"E. Yu. Sergeev, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences NEW APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR Abstract: The article examines the most important...”

E. Yu. Sergeev,

Doctor of Historical Sciences, Institute of Russian History RAS

NEW APPROACHES TO RESEARCH

FIRST WORLD WAR

Abstract: The article discusses the most important features

The First World War as a total conflict on a global scale, as well as the dominant approaches in modern historiography

Key words: First World War, Russian Empire, comparativism, interdisciplinary approach.

NEW APPROACHES TO THE FIRST WORLD WAR STUDIES

Keywords: World War I, Russian empire, comparative studies, interdisciplinary approach.

First World War 1914–1918 was the greatest test in the modern history of civilization. Never before have the nature and consequences of an armed conflict acquired such catastrophic proportions. Never before have social, political, economic, and spiritual factors been so closely intertwined, influencing the fate of tens of millions of people.

It is well known that the war was expected and prepared not only by crowned heads, politicians, generals or industrial magnates, but also by ordinary people. Some social forces hoped that the universal catastrophe would lead to catharsis, that is, the cleansing of the world from everything that impeded its progress and prosperity. Other contemporaries of those epoch-making events, on the contrary, hoped that the victorious end of what they saw as a fleeting military action would make it possible to achieve national or imperial unity, thereby helping to strengthen the existing regimes. Even many 14 E. Yu. Sergeev residents of colonial and dependent countries advocated the escalation of armed confrontation between the great powers, hoping to achieve concessions and preferences from the warring coalitions. Thus, the spiraling arms race and the propaganda campaign in the media before the start of the war demonstrated the limited understanding of the majority of humanity of the depth of the abyss on the edge of which it found itself almost a hundred years ago - in the summer of 1914.1 Subsequent tragic events demonstrated that military actions had acquired truly global in nature. 38 states, including the dominions of the British Empire, located on all continents of the planet, with the exception of Antarctica, with a population of about 1.5 billion people. directly or indirectly participated in a war that, for the first time in history, took place in three physical environments at once: on land, sea and in the air. The fighting took place over vast areas from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Even those states that declared neutrality experienced significant influence from opposing coalitions.

Throughout the war, neutrals performed a number of important functions.

They acted as supply bases for members of the Entente and the Quadruple Alliance with weapons, food and consumer goods, intermediaries in the process of diplomatic soundings, humanitarian aid centers for tens of thousands of refugees, wounded, prisoners of war and internees, and, finally, sites for a fierce secret war of foreign intelligence services2.

At the same time, the vast majority of dependent countries and peoples of the so-called. The colonial periphery, as a rule, provided all possible assistance to their mother countries in various ways: sending additional military contingents, using labor in the construction of infrastructure, supplying raw materials and food products in ever-increasing volumes, organizing reSee: Joll J., Martel G. The Origins of the First World War. 2d ed. London, 1992; World wars of the twentieth century: in 4 books. Book I: The First World War: a historical essay / rep. ed. G. D. Shkundin. M., 2002; Romanova E.V. The Path to War.

Development of the Anglo-German conflict 1898–1914. M., 2008; Mulligan W. The Origins of the First World War. Cambridge, 2010; etc.

Marrero F. Canarias en la Gran Guerra, 1914–1918, estrategia y diplomacia.

Un studio sobre la politica exterior de Espana. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 2006.

New approaches to the study of the First World War, mounting military equipment, providing communications and conducting reconnaissance operations. Responding to the calls of the metropolises to act shoulder to shoulder in the fight against a common enemy, the emerging local elites cherished the hope that the colonialists, weakened by mutual confrontation, would be forced after the end of the war to transfer part of their power to them3.

Characterizing the events of 1914–1918. As a total armed conflict on a global scale, it is also necessary to point out three of its features.

One of them is that the Great War, as contemporaries soon called it, was industrial in nature for the first time in history. This meant that such traditional conditions for achieving victory over the enemy as mobilization reserves, stocks of weapons and ammunition, and even patriotic enthusiasm in the warring countries were clearly not enough. Skillful organization of the work of industrial enterprises on the part of government bodies, reliable functioning of the entire logistics infrastructure, and effective use of communications facilities both in the front line and in the rear were required. In other words, almost the entire territory of the countries that were members of the warring factions was supposed to become a single military camp through regulation by the state and the active assistance of civil society4.

The second most important feature of the war is due to the fact that it became a coalition war. It must be borne in mind that the interaction of the Entente allies, which was of great importance for the defeat of the armies of the Quadruple Alliance, was carried out through the coordination of strategic plans, ensuring the supply of weapons and ammunition, sending contingents of allied troops to the European and Middle Eastern fronts, cooperation of humanitarian organizations, exchange of intelligence information, carrying out joint propaganda actions, etc., although to the greatest extent this interaction began to be carried out only in 1916. Unfortunately, the constitution in November 1917 of the main coordinating body of the anti-German See, for example: Strahan H. The First World War in Africa. Oxford, 2004.

See: Gilbert M. The First World War. A Complete History. New York, 1996;

Keegan J. The First World War. London, 2000; Strahan H. The First World War:

To Arms. Oxford, 2001.

16 E. Yu. Sergeev coalition - the Supreme Military Council of the Entente - took place without Russia, although if the democratic alternative to the progressive development of the Russian Republic was preserved, its representatives, without a doubt, would have taken a worthy place in this body5.

Finally, the third distinctive feature of the global conflict of the early twentieth century, which was directly related to the Russian Empire, was that for it the war from the very beginning was the Second Patriotic War, which official Soviet historiography was later bashfully silent about, but which Russian historians always emphasized. emigrants. It is no coincidence that, according to the observations of contemporaries, the text of the tsar’s manifestos in early August 1914 resembled the appeals of Alexander I to the people of the Russian Empire in the summer of 1812, and Nicholas II himself compared the events of 1914 with military actions against Napoleon, telling the heir’s educator P. Gilliard 27 July (August 9): “I am now confident that a movement similar to that which occurred during the Patriotic War of 1812 will rise in Russia”6.

This perception of the aggression of Germany and the Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire that later joined it against Russia manifested itself not only in popular support for the military efforts of the tsarist government during 1914–1916, but also in such specific events as the volunteer movement and the activities of various public organizations , the creation of partisan detachments in territory occupied by the enemy7. In addition, as documents testify, on the Russian-German, Russian-Austrian and Caucasian fronts, cases of heroism on the part of soldiers and officers of the tsarist army were by no means an isolated phenomenon. Even in the fall of 1917, not all servicemen of the democratized armed forces were I. S. Lyutov, A. M. Noskov. Coalition interaction of the allies.

Based on the experience of the First and Second World Wars. M., 1988; Wallach J. Uneasy Coalition. The Entente Experience in World War I. Westport, Conn, London, 1993; Pavlov A. Yu. Shackled with one chain. Strategic interaction between Russia and its allies during the First World War (1914–1917). St. Petersburg, 2008.

Quote by: Kolonitsky B. “Tragic erotica”: images of the imperial family during the First World War. M., 2010. P. 76.

It is noteworthy that many contemporaries even called the First World War the Great Patriotic War. The ideological justification for this perception can be found, for example, in the following publications: Trubetskoy E.N.

Patriotic War and its spiritual meaning. M., 1915; Runkevich S.G. The Great Patriotic War and Church Life. Pg., 1916.

New approaches to the study of the First World War in Russia indulged in defeatist sentiments, continuing to demonstrate a readiness to give their lives for victory over the enemy, as manifested, for example, during the Battle of Moonsund on October 12–19, 1917.8 Moving on to the socio-economic and political consequences of the many-month wars of attrition, we point out many qualitative changes in the social life of states affected by the flames of war. In fact, it prepared a rotation of the composition of the power elites, bringing to the political forefront the charismatic leaders of a new generation - from Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky in Russia to Mustafa Kemal in Turkey and Benito Mussolini in Italy.

It is characteristic that one of the major British historians of the twentieth century. called the Great War "a national, political and social revolution across the vast expanses of Europe"9. Let us add: not only Europe, but also Asia.

The former dominance of the so-called. The “aristocracy of blood” in the highest echelons of power has come to an end. It was replaced by elites of the “robe and money bag” - effective bureaucrats and successful financial and industrial magnates, who often relied on populists like Hitler and Mussolini. The positive aspects of social transformation were, on the one hand, the achievement of political equality of women and men, and on the other, the involvement of millions of young people in active social activities, many of whom went through the bloody hell of war. Even tastes and fashion underwent significant changes, reflecting the victory of the new, industrial way of life10.

As a result of the disaster of 1914–1918. The global geostrategic landscape has radically changed. Gone are the empires that recently seemed eternal: Russian, German, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman. On their ruins, national states arose, which embarked on the path of independent development,

–  –  –

fraught with enormous difficulties11. At the same time, the ruling groups, and partly the wider population, for the first time realized the need for state regulation of the economy. In fact, it was the war that pushed public thought to formulate such fundamental theories for modern civilization as the concept of “general welfare” or the model of a “socially oriented economy.” And in the space of international relations, the ideas of integration of countries and peoples under the auspices of a world organization, which, during the work of the Paris and Washington conferences, acquired the status of a mega-regulator of political processes at the global and regional levels, received conceptual design.

The Great War led to a kind of “reset” of understanding of the place and role of man in the world around him. From the pens of philosophers, writers, and publicists came works whose authors sought in a new way, taking into account the horror of the bloody massacre experienced, to evaluate the purpose of humanity and the prospects for its further development. If earlier public opinion, under the influence of social Darwinist theories and nationalist propaganda, fully accepted armed struggle as one of the most powerful means in the arsenal of foreign policy, then after 1918 the war was openly called a crime against humanity, although there was no trial of those responsible for starting it and war criminals who destroyed cultural monuments or committed atrocities against the population never took place. His interpretation of the tragic events of 1914–1918. presented by many contemporaries - artists: writers and composers, architects and sculptors, artists and filmmakers.

We should not forget that the First World War stimulated scientific and technical thought. It brought mechanical engineering to a new level, contributed to the development of the chemical, automotive and aviation industries, and increased the attention of scientists and engineers to improving means of transport and communications. Mass casualties, injuries, poisonings, epidemiological and mental illnesses that affected millions of military personnel and civilians. An example of the publication of research on this issue, carried out at the modern level, is the collection of articles: The peoples of the Habsburg monarchy in 1914–1920: from national movements to the creation national states. T. 1. M., 2012.

New approaches to the study of the First World War of persons during the fighting period necessitated the search for progressive methods of prevention, treatment and post-traumatic adaptation of war victims to peacetime conditions.

Thus, the war of 1914–1918 was a true prologue to the history of the so-called “short” twentieth century, which historians called “extreme”12. It contributed to the formation of the main vectors of political, economic and cultural development of the planet, opening more than thirty years of large and small armed conflicts, revolutionary upheavals, the formation of national liberation movements and general socio-political instability, painted in the colors of opposing ideologies at the stage of completion of the formation of the industrial system . That is why many modern researchers adhere to the concept of the “Second Thirty Years’ War,” drawing an analogy between the events of the mid-17th century, which finally buried the medieval order, and the processes that essentially shaped the industrial society and state of the mid-20th century.13 In this regard, it is appropriate to consider in more detail those trends in the study of the history of the First World War that characterize the modern stage of understanding the events of almost a century ago14.

First of all, most scientists today rely on interdisciplinary methodology, creatively applying approaches previously characteristic of other related sciences: historical political science, sociology, cultural studies, psychology, imagology, etc. A striking illustration of this trend is the interest of historians in the geostrategic constructs that guided the elite groups (politicians, generals, business tycoons) before, during various stages and after the end of the First World War. We mean German plans for acquiring “living space in the East”, Austrian projects for the formation of a trialist empire in Central Europe, Pan-Slavist ideas regarding the unification of all Slavic peoples under the scepter of the Russian Tsar, the concept of E. Hobsbawm. The Age of Extremes. Short 20th century (1914–1991). M., 2004.

Russia in the Age of Wars, 1914–1945 / ed. by Pons S., Romano A. Milano, 2000.

Mommsen W. Der Grosse Krieg und die Historiker: neue Wege der Geschichtsschreibung ber den Ersten Weltkrieg. Essen, 2002.

20 E. Yu. Sergeev of pan-Turkism and pan-Islamism, etc. In this regard, we will point out the emerging tendency to consider the problems of mastering space by military strategists, as well as their development of logistics schemes for the transfer of troops, weapons and ammunition between theaters of war over significant distances along land, sea ​​and even air communications15.

Another distinctive feature of modern historiography is the overcoming of traditional Eurocentrism in the study of the period 1914–1918. Researchers strive not to limit themselves to analyzing events only in theaters of war in the Old World, but also analyze changes in the strategy and tactics of the states participating in the war on the so-called secondary fronts, since they had a direct impact on the course of decisive battles. There are many examples of this kind: military operations in Palestine and Mesopotamia, on the islands of the Pacific Ocean and in the south Atlantic, in China and the African colonies of Germany - all of them have become the subject of serious study in recent years, attracting public attention. In this regard, research into the degree of involvement of various non-European peoples in hostilities or their support has received significant impetus. We mean, say, the participation of Australians, New Zealanders, Indians and residents of Ceylon (Sri Lanka), who made up the famous ANZAC, in the Gallipoli campaign of 1915, Canadians and Africans - in the battles on the Western Front in 1916-1918, units formed from representatives of Asian peoples - in operations on the Palestine and Mesopotamian fronts in 1915–1918. etc.16 The same applies to experiments with the transfer of Russian brigades to the Thessaloniki front and to France, the use of the Portuguese expeditionary force in the battles for Flanders, sending British submariners to strengthen the Baltic Fleet, French pilots to the Romanian Fleet. See, for example: Military thought in exile. Creative thought of Russian military emigration. M., 1999; Angelow J. Kalkuel und Prestige. Der Zweibund am Vorabend des Ersten Weltkrieges. Cologne, 2000; War Planning 1914/ed. by Hamilton R., Herwig H. Cambridge, 2009.

See, for example: Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East. 1789–1923/ed. by Karsh E., Karsh I. Cambridge, 1999; Lake M., Reynolds H.

What's Wrong with ANZAC? The Militarization of Australian History. Sydney, 2010.

New approaches to the study of the First World War front, as well as the project of using Japanese expeditionary forces in Europe, which remained unrealized.

The third significant point that we would like to draw attention to is comparativeism, which is widely used by specialists to identify the general and special in the history of the Great War. We can talk about several perspectives and levels of historical comparative studies: temporal, meaning the comparison of its different periods, for example, the campaigns of 1914 and 1915, spatial, taking into account the specifics of military operations, say, on the Eastern and Western fronts in 1916, and finally, country-by-country, subjecting to comparative reflection the contribution of each of the countries - members of the opposing coalitions to the efforts to achieve victory over the enemy. A number of major historians, especially abroad, have devoted fundamental works to the comparative study of the First and Second World Wars, making a fundamentally important conclusion that the vast majority of strategic techniques and technical innovations in warfare that found application in 1939–1945 were tested back in 1914–1918. Speaking about innovations in the field of weapons, for example, we should mention aviation and tanks, submarines and armored trains, flamethrowers and poisonous gases, mortars and long-range artillery, barbed wire and minefields, many items of soldier's everyday life, ranging from khaki uniforms to marching bowler hats. Perhaps only the atomic bomb and tactical missiles used by the warring parties in the last months of the Second World War had no direct analogues during the First.

In conclusion, let us draw attention to another trend that characterizes recently published works on the history of 1914–1918, namely a pronounced anthropological approach, when the authors focus attention not just on the description of military operations, but also on the analysis of the emotional and psychological state of soldiers in within the framework of everyday life at the front. The study of life in the trenches is complemented by an interest in considering the problems of survival in prisoner-of-war camps, evacuation points and hospitals, and rear garrisons17. In combination with the so-called microhistory, i.e. research See, for example: Senyavskaya E. S. Psychology of war in the twentieth century: the historical experience of Russia. M., 1999; Sergeev E. Yu. “Another earth, another sky...” The West and the military elite of Russia, 1900–1914. M., 2001; Nagornaya O. S.

Other military experience:

22 E. Yu. Sergeev the role in the war of ordinary soldiers and officers, doctors, priests, workers of rear enterprises, representatives of the creative intelligentsia, not only men, but also women, military anthropology allows us to look at the events of an era already distant from us from the point of view of problems today. We are talking about such issues as the socialization of war invalids, state assistance to widows and orphans, changes in the ethnic composition and natural landscape during and after the end of hostilities, and finally, the preservation of historical memory, the creation and maintenance of military graves and memorials in a dignified manner.

In summary, it is necessary to emphasize that, despite the indisputable achievements of historiography, specialists still face the task of reconstructing an objective, holistic, polyphonic picture of the Great War - this epoch-making event of modern times, which, unfortunately, still remains on the periphery of the consciousness of many Russian citizens .Published: Russia and Yakutia: through the prism of history // Collective monograph. Reply ed. Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor V.N. Ivanov. Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Institute for Humane Research. Yakutsk...."

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Seismic profiling by the method of reflected waves) and multi-channel CDP (common depth point method) based on... "the myth-making of Azerbaijani historians in the field of the Armenian Question of 1878 - 1915, as an integral part of the propaganda of the leadership of Azerbaijan..."

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To the 100th anniversary of the BEGINNING OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR

• Sergeev E.Yu. Current problems in studying the First World War
• Khavkin B.L.. Russian front of the First World War (1914-1918). Ending
• Astashov A.B. Violation of the laws and customs of war on the Russian front of the First World War (based on materials of the Russian Extraordinary Commission of Inquiry

NEW TIME

• Malkin S.G.. (Samara). The "Highland Problem" in Britain at the beginning of the 18th century

XX CENTURY

• Marinchenko A.A. (Ukraine). “To cause discord between nations...” Racial policy of the German authorities towards Soviet prisoners of war, 1941 - early 1942

HISTORY OF MODERN TIME

• Sogrin V.V.. Foreign policy of George W. Bush. Genesis. Evolution. Results
• Ivanova L.V.. Somalia: hope for peace in 'the most dangerous place on earth'

RUSSIA AND THE WORLD

• Chernikova T.V.. Russia during the Livonian War: prerequisites and opportunities for entry into Europe
• Kobzareva E.I.. Russia and the Westphalian system (1648-1686)

METHODOLOGY, HISTORIOGRAPHY, SOURCE STUDIES

• Dashichev V.I. Thorns of Soviet historical science (from the history of the Military Historical Journal)
• Sledzevsky I.V.. About the new edition of the encyclopedia of Latin American countries

DOCUMENTARY ESSAYS

• Susloparova E.A.. George Lansbury (1859-1940). Pages of the political biography of the leader of British Labor in the first half of the 30s of the 20th century

FACTS, EVENTS, PEOPLE

• Migay E.IN. Poster as a political weapon of the Republicans and Francoists during the Spanish Civil War of 1936 - 1939
• Kozhukharov A.N.(Bulgaria). Bulgarian captains of the merchant fleet, students of the naval classes of the Russian Empire

REVIEWS

SCIENTIFIC LIFE

Abstracts and keywords of published materials

E.Yu. Sergeev. Current problems in studying the First World War

The article is devoted to the analysis of current trends in domestic and foreign studies of the history of the First World War. Events of 1914 - 1918 are considered from the point of view of origin, periodization, scale, nature, coalition strategy and socio-cultural consequences. Describes the activities of the Russian Association of Historians of the First World War.

Keywords: World War I; Entente and Quadruple Alliance (Central Powers); causes of the war, its periodization; war and society; historiography of the First World War; Russian Association of Historians of the First World War.

B.L. Khavkin. Russian Front of the First World War (1914 - 1918)

The article studies the course of military operations on the Eastern (Russian) Front in 1916-1918. and the significance of this front in a coalition war. The results of the First World War for Russia and the Brest-Litovsk Peace are considered.

Keywords: The First World War, the Russian (Eastern) Front in 1916-1918, the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty, the results of the war for Russia.

A.B. Astashov. Violation of the laws and customs of war on the Russian front of the First World War (based on materials of the Russian Extraordinary Commission of Inquiry)

Keywords: The First World War, military experience, war crimes, war propaganda, Extraordinary Commission of Inquiry.

S.G. Malkin. The "Highland Problem" in Britain at the beginning of the 18th century

The article examines the problems facing the British administration in the mountainous Scotland (Highlands), where the feudal-clan system reigned. Various projects for solving the Highland problem are analyzed.

Keywords: Anglo-Scottish Union of 1707, Highland problem, clan system.

A.A. Marinchenko. “To create discord between peoples...”: the racial policy of the German authorities towards Soviet prisoners of war, 1941 - early 1942

The article undertakes an analysis of the differentiated policies of the Nazi occupiers towards Soviet prisoners of war of various races and nationalities on the territory of Ukraine. It is shown how the split among the prisoners of the multinational Red Army intensified, and the necessary conditions were created for the elimination of “undesirable elements.”

Keywords: The Great Patriotic War, Soviet prisoners of war, Nazi racial policy.

V.V. Sogrin. Foreign policy of George W. Bush. Genesis. Evolution. Results

The article reveals the main directions of the foreign policy of US President George W. Bush. Its continuity and differences from the policies of B. Clinton of the 1990s are shown. Bush's foreign policy practice revealed the utopianism of the imperial fantasies of American neoconservatism.

Keywords: US neoconservatism, foreign policy ideology and practice.

L.V. Ivanova. Somalia: hope for peace in 'the most dangerous place on earth'

Keywords: Somalia, Somali pirates, al-Shabaab, Somali clans.

T.V. Chernikova. Russia during the Livonian War: prerequisites and opportunities for entry into Europe

The article examines questions about the entry of the Moscow state into the geopolitical European space in the second half of the 16th century. and about the influence of the Livonian War on the Europeanization of the Muscovite kingdom in the second half of the 16th century.

Keywords Keywords: Muscovite state of the 15th-17th centuries, Europeanization of Russia, Western innovations, Livonian War.

E.I. Kobzareva. Russia and the Westphalian system (1648-1686)

The article analyzes the period from 1654, the beginning of the Russian-Polish War, to 1686, when the Eternal Peace was concluded between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, during which the place of the Russian state in the system of international relations changed.

Keywords: Westphalian system, Russia, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Eternal Peace.

IN AND. Dashichev. Thorns of Soviet historical science (from the history of the Military Historical Journal)

The article examines the activities of the editorial board of the Military Historical Journal in 1959-1968, aimed at restoring the truth about the Civil and Great Patriotic War.

Keywords: The Great Patriotic War, Main Political Directorate, Party Control Committee, Third Empire, Imperial Chancellery, Nuremberg Trials.

I.V.. Sledzevsky. About the new edition of the encyclopedia of Latin American countries

Keywords: Latin America, New World, encyclopedia.

E.A. Susloparova. George Lansbury (1859 - 1940). Pages of the political biography of the leader of British Labor in the first half of the 1930s of the twentieth century

The essay is dedicated to one of the famous British pacifists and propagandists of the socialist idea of ​​the late 19th - first half of the 20th centuries. George Lansbury. The author analyzes the evolution of Lansbury's views from liberalism to socialism, his activities as editor-in-chief of the national Labor newspaper "Daily Herald", as well as as leader of the Labor Party in 1932 - 1935.

Keywords: Great Britain, British party-political system, Labor Party, Daily Herald, pacifism.

E.V. Migay. Poster as a weapon of the Republicans and Francoists during the Spanish Civil War of 1936 - 1939

The article provides a comparative analysis of the impact of poster propaganda of Republicans and Francoists on the population of Spain. The innovation of Republican artists is shown.

Keywords: poster, Raymond Puyol, Pablo Pedrere.

A.N. Kozhukharov. (Bulgaria). Bulgarian captains of the merchant fleet, students of the naval classes of the Russian Empire

Based on little-known archival sources, the author talks about Bulgarian captains who were trained in naval classes of the Russian Empire in 1888-1904.

Keywords: Russian Maritime classes, Bulgarian merchant fleet, Bulgarian Merchant Shipping Association.

Institute of World History RAS , prof. Doctor of Historical Sciences, Chief Researcher, Supervisor Center "XX Century"

Vice President of the Association

Main publications:

I.Monographs

1. The policy of Great Britain and Germany in the Far East, 1897 - 1903. M.: IVI RAS. 1998. 230 p.

2. Not subject to disclosure. Military agents of the Russian Empire in Europe and the Balkans, 1900 - 1914. M., IVI RAS. 1999. 419 pp.; 2nd ed. corr. and additional M.: Realii-Press, 2003. 480 p. (co-authored with A. A. Ulunyan)

3. “Another Earth, another sky...” The West and the military elite of Russia, 1900 - 1914. M.: IVI RAS, 2001. 282 p.

4. Russian Military Intelligence in the War with Japan, 1904-5. Secret Operations on Land and at Sea. London - New York: Routledge, 2007. 252 p.

II. Educational benefits

5. Recent history. Details, 1945 - 1999. M.: AST - Olimp-Astreya, 2000. 576 p.

6. International economic relations. Lecture course. M.: Marketing, 2000. 328 p.

7. Recent history of foreign countries. Textbook for 11th grade of general education institutions. M.: Education, 2000. 319 pp.; 2nd ed., 2002; 3rd ed., 2003; 4th ed., 2005; 5th ed., 2006; 6th ed., 2007; 7th ed. (correction and addition), 2008; 8th ed., 2009 (co-authored with A.A. Ulunyan).

8. Lesson developments for the course “Recent history of foreign countries. Grade 11". M.: Education, 2001. 128 p. (co-authored with A.A. Ulunyan, T.V. Koval and I.S. Khromova); 2nd ed., 2003.

9. Rates and trends in the development of the world economy in the twentieth century. - In the distance learning course on CD-ROM: History of the 20th century. M.: MONF, 2001. Lectures 1-4 (2 pp.)

10. Recent history of foreign countries. Textbook for 9th grade of general education institutions. M.: Education, 2003. 269 pp.; 2nd ed. (corrected and supplemented), 2008, 239 pp.; 3rd ed., 2009.

11. The military-political elite of the Russian Empire about the “external threat from the West” on the eve of the First World War. - In the book: Reader on the history of international relations of modern times. Textbook for higher educational institutions in the specialty “International Relations” / comp. A.V. Revyakin. Moscow - Irkutsk: MGIMO Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Irkutsk State University, 2003. P. 217-233.

12. Reader for the course “Recent history of foreign countries. Grade 11". Teacher's manual. M.: Education, 2005. 255 p.

13. Lesson developments for the course “Recent history of foreign countries. 9th grade." M.: Education, 2005. 190 p. (co-authored with T.B. Pasman).

14. World economy. Tutorial. M.: IVI RAS, GUGN, 2009. 208 p. (co-authored with T.V. Androsova).

III. Articles and publications

15. Diary of General A.N. Kuropatkina, 1917 // Historical archive. 1992. No. 1. P. 159-172 (co-authored with I.V. Karpeev).

16. “We in Russia have been persecuting the military for a long time...” (publication of a letter from former Minister of War A.N. Kuropatkin to the Chief of Staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief V.M. Alekseev dated December 5, 1915) // Military Historical Journal. 1992. No. 12. P. 54-61 (co-authored with I.V. Karpeev).

17. England's tasks in the East. Reports of the Russian military attaché in London N.S. Ermolova, 1902 // Historical archive. 1995. No. 1. P. 168-174.

18. Japanese diaries of A.N. Kuropatkina // Russian archive. 1995. T. VI. pp. 393-444 (co-authored with I.V. Karpeev).

19. Russian prisoners of war in Germany and Austria-Hungary during the First World War // New and recent history. 1996. No. 4. P. 65-78.

20. The image of Great Britain in the minds of Russian diplomats and military personnel at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. - In the collection: Russia and Europe in the 19th - 20th centuries. Problems of mutual perception of peoples, societies, cultures. M.: IRI RAS, 1996. pp. 166-174.

21. The image of Russia and Russians in US public opinion (August 1914 - February 1917). - In: Russia and the outside world: dialogue of cultures. M.: IRI RAS, 1997. pp. 149-161.

22. Kriegsgefangenschaft aus russischer Sicht. Russische Kriegsgefangene in Deutschland und im Habsburger Reich (1914-1918) // Forum fur osteuropaeische Ideen und Zeitgeschichte.1997.1. Jahrgang.Heft 2.S. 113-134.

23. New materials about the activities of German agents in China against Russia in 1914 -1915. // New and recent history. 1998. No. 4. P. 203-207.

24. Military agents in the intelligence service of the Russian Empire // Russian Historical Journal. 1998. T. 1. No. 4. P. 123-161 (co-authored with A.A. Ulunyan).

25. Russia and the West in 1900 - 1917. - In the book: Russia and the West. Formation of foreign policy stereotypes in the consciousness of Russian society in the first half of the twentieth century. M.:IRIRAN, 1998.P. 40-68. (2nd ed. in English. “Russia and the West. The Development of Foreign Policy Stereotypes in the Consciousness of the Russian Society of the First Half of the 20th Century. New York: E. Mellen Press, 1999).

26. The Communist International and a “Trotskyite menace” to the British Communist Movement on the Eve of World War II. In: International Communism and the Communist International, 1919 - 1943. Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1998. pp. 87-94.

27. Kriegsgefangenschaft und Mentalitaeten. Zur Haltungsaenderung russischer Offiziere und Mannschaftsangehoeriger in der oesterreichisch-ungarischen und deutschen Gefangenschaft // Zeitgeschichte, Wien, 1998.Jahrgang 25.Heft 11 / 12.S. 357-365.

28. France through the eyes of military attaches of the Russian Empire (1900-1914). In the book: Russia and France XVIII - XX centuries. / ed. P.P. Cherkasov. M.: Nauka, 2000. Vol. 3.S. 195-216.

29. Das deutsche Kaiserreich aus der Sicht russischer Militarattaches (1900-1914) // Forum fur osteuropaische Ideen- und Zeitgeschichte. 2000. Heft 1. S. 51-88.

30. “External threat from the West” in the assessments of the military-political elite of the Russian Empire on the eve of the First World War // Bulletin of the Kyiv State Linguistic University. Ser. History, economics, philosophy. Vol. 4. Kyiv, 2000. No. 1. P. 386-398.

31. History of Russian military intelligence // New and recent history. 2000. No. 3. P. 245-246.

32. The military-political elite of the Russian Empire about the “external threat from the West” on the eve of the First World War // New and recent history. 2000. No. 5. P. 214-223.

33. The image of the USA in the minds of Russians (early 20th century). - On Sat. Russia and the world through each other’s eyes: from the history of mutual perception / ed. A.V. Golubev. M.: IRI RAS, 2000. Issue. 1. pp. 235-246.

34. International relations at the final stage of hostilities (1917-1918); “Great Depression” 1929-1933 and the collapse of the international order in Pacific Asia. - In the book. Systemic history of international relations. 1918-1945 / ed. HELL. Bogaturov. T. 1. Events of 1918-1945. M., Moscow worker, 2000. P. 26-51; 234-266.

35. Financial and industrial groups as the most important structural elements of mesoeconomics. - In: Institute of Economics and Entrepreneurship. Collection of scientific papers. M.: INEP, 2001. Issue. 4. pp. 28-35.

36. Global economic processes; Population. - In the book: Brief historical encyclopedia. T. 1. Phenomena of the century. Russia, USSR, CIS. Western countries. Eastern Europe / ed. A.O. Chubaryan. M.: Nauka, 2001. P. 7-11; 20-28.

37. China; Dalai Lama XIV; Chiang Kai-shek - In the book: Brief historical encyclopedia. T. 2. Latin America. Africa. Asia and Oceania / ed. A.O. Chubaryan. M.: Nauka, 2002. pp. 334-346, 431, 498.

38. Representational models of the military elites of Russia and the West on the eve of the First World War (comparative aspect). - In: European comparative historical studies. European dimension of political history / ed. A.A. Ulunyan. M., IVI RAS, 2002. Issue. 1. pp. 67-100.

39. Representational models of the Russian military elite of the early twentieth century. - In the book: Military-historical anthropology. Yearbook. 2002 / ed. E.S. Senyavskaya. M.: Rosspan, 2002. pp. 237-251.

40. Russian-Japanese relations: legacy of the past and prospects for development // Russian question. 2002. No. 4. (1 a. l.) (electronic format).

41. “Sometimes it’s safer to hold a tiger by the tail than to let it go...” Paradoxes of Russian-Chinese relations: historical experience and realities of the twentieth century // Russian Question. 2003. No. 1. (1 a. l.) (electronic format).

42. The Korean paradigm in Russian foreign policy // Russian question. 2003. No. 2. (1 a. l.) (electronic format).

43. Russian military intelligence in the fight against Japan, 1904-1905. // National history. 2004. No. 3. P. 78-92.

45. Representational models of the imperial military elites on the eve of the First World War. - In: The Russian Empire in Comparative Perspective / ed. A.I. Miller. M.: New Publishing House, 2004. pp. 140-149.

46. ​​Russian intelligence at the beginning of the war with Japan 1904-1905. // New and recent history. 2005. No. 1. P. 60-79.

47. Russian Military Intelligence, in: John W. Steinberg, Bruce W. Menning, David Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, David Wolff, Shinji Yokote (eds.) The Russo-Japanese War in Global Perspective. World War Zero, Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2005.R. 281-304.

48. ‘Diplomaten mit Schulterstuecken’ und ihre Sicht der deutsch-russischen Beziehungen am Vorabend des Ersten Weltkriegs, in: Karl Eimermacher, Astrid Volpert, Gennadij Bordjugow (Hrgs.), Verfuehrungen der Gewalt. Russen und Deutsche im Ersten und Zweiten Weltkrieg. Muenchen: WilhelmFinkVerlag, 2005. S. 71-94.

49. European power elites and the national idea in the first half of the twentieth century. - In: National idea in the European space in the twentieth century / ed. E.Yu. Polyakova. M.: IVI RAS, 2005. Part 2. P. 7-24.

50. Regional identity in the belief systems of the imperial military elites of Great Britain and Russia on the eve of the First World War. - In: European comparative historical studies. Geography and Politics / ed. A.A. Ulunyan. M.: Nauka, 2006. Vol. 2. pp. 145-166.

51. Imperial military elites of Russia and Great Britain in the late 19th - early 20th centuries: experience of comparative analysis. - In: Russia and Britain. Connections and mutual representations. XIX-XX centuries / ed. A.B. Davidson. M.: Nauka, 2006. Vol. 4. pp. 228-247.

52. Geopolitical ideas of the Russian military elite on the eve of the First World War. - In the book: Military-historical anthropology. Yearbook. 2005-2006 / ed. E.S. Senyavskaya. M.: Rosspan, 2007. pp. 332-346.

53. Anglo-Russian Entente 1907. New aspects // New and recent history. 2007. No. 5. P. 50-65.

54. Modern elite studies: results and prospects. - In: Elites and leaders: traditionalism and innovation / ed. E.Yu. Sergeev. M.: Nauka, 2007. pp. 7-21.

55. “Diplomatic revolution” of 1907 in relations between Russia and Great Britain // Vostok. 2008. No. 2. P. 80-93.

56. Pressure groups in Edwardian Britain, 1901-1910. - In the collection: From Elizabeth I to Elizabeth II: problems of British history in modern and contemporary times / ed. A.B. Sokolov. Yaroslavl: Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University, 2008. pp. 96-105.

57. History and politics: conflict of interpretations. Speech at the round table of the Center “The 20th Century: Socio-Political and Economic Problems” of the Institute of History and Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences, December 8, 2008 // Social Sciences and Modernity. 2009. No. 5. P. 150, 155-156, 159.

IV. Conference reports

58. Anglo-German Treaty of 1900 on China at the final stage of the policy of “brilliant isolation”. - In: Abstracts of the scientific conference “Pax Britannica: current problems of the socio-economic and political history of Great Britain in modern and contemporary times.” Ufa: Bashkir State University, 1991. Part 2. pp. 168-171.

59. China and the Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902 (based on unpublished archival materials). - In: Abstracts of reports of the III International Scientific Conference “China and the World. History, modernity, prospects.” M.: Institute of Far East RAS, 1992. Part 2. pp. 101-106.

60. A forgotten page in the history of diplomacy: the Beijing Conference of 1900-1901. - In the collection: Abstracts of reports of the IV International Scientific Conference “China, Chinese civilization and the world. History, modernity, prospects.” M.: Institute of the Far East RAS, 1993. Part 1. pp. 206-210.

61. Russian Prisoners of World War I at the Austro-Italian Front in 1915-1917. - In: Acts of the International Conference of Historians “World War I and the Twentieth Century” at Moscow, May 1994. Moscow: Institute of WorldHistory, 1995. P. 187-190.

62. Captivity and mentality: Changes in the behavior of officers and lower ranks in Austro-Hungarian and German captivity during the First World War. - In: Abstracts of the international scientific conference “Ten years of independence of Ukraine: the past and present of the acquisition of statehood,” Berdyansk, May 24-25, 2001. Kyiv: Institute of History of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 2001. pp. 31-34.

63. Great Britain through the eyes of Russia's imperial military elite, 1900-1914. - In: International scientific conference “Russia - Britain: to the 450th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations and trade ties. Abstracts of reports. Moscow, December 16-18, 2003. M.: State Historical and Cultural Museum-Reserve "Moscow Kremlin", 2003. P. 97-99.

64. Representational models of the military elite of Russia (USSR) in the twentieth century. - In: State power and society of Russia in the twentieth century. Materials of the interuniversity scientific conference. M.: Russian State University for the Humanities, 2004. pp. 203-207.

65. Problems of investment in small businesses. - In: Modern Russia. Economics, management and law. Materials of the 3rd interuniversity conference, Moscow, November 18, 2004. M.: INEP, 2004. P. 26-30.

66. Current problems of small business investment. - In: Current problems of economics, management, law. Materials of the 4th interuniversity conference. Moscow, November 28-30, 2005. M.: INEP, 2005. P. 184-186.

67. Modern historiography and current problems in the study of the Second World War. Abstracts of the report. - In: Materials of the Second International Meeting of Hero Cities (civil-patriotic movement of the pedagogical community and students) / ed. V.V. Vorobyov and N.S. Efimova. M.: Publishing center of the North-Western District Department of Education of Moscow, 2006. P. 68-70.

68. Foreign investment in the Russian economy: current trends and prospects. - In: Proceedings of the fifth interuniversity conference “Current problems of economics, management, law”, Moscow, November 27-29, 2006 / ed. Yu.A. Sokolova. M.: INEP, 2006. pp. 3-7.

69. New aspects of financing small businesses in the Russian Federation (using the example of the Moscow region). - In: Proceedings of the fifth interuniversity conference “Current problems of economics, management, law”, Moscow, November 26, 2007 / ed. Yu.A. Sokolova. M.: INEP, 2007. pp. 3-5.

70. Pressure groups in Edwardian Britain, 1901-1910. - In: Britain: history, culture, education. Abstracts of reports of the international scientific conference, Yaroslavl, May 28-29, 2008. Yaroslavl: Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University, 2008. P. 198-200.

71. The use of comparative and reverse chronology in the study and teaching of European history of the twentieth century. - In the collection: Time in the coordinates of history. Abstracts of reports of the international scientific conference. Moscow, IVI RAS, October 29-30, 2008. M.: IVI RAS, 2008. P. 24-25.

72. European comparative historical research: a synthesis of traditions and new interpretations. - In the collection: Theories and methods of historical science: a step into the 21st century. Proceedings of the international scientific conference. Moscow, IVI RAS, November 12-14, 2008. M.: IVI RAS, 2008. P. 210-212.

73. British policy during the formation of the Versailles-Washington system of international relations, 1919-1922. - In the collection: Chicherin readings. Russia and the world after the First World War (to the 90th anniversary of the end of the war and the signing of post-war agreements). Proceedings of the international scientific conference November 11-12, 2008 / ed. V.V. Romanov. Tambov: Publishing House of TSU named after. G.R. Derzhavina, 2009. pp. 88-94.

74. Lessons of Versailles for Russia and Europe: modern concept of the genesis of the Versailles-Washington system. - In collection: 1919 in the destinies of Russia and the world: large-scale Civil War and intervention in Russia, the emergence of a new system of international relations. Collection of materials from the scientific conference on October 27-28, 2009 / ed. IN AND. Goldin. Arkhangelsk: Solti, 2009. pp. 142-145.

V. Collections of documents

75. Russia and the USA: trade and economic relations, 1900-1930. Collection of documents / ed. G.N. Sevostyanov (preparation of introductory articles, comments and notes to sections of the collection). M.: Nauka, 1996. 459 p. (co-author).

76. Russia and the USA: diplomatic relations, 1900-1917. Documents // ed. G.N. Sevostyanov (compilation of a corpus of documents, preparation of introductory articles, comments and notes to sections of the collection). M.: International Foundation “Democracy” (IFD), 1999. 856 p. (co-author).

VI. Reviews and conference reports

77. International scientific conference “Causes of world wars of the twentieth century. Comparative analysis” // New and recent history. 1997. No. 2. P. 200-203.

78. Scientific seminar “USA and the outside world” // New and recent history. 1997. No. 3. P. 245-247.

79. Review of the book by K. McDermott and J. Agnew “Comintern. The history of international communism from Lenin to Stalin.” London, Macmillan Press, 1996. 304 pp. (McDermott K., Agnew J. The Comintern. A History of International Communism from Lenin to Stalin. London, Macmillan Press, 1996. 304 p.) // New and recent history. 1998. No. 2. P. 197-199.

80. Review of the book by P. Dukes “Superpowers. Short story". London - New York, Routledge, 2000. 197 pp. (DukesP. TheSuperpowers. A Short History. London-New York, Routledge, 2000. 197 p.) // New and recent history. 2002. No. 4. P. 206-207.

81. Review of the book by S.A. Romanenko “Yugoslavia, Russia and the “Slavic idea”: the second half of the 19th - beginning of the 21st century.” M., Institute of Law and Public Policy, 2002. 624 p. // New and recent history. 2003. No. 1. P. 232-235.

82. Review of the book by A.V. Remnev “Russia of the Far East. Imperial geography of power in the 19th – early 20th centuries.” Omsk, Omsk State University, 2004. 552 p. // New and recent history. 2006. No. 1 P. 196-198.

83. Review of the book “Great Britain. The era of reforms" / resp. ed. A.A. Gromyko. M., Ves mir, 2007. 536 p. // New and recent history. 2008. No. 1. P. 239-241.

General history. Recent history. 9th grade. Sergeev E.Yu.

5th ed., revised. - M.: 2011. - 239 p.

The textbook is an integral part of the line of textbooks on general history for primary schools, which includes the following manuals: V.I. Ukolova and others. “History of the Ancient World. 5th grade", V.A. Vedyushkin. "History of the Middle Ages. 6th grade", A.V. Revyakin. "General history. New story. 7th grade" and "General history. New story. 8th grade". This edition of the textbook has been revised based on the results of testing in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation: the text has been shortened, but the content has been supplemented with historical material of recent years. The textbook covers the main directions of socio-economic and socio-political development of the countries of Europe and America, Asia and Africa based on the latest research in the field of history of foreign countries. The book contains a modern reference and methodological apparatus. The educational and methodological set for the textbook includes: T.B. Pasman. "General history. Recent history. 9th grade. Workbook" and T.B. Pasman, V.Yu. Sergeev. “Recent history of foreign countries. 9th grade. Guidelines".

Format: pdf

Size: 58.9 MB

Watch, download: drive.google

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction. The world at the beginning of the 20th century in 4
Section 1. Period of world wars and revolutions (1914-1915)
§ 1-2. World War I 13
§ 3. Revolutionary processes in Europe 31
§ 4. Versailles-Washington System of International Relations 40
§ 5-6. Socio-political and economic development of the leading countries of the world in the 20-30s. 49
§ 7. Colonial and dependent countries of Asia and Africa During the interwar period 66
§ S. On the way to World War II 72
§ 9-10. World War II 81
§eleven. Science, culture and art of the first half of the 20th century 106
Section 2. The heyday of industrial civilization (1946-1980)
§ 12. Post-war world structure. The beginning of the Cold War 115
§ 13-14. Industrially developed countries in the 50-70s. 125
§ 15. Establishment of communist regimes in Europe, Asia and Central America 143
§ 16-17. The collapse of colonial empires and the development of Asian and African countries in the -30-70s gt 154
§ 18. International relations during the Cold War 166
§ 19. Scientific and technical resolution and the emergence of global problems 177
Section 3. The world at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries. (1980-2007)
§ 20. The end of the Cold War 183
§ 21-22. Features of the development of the leading countries of the world in the 80-90s. 188
§ 23. Socio-political changes in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe at the end of the 20th century in 199
§ 24. Countries of Asia and Africa from the last quarter of the XX - beginning of the XXI in 204
§ 25. Science, culture and art of the second half of the twentieth century 211
Conclusion 221
Chronology of main events 222
Glossary of terms 227
Biographies of historical figures of the 20th century. 230

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1.4. This agreement, in accordance with Article 435 and paragraph 2 of Article 437 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, is a public offer to an unlimited number of persons, Internet users.

1.5. In accordance with Article 438 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, full and unconditional acceptance (acceptance) of the Agreement is:

• confirmation by the User of his consent to the terms of the Agreement;
• making an advance payment;
• commencement of use of any Work;
• beginning to use any services of the Site under the terms of the Agreement.

1.6. The site administration reserves the right to change, add or delete clauses of this Agreement at any time without notifying the User.

1.7. Continued use of the Site by the User means acceptance of the Agreement and the changes made to this Agreement.

1.8. The User is personally responsible for checking this Agreement for changes to it.

2. Terms used in the Agreement

2.1. User – an Internet user, any individual or legal entity (representative of a legal entity) who voluntarily completed Registration and/or began using any services of the Site.

2.2. Works (Content) – electronic versions of scientific publications, including periodicals, as well as non-periodical publications, presented electronically on the Internet in various formats, posted on the Website of the Electronic Library System, accessible to Users through the Website of the Electronic Library System.

2.3. Catalog – a collection of Works.

2.4. Login and Password are two unique sets of characters that identify the User.

2.5. The website “Electronic Library System” is an information resource on the Internet owned by the Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Publishing House “Nauka”, located on the domain www. .

2.6. Site Administration - employees authorized to manage the Site, acting on behalf of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Publishing House "Nauka"

2.7. Downloading – recording by the User of Works into the computer memory.

2.8. Billing is a payment accounting system.

2.9. User Account – Authentication and personal data of the User stored on the servers of the Electronic Library System Site. An account is created as a result of the User's registration procedure and may be required in order to take advantage of certain features or certain functions of the Site.

3. Subject of the Agreement

3.1. The “Electronic Library System” provides the User with the opportunity to view, read and download Works presented in the Catalog on a paid basis.

3.2. The user can register and pay for a preliminary annual (partial annual) subscription for the ability to view, read and download electronic versions of Works, as well as a preliminary subscription for the opportunity to receive a collection of Works that are not posted in the Catalog at the time of registration and payment.

4. Responsibilities of the parties

4.1. Responsibilities of the “Site Administration”:

4.1.1. Provide the User with the opportunity to view, read and download the Work on the Site no later than 24 hours from the moment Billing confirms the payment made and identifies the User as the payer of the payment made. If the User registers and pays for a preliminary subscription in accordance with clause 3.2. Agreement, to provide the User with the opportunity to view, read and download the Work no later than 24 hours from the moment of their placement in the Catalog, subject to confirmation by Billing of the previously made payment and identification of the User as the payer of the payment made.

4.1.2. Do not disclose to third parties the Login and Password, the User’s email address, as well as other information received from the User during registration.

4.1.3. Notify the User of changes to the terms of the Agreement and its Appendices by posting relevant information on the Electronic Library System Website at least 30 (thirty) calendar days before the changes come into force.

4.2. User Responsibilities:

4.2.1. Register on the “Electronic Library System” website. Set a Login and Password, the uniqueness of which is confirmed by the “Site Administration”. At the same time, strictly and strictly follow the instructions of the Site Administration on the registration procedure posted on the “Electronic Library System” Site.

4.2.2. Pay for the opportunity to view, read and download Works in accordance with clause 4 of the Agreement.

4.2.3. Ensure the confidentiality of the Login and Password provided during registration.

4.2.4. Use the downloaded Works exclusively for personal purposes. In this case, the User is granted the following rights to use the Works:

• provide remote access on the Internet through the Website of the Electronic Library System to Works, which means the ability to search, view, download and read Works.
• print out individual parts of the Works for archival purposes only.
• record and store individual parts of the Works in the memory of a computer owned by the User for archival, educational and research purposes;
• quote in the original and in translation for scientific, research, polemical, critical, informational and educational purposes, excerpts of Works to the extent justified by the purpose of quoting,
• reproduce in newspapers, broadcast or broadcast by cable for public information certain parts of the Works to the extent justified by the informational purpose.
• the use of the Works (their component parts) under this Agreement is carried out with the obligatory indication of the name of the authors (co-authors) of the Works (their component parts), the name of the copyright holder of the Works indicated in the Work.

4.2.5. The user does not have the right:

• transfer or distribute downloaded Works to third parties, either in whole or in part, except for the cases provided for in clause 4.2.4. Agreements;
• communicate publicly the Works in full, through well-known broadcast channels, such as radio, television, etc., except for the cases provided for in clause 4.2.4. Agreements;
• reproduce the Works, that is, make copies of the Works or parts thereof in any material form if this reproduction is for the purpose of further distribution;
• make the Works available to the public using the Internet and other digital networks, either in whole or in part;
• change or otherwise process the texts of the Works.
• print the entire Work, which is a magazine issue, magazine or book;
• post links to the Works available for use by the User on any resources in such a way that a third party has access to these Works. In particular, the User is prohibited from providing third parties with information necessary to gain access to personal pages of the Site that require User authorization.
• use other software for automatic searching and downloading, except those implemented on the Electronic Library System website
• Failure by the User to comply with the requirements of clause 4.2.5. The Agreement is a violation of copyright law and entails the consequences specified in clause 10.1 and clause 10.2 of the Agreement.

4.2.6. All information posted on the Electronic Library System Website about the procedure for using the Catalog, the payment procedure and other features of the execution of the Agreement is an integral part of the Agreement and is binding on the User.

5. Payment terms

5.1. The user makes an advance payment in Russian rubles on the terms specified on the Website of the Electronic Library System.

5.2. Payment methods are indicated on the Site in the Payment Methods section. The agreed payment method is the method selected by the User from the available payment methods on the Electronic Library System Website.

5.3. The procedure for payment using bank cards is indicated on the Website in the Payment Methods section. Transactions using bank cards can only be carried out by the card holder. Authorization of transactions on bank cards is carried out by the bank. Acceptance and processing of payments using bank cards is carried out by the electronic payment provider Yandex.Kassa or another electronic payment provider. The “site administration” does not process, including collecting and storing Users’ bank card data.

5.4. The price for providing the User - an individual with the opportunity to view, read and download Works is indicated on the Website of the Electronic Library System in the relevant sections. For users who are legal entities, prices are sent by the “Site Administration” upon request through agreed communication channels. The “Site Administration” has the right to unilaterally change current prices by posting relevant information on the Website of the “Electronic Library System” or informing Users in any other accessible way. Any price change does not affect already paid access.

6. Responsibility of the parties. Limitation of liability of the Electronic Library System.

6.1. The User assumes full responsibility and risks associated with the use of the Catalog.

6.2. The User is fully responsible for the use of the Login and Password by third parties.

6.3. The User is fully responsible for the use by third parties of information transmitted by the “Site Administration” to the email address specified by the User during registration.

6.4. The “Site Administration” is not responsible for any expenses of the User or direct or indirect damage that may be caused to the User as a result of using the Catalog.

6.5. The “site administration” is not responsible for the quality of access to the Catalog via the Internet.

6.6. Under no circumstances is the “Site Administration” liable for the use of the Login and Password by third parties.

6.7. The “site administration” is not responsible for direct or indirect damage incurred by the User as a result of data transmission errors, failures/defects in the operation of software and/or equipment, data loss and damage, errors in processing or displaying data, delays in data transmission and others failures that occurred through no fault of the Site Administration.

6.8. The Electronic Library System website and all related services are provided on an “as is” basis, without any express or implied warranties that the said Website and/or services may or may not be suitable for a particular purpose of use.

6.9. The “Site Administration” is not responsible for the inability to use the Site and (or) related services by the User for any reason, including, but not limited to: errors, omissions, interruptions, deletion, defects, delay in processing or transmission of data, disruption of work communication lines, equipment malfunction, any technical failures or other problems of any telephone networks or services, computer systems, servers or providers, computer or telephone equipment, software, failure of providers of certain services, theft, destruction or unauthorized access to User materials , posted on the Site or in any other place, etc.

6.10. Under no circumstances is the “Site Administration” liable for any expenses of the User or direct or indirect damage, including lost profits or lost data, damage to honor, dignity or business reputation that may be caused to the User as a result of using the Site and (or) related services .

6.11. If it is impossible for the “Electronic Library System” to provide the User with the opportunity to view, read and download the Work for reasons beyond the control of the “Site Administration”, the “Site Administration”, at the request of the User, returns the received advance payment. In this case, the amount of responsibility of the “Site Administration” is limited to the amount of the advance payment received from the User for the opportunity to view, read and download the Work, which was not provided.

7. Duration of the Agreement

7.1. The Agreement comes into force from the moment the User accepts the terms of the Agreement (each Appendix to the Agreement comes into force from the moment the User accepts the terms of this Appendix) and is valid until the Parties fully fulfill their obligations.

8. Force majeure circumstances

8.1. The parties are released from liability for partial or complete failure to fulfill obligations under this Agreement if such failure was a direct consequence of force majeure circumstances (force majeure circumstances) that arose after the conclusion of the Agreement, as a result of emergency events, namely: fire, flood, hurricane and earthquake or restrictions imposed by government authorities on the activities of any of the Parties, and if these circumstances could not be foreseen or prevented by the Parties by reasonable measures.

9. Other conditions

9.1. In the event that any provision or any part of the Agreement is held to be invalid or unenforceable, the remaining provisions and portions of the Agreement will remain in full force and effect.

9.2. In all other respects, the Parties to the Agreement agreed to be guided by the current legislation of the Russian Federation.

9.3. The “Site Administration” has the right to make changes to the Agreement with the obligatory posting of the relevant information on the Website of the “Electronic Library System” no later than 30 (thirty) calendar days before the relevant changes come into force.

9.4. Relations between the “Site Administration” and the User, who are legal entities, are regulated on the basis of separately concluded Agreements, which specify the specific terms of the relationship between the Parties.

9.5. For any questions that arise, the User has the right to contact the Site Support Service at the following email address:

10. Dispute resolution

10.1. Disputes and disagreements that may arise under this Agreement are resolved by following the pre-trial (claim) procedure. The period for consideration by the Site Administration of a claim is 10 (Ten) calendar days from the date of its receipt from the User.

10.2. If the Parties do not come to an agreement, these disputes and disagreements are resolved in court in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation in the court at the location of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Publishing House “Nauka”” in accordance with the rules of jurisdiction and jurisdiction.

11. Privacy Notice

11.1. The User's consent to provide personal information is determined by agreement with this public offer, which occurs automatically when the User goes through the registration procedure on the Site.

11.2. In accordance with the Federal Law “On Personal Data” No. 152-FZ of July 27, 2006 and this privacy policy, the Site Administration does not use, process or store the User’s personal data.

11.3. The “Site Administration” collects and stores only the User data necessary for the operation of the Site. The “site administration” can use the User’s data to identify him, clarify payment data, provide personalized services, provide feedback to the User, process applications and requests, perform impersonal statistical calculations and improve the quality of services provided to the User.