Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin is, one cannot exclude them from attention, since to know half of Pushkin's work means trying to understand half a poet, half a person.

In general terms, Pushkin can be characterized not by the likeness of Lensky, not by Onegin, but by the duel between them. An eternal duel, where the cynic Onegin always wins over the amorous idealist Lensky. Mortal combat where Pushkin was born again and again...

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin was born on June 6 (May 26, according to the old style), 1799 in Moscow into a family of an untitled noble family. The maternal great-grandfather of the poet was the African Abram Petrovich Hannibal, who was a pupil and servant of Tsar Peter I.

In the family, besides Alexander Sergeevich, there were several more children - son Lev and daughter Olga. From 1805 to 1810, Pushkin spent a lot of time (especially in summer) with his grandmother in the village of Zakharov near Moscow. It was the grandmother who hired Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva, the nanny whom young Pushkin loved so much.

Education and the beginning of a creative path

In 1811 Pushkin studied at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. In Pushkin's biography, it is important to highlight that for the first time his poems appear in print in 1814, in the journal "Bulletin of Europe", where his poem "To a Friend-Poet Writer" is published. In the same period, the poet was accepted into the Arzamas literary society.

Pushkin graduated from the lyceum in 1817, and graduated with the rank of collegiate secretary of the 12th grade, after which he was appointed to the Collegium of Foreign Affairs.

Creativity of the poet

In 1819, Pushkin was accepted as a member of the literary and theatrical community "Green Lamp". During the same period, he was actively working on the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila" (1820).

In 1821, Pushkin wrote the poem "Prisoner of the Caucasus", which makes him one of the greatest writers among his contemporaries. A year later, work begins on "Eugene Onegin" (1823-1832).

In 1832, the poet plans to create a historical novel about the times of Pugachev, for which he studies all available materials (many of them are classified at that time), travels around many places where the uprising took place. After all these travels, in the fall of 1833 he writes The History of Pugachev and Songs of the Western Slavs, as well as the poems Angelo and The Bronze Horseman, begins work on the story The Queen of Spades. At the same time, Pushkin begins work on the novel "Dubrovsky", in which the main character has to become a robber.

Links

Political lyrics of Pushkin 1817-1820. (“Liberty”, “To Chaadaev”, “Village”) provoked the wrath of Alexander I, and Alexander Sergeevich could be exiled to Siberia. Only thanks to the efforts and influence of Karamzin, Zhukovsky and Krylov, exile to Siberia was avoided. So, in May 1820, Pushkin, under the guise of official travel, was exiled to the south of Russia.

In one of his letters, Pushkin spoke ironically about religion. The letter was intercepted and reported to Alexander I. The result was Pushkin's dismissal from service and his second exile, to the village of Mikhailovskoye (1824-1826).

Personal life

In 1830, Pushkin married Natalya Goncharova, and on February 18 (March 2, old style), 1831, Pushkin and Goncharova were married in Moscow. In the spring, the newlyweds move to Tsarskoye Selo, where they rent a dacha. In 1836, there were already four children in the family.

last years of life

It is important to note that in the biography of Alexander Pushkin, after he was promoted to the rank of chamber junker, he decides to leave the service and resigns. The position of the poet looks completely disastrous, since many of Pushkin's works are not allowed for publication due to censorship (for example, the poem "The Bronze Horseman").

In 1834, Pushkin completed the story The Queen of Spades, which he immediately sent to the Library for Reading magazine. He receives a high fee for the story, but he still fails to solve financial issues.

In 1836, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin decided to publish the Sovremennik magazine. However, the magazine is not popular with the public. In the fourth volume of this magazine, the historical novel The Captain's Daughter was first published.

In 1837, a conflict arose between Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin and Georges Dantes. Pushkin challenges Dantes to a duel, and as a result he is mortally wounded in the stomach.

Emperor Nicholas I, knowing about the grave condition of the poet, promises to provide prosperity to the family and pay off all debts. Subsequently, the monarch fulfilled all the promises. The poet died on January 29 (February 10), 1837.

Chronological table

Other biography options

• It is interesting that the future classic of Russian literature remembered himself from the age of four. Remembering this time, Pushkin said that while walking, he felt the vibrations of the earth. Just at this time, the last earthquake occurred in Moscow.
• At the same time, in early childhood, Pushkin's first brief meeting with Alexander I took place. Walking with his nanny, little Sasha almost fell under the hooves of the emperor's horse. The tragedy was avoided - Alexander kept his horse.
• Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin loved books so much that he collected more than 3,500 copies in his home library.
• He was also a polyglot, knew many foreign languages, including: French, Greek, Latin, German and some others.
• In addition to creativity, there were two more big hobbies in Pushkin's life - women and gambling. Possessing a special charm and charm, he attracted females to himself. The poet's first love happened at the age of 16. From then until the end of his life, Pushkin had special feelings for women.
• He was also an avid gambler. Because of this, the poet often got into debt. However, it was his love for cards and the need for money that spurred Pushkin to write works, for which he sometimes paid off his debts.
• Pushkin was by nature a sarcastic person. His jokes and mockery of friends and contemporaries often led to duels.
• The poet participated in two dozen duels. In most fights, friends of Alexander Sergeevich managed to reconcile the duelists. The first duel took place when Pushkin was still a lyceum student. The last 29th duel turned out to be fatal for him.
• see all

Pushkin on the seashore. I.K. Aivazovsky. 1887

1799 June 6 (May 26 old style) was born the great Russian poet Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin

The ancient capital of Rus' was by this time a large semi-European city, scattered, crowded and colorful, with small houses and manors in the center, with echoing log and quiet unpaved pavements. In the lanes of the Basmannaya part and Chistye Prudy, the foundations of the character of the future poet, his system of feelings, were imperceptibly laid. Here he first learned Russian speech, which later became his fate, heard poetry, saw living poets and discovered the mysterious world of books. Here he first came into contact with history. Moscow has become a huge cradle for his talent, incomparable with anything in the city of his childhood.

"Until the age of eleven, he was brought up in his parents' house," said Lev Sergeevich Pushkin, the poet's younger brother. epigrams on their teachers... In 1811, the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was opened, and Pushkin's father instructed his brother Vasily Lvovich to take him to St. Petersburg to be placed in this institution... The city of childhood was left behind.

The road of life led first to the gardens of Tsarskoye Selo, where six agonizing and unforgettably happy years flew over it, coinciding in the history of Russia with the thunderstorm of the 12th year. Then to the recklessly festive Petersburg of the post-victory years; Here he first meets fame. “Then everyone went from hand to hand, corresponded and read by heart his “Village”, “Ode to Freedom”, “Hurrah! He jumps to Russia ... "and other little things in the same vein. There was not a living person who would not know his poems," Pushchin later recalled. From now on, the fate of the poet is forever connected with the fate of those who will soon find themselves on the cold Senate Square...

First link. New impressions, people. Love. New elements - mountains, sea, midday air, steppes; new peoples and countries: Ukraine, Caucasus, Moldova, Crimea. But despite the beauty of the breathless southern nights, the wonders of the sea and sky, Pushkin feels like an exile. His heart is sad. "How often in sorrowful separation, in my wandering fate, Moscow, I thought of you!" A new blow drives him even farther from Moscow, although it brings him closer geographically. By order of the supreme power, the poet is sent "for permanent residence in the estate of his father, the village of Mikhailovskoye." Pushkin finds salvation from sad circumstances, from great and small adversities of a difficult existence in creativity. The central chapters of "Eugene Onegin" were written in Mikhailovsky, "Gypsies" were completed, "Count Nulin" was written, and many lyrical plays. This is where "Boris Godunov" began and ended. "Man and the people. The fate of man, the fate of the people" - such was, to use the words of Pushkin himself, the theme of this tragedy. On December 14, a little more than a month after the end of Godunov, a real socio-political tragedy broke out in St. Petersburg - the uprising of his friends and like-minded people was brutally suppressed by forces loyal to the government. "... In the papers of each of those who acted there are your poems," - in April 1826, V. A. Zhukovsky informs Pushkin about the progress of the investigation of the rebels. On July 13 of the same year, the leaders of the uprising were executed. Pushkin learns about this twelve days later. And a month later, with a little more, he, "by the highest order of the emperor," receives an urgent call to Moscow. To Moscow... What awaits him there?

Quoted from: Veresaev V. Pushkin in life. St. Petersburg: Lenizdat, 1995

History in faces

Quoted from: Ashukin N.S. Pushkinskaya Moscow. St. Petersburg: Academic project, 1998. p. 6.

The world at this time

In 1799, the French army under the command of Napoleon set out on the Syrian campaign and laid siege to Jaffa.



Bonaparte visits a hospital in Jaffa. A.-J. Gro. 1804

“The campaign in Syria was terribly difficult, especially due to the lack of water. City after city, starting from El Arish, surrendered to Bonaparte. Having crossed the Isthmus of Suez, he moved to Jaffa and on March 4, 1799 laid siege to it. The city did not give up. Bonaparte ordered to announce to the population of Jaffa that if the city was taken by attack, then all the inhabitants would be exterminated, they would not be taken prisoner. Jaffa did not give up. On March 6, an assault followed, and, breaking into the city, the soldiers began to exterminate literally everyone who came to hand. Houses and shops were given over to be plundered. Some time later, when the beatings and robbery were already coming to an end, it was reported to General Bonaparte that about 4,000 Turkish soldiers still surviving, fully armed, mostly Arvanites and Albanians by origin, locked themselves in one vast place, blocked off from all over, and that when the French officers drove up and demanded surrender, these soldiers announced that they would surrender only if they were promised life, otherwise they would defend themselves to the last drop of blood. The French officers promised them captivity, and the Turks left their stronghold and surrendered their weapons. The French locked the prisoners in barns. General Bonaparte was very angry about all this. He believed that there was absolutely no need to promise life to the Turks. "What am I to do with them now?" he shouted. "Where do I have supplies to feed them?" There were no ships to send them by sea from Jaffa to Egypt, nor enough free troops to escort 4,000 selected, strong soldiers through all the Syrian and Egyptian deserts to Alexandria or Cairo. But Napoleon did not immediately stop at his terrible decision ... He hesitated and lost himself in thought for three days. However, on the fourth day after the surrender, he gave the order to shoot them all. 4,000 captives were taken to the seashore and here, every one was shot. “I don’t wish anyone to experience what we experienced, who saw this execution,” says one of the French officers. Immediately after that, Bonaparte moved on, to the fortress of Acre, or, as the French often call it, Saint-Jean d "Acre. The Turks called it Akka. There was no need to delay especially: the plague was chasing the French army on the heels, and stay in Jaffa, where and in the houses, and on the streets, and on the roofs, and in the cellars, and in the gardens, and in the vegetable gardens, the untidy corpses of the slaughtered population rotted, it was, from a hygienic point of view, extremely dangerous.

The siege of Acre lasted exactly two months and ended in failure. Bonaparte had no siege artillery; the defense was led by the Englishman Sydney Smith; from the sea, the British brought both supplies and weapons, the Turkish garrison was large. It was necessary, after several unsuccessful attacks, on May 20, 1799, to lift the siege, during which the French lost 3 thousand people. True, the besieged lost even more. After that, the French went back to Egypt.

It should be noted here that Napoleon always (until the end of his days) attached some special, fatal significance to this failure. The fortress of Acre was the last, easternmost point of the earth, to which he was destined to reach. He intended to stay in Egypt for a long time, ordered his engineers to examine the ancient traces of attempts to dig the Suez Canal and draw up a plan for future work on this part. We know that he wrote to the Sultan of Mysore (in southern India), who was fighting against the British just then, promising help. He had plans for relations and agreements with the Persian Shah. The resistance in Acre, the restless rumors of uprisings of Syrian villages left in the rear between El Arish and Acre, and most importantly, the impossibility of stretching the line of communication so terribly without new reinforcements - all this put an end to the dream of asserting his dominion in Syria.

The return journey was even more difficult than the advance, because it was already the end of May and June was approaching, when the terrible heat in these places increased to an unbearable degree. Bonaparte did not stop for a long time, so that, as cruelly as he always did, he punished the Syrian villages that he found it necessary to punish.

It is curious to note that during this difficult return journey from Syria to Egypt, the commander-in-chief shared with the army all the difficulties of this campaign, not giving himself and his higher commanders any indulgence. The plague was pressing on more and more. The plague-stricken were left behind, but the wounded and those who were not plague-stricken were taken further with them. Bonaparte ordered everyone to dismount, and to provide horses, all wagons and carriages for the sick and wounded. When, after this order, his chief stable manager, convinced that an exception should be made for the commander-in-chief, asked which horse to leave him, Bonaparte became furious, hit the questioner in the face with a whip and shouted: “Everyone go on foot! I’ll go first! What, you don't know the order? Out!" For this and similar deeds, the soldiers loved Napoleon more and in their old age more often remembered Napoleon than for all his victories and conquests. He knew this very well and never hesitated in such cases; and none of those who watched him could subsequently decide what and when there was direct movement, and what was simulated and thought out. It could be both at the same time, as happens with great actors. And Napoleon was really great in acting, although at the dawn of his activity, in Toulon, in Italy, in Egypt, this property of his began to be revealed so far only to a very few, only to the most insightful of those closest to him. And among his relatives there were few insightful then.

On June 14, 1799, Bonaparte's army returned to Cairo. But for a short time, if not the entire army, then its commander-in-chief, was destined to remain in the country he had conquered and submitted to.

Before Bonaparte had time to rest in Cairo, the news came that near Abukir, where Nelson had destroyed the French transports the year before, a Turkish army had landed, sent to liberate Egypt from the French invasion. Now he set out with troops from Cairo and headed north to the Nile Delta. On July 25, he attacked the Turkish army and defeated it. Almost all 15 thousand Turks were killed on the spot. Napoleon ordered not to take prisoners, but to exterminate everyone. “This battle is one of the most beautiful that I have ever seen: not a single person escaped from the entire landed enemy army,” Napoleon solemnly wrote. The French conquest thus seemed to be fully consolidated for the coming years. An insignificant part of the Turks escaped to the English ships. The sea was still in the hands of the English, but Egypt was stronger than ever in the hands of Bonaparte. And then there was a sudden, unforeseen event. Cut off from any communication with Europe for many months, Bonaparte learned amazing news from a newspaper that accidentally fell into his hands: he learned that while he was conquering Egypt, Austria, England, Russia and the Kingdom of Naples resumed the war against France, that Suvorov appeared in Italy, defeated the French, destroyed the Cisalpine Republic, moves to the Alps, threatens to invade France; in France itself - robbery, unrest, complete disorder; The Directory is hated by the majority, weak and confused. "Scoundrels! Italy is lost! All the fruits of my victories are lost! I must go!" he said as soon as he had read the paper.

The decision was taken immediately. He handed over the supreme command of the army to General Kleber, ordered four ships to be equipped in a hasty and strictest secrecy, put on them about 500 people selected by him and on August 23, 1799 left for France, leaving Kleber a large, well-equipped army, regularly operating (by himself created) the administrative and tax apparatus and the silent, submissive, intimidated population of the vast conquered country.