Ways to preserve the Russian language. "the problem of the development and preservation of the Russian language" How to protect the native language spelling in the Russian Federation

On May 26, President Vladimir Putin took part in the first meeting of the Society of Russian Literature, which was recently established as the legal successor of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, which had been in operation since 1811. But the rhetoric sometimes resembled meetings of the Security Council:

"I repeat again, the preservation of the Russian language, literature and our culture are issues of national security, the preservation of one's identity in the global world"

The fact that the Russian language is degrading due to the low education of citizens, poor reading, an abundance of various kinds of slang and unjustified borrowings - only the lazy did not say this in recent years. The Internet instead of books, social networks instead of literature - all this causes an extremely poor vocabulary, total illiteracy and the inability to express one's thoughts harmoniously, consistently and convincingly.

The latter was also facilitated by the replacement of the classic final exams with USE tests, which do not teach you to think, formulate and express your ideas, but only train you to put ticks and crosses.

School program

It has long been known that it is easier to learn correctly right away than to retrain later. Moreover, adults have less time for self-education, and, accordingly, the chances for correcting the gaps left from childhood, too. Many, as from school, begin to speak and write incorrectly, and continue to do so all their lives. Or, even worse, over time, their language only deteriorates more. In this regard, the President noted some of the positive trends of recent measures:

“After the Russian literary meeting in November 2013, both the state and public organizations took concrete steps to preserve and develop the Russian language, to restore interest in reading and support of Russian literature, and, of course, to deepen the humanitarian component in education. The essay has returned to our schools, and the Russian language and literature are once again singled out as an independent subject area. Work was organized to create a unified concept of teaching the Russian language and literature, and the activities of all-Russian teacher organizations have noticeably intensified.

Composing is one of the oldest forms of testing knowledge acquired by a student. Since ancient times, it was she who was used, the removal of the essay from the certification system threatened to finally finish off school education. Fortunately, as was said, he managed to defend and return. It is amazing that this required titanic efforts at the state level.

Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Russia, elected the first chairman of the Society of Russian Literature, noted that for many school subjects in general, the system of assessing knowledge through tests is unacceptable.

“It is necessary to understand that crosses and ticks are not enough for a number of subjects. And therefore, it seems to me that the introduction of an essay is already a very big step forward, but it is important that an oral component be added to this exam, which would not be a total and only method for determining knowledge.

One of the main founders of the Society of Russian Literature, Lyudmila Alekseevna Verbitskaya, Doctor of Philology, President of the Russian Academy of Education, President of the International Association of Teachers of Russian Language and Literature and the Russian Society of Teachers of Russian Language and Literature, during her speech said that next year they would introduce the first elements of such an oral component in the system of attestation of students. This can be regarded as one of the first promising steps towards the revival of our education.

And oral examination is not only humanitarian subjects, such as literature, history, geography, social science, but also many natural sciences. In chemistry, biology, physics, without an oral component, it is impossible to know for sure whether the student has really mastered the knowledge and understands the basic laws and principles correctly, or whether he just trained on the same type of tasks in the right places of the equations to enter the initial data and get the right answer without understanding the essence of the problem being solved .

By the way, in the same Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, whose graduates raised our cosmonautics, aviation and energy to the highest level, upon admission, physics was always passed not only in writing, but also orally. The incoming applicant had to demonstrate to the admission committee that he did not just get the hang of solving typical equations, but really understood the essence and meaning of physical processes and the laws to which they obey.

Russian language in everyday life

Oddly enough, nothing has changed here in 300 years: just as Griboyedov wrote his immortal “mixture of French with Nizhny Novgorod”, this remains relevant to this day. Only now we have a mixture of English and not French - the only difference.

Listening to ignorant people who use meaningless borrowings or illiterate anglicisms is sometimes simply impossible. For example, only in our cafes and restaurants you can order "fresh". Crazy trendy "translation" for freshly squeezed juice. Although by the name it can be decided that the visitor is offered the very “freshness”, which, according to Bulgakov, “is only of the first grade”. In English it is used exclusively "freshly pressed" or "freshly squeezed", denoting that the juice is squeezed (and not "fresh"). For clarity, you can write "not from concentrate".

And what is ignorant borrowing worth "panic attack"? Why only panic? Why don't illiterate Englishmen have a heart or stomach attack? In domestic medicine, there has always been a term for this "panic attack". As well as a heart attack or stomach upset. While in English it really sounds like "panic attack", heart attack and "stomach attack". How can you say "panic attack" and at the same time "heart attack"? This is reminiscent of geographic madness like St. Petersburg in the Leningrad region or Yekaterinburg in the Sverdlovsk region.

Here is Yuri Polyakov, editor-in-chief of Literaturnaya Gazeta, complaining that the capital's businessmen already think exclusively in English, as a result of which we are surrounded in Russia entirely by English names:

“Literaturnaya Gazeta” has already addressed several times on the same type of cases: “Well, why do you call your organization, for example, "FoodCity"? Find any Russian name? No, they answer us, only "FoodCity" is required.

In some European countries, it even comes to insanity. As Kirill Ozimko wrote in the article “The threat to Cyrillic from Latin writing is growing”, in these countries they came up with the incredible idea: to write the words of their native language ... in Latin. Using the computer term - transliteration, as people write who do not have the required language layout installed, which is why they are forced to use Latin letters to write words.

For example, in Serbia, one newspaper acted extravagantly: on paper it is Cyrillic (and is called Vecernje Novosti), but it is published online in Latin (there it exists as Vecernje novosti). In such countries, using a terrible transliteration instead of their own native script is considered a sign of "Europeanism" and "commitment to common values."

The issue of the alphabet has taken on a political dimension: pro-European parties and the pro-Western part of the population more often use the Latin alphabet, while conservative and pro-Russian forces use the Cyrillic alphabet.

And so, from century to century, since the time of Peter I, illiterate and ignorant people, wanting to appear educated, modern and professional on the contrary, create this syndrome for us: now a mixture of German and Nizhny Novgorod, now French, now English. At the same time, their attempts look like a terrible parody of both their native language and English, which for some reason they are trying to claim. Instead of learning at least one of the two languages ​​thoroughly, people as a result do not really know one or the other.

Language as a condition for the survival of the nation

Very timely Igor Volgin, President of the Dostoevsky Foundation, recalled our great writers and literary critics, the most educated and smartest people of his time:

“Chaadaev said that “the Russian national idea is the Russian language,” that “this is our pass into history and history itself.” He also predicted that "the numbness of just two or three generations could lead Russia to historical death." This is very accurately said, because the language is the unwritten constitution of the state.

It was said amazingly accurately and truthfully, and therefore a little terrifying, given the degree of degradation of our native language we allowed ourselves to admit. Vladimir Putin also spoke about this at a meeting of the congress of the Society of Russian Literature:

“Here it is appropriate to recall the master of the word Alexander Ivanovich Kuprin. He called the Russian language "the history of the people" and "the path of civilization and culture", considered its "study and preservation" "not an idle occupation from nothing to do, but an urgent need." And this is a very deep, fair statement.

This is not the first time we have been discussing the issues of the Russian language and literature, and they deserve, perhaps, more than what has been done so far, and more attention. Because we are talking about preserving - no more, no less - national identity, about being and remaining a people with its own character, with its own traditions, with its own identity, not to lose historical continuity and the connection of generations. For Russians, this means being and remaining Russian.”

Russia is rightfully proud of how it has learned to integrate the most diverse peoples, nationalities and confessions into one state, how it has helped each of them to preserve their identity, cultural traditions, language and customs. And now, it seems, the moment is coming when we should learn from our own national republics and small nationalities: they protect their national identity, they demand careful attitude to their language, demand rights and guarantees for its preservation - this is what they see a guarantee of preserving the culture of their ancestors and their national identity, passing on to their descendants their history and their traditions, and not alien ones.

It seems that Russians, too, should start taking their language, religion, and cultural roots seriously, instead of throwing this wealth around like junk. We are a nation with a glorious history and rich cultural traditions - so should we turn into "Ivans who do not remember kinship", exchanging this for a stupid and unnecessary imitation of someone else's culture and customs?

If we consider it appropriate to accept some of the achievements of the West, then we can do it the way our composers of the 18th-19th centuries did, the way Tchaikovsky did, the way our painters and sculptors did. These Russians adopted the Western social order exactly to the extent that they considered it necessary, taking into account our own traditions and conditions. So did China, Japan and other Asian countries, which have no idea of ​​abandoning their native language or native culture, replacing them with a flawed version of the Western cultural heritage.

Vladimir Putin spoke about the need to support and develop native culture, based on his own experience and the best examples of Western work in this area:

“And of course, it would be right to turn to the best world traditions, to the best world practice, to take into account the experience of colleagues from the Royal Society of Literature of Great Britain, the Italian Institute of Culture and the Spanish Cervantes Institute, the German Goethe Institute and the Chinese Confucius Institute, including in matters of popularization of national languages ​​and cultures abroad. I would like to repeat once again: the literary heritage of Russia and the Russian language, unique in its expressiveness and versatility, is our national treasure, which we are rightfully proud of and which we must preserve.”

The Russian language is one of the foundations of Russian civilization and statehood, our historical and cultural heritage. The originality and antiquity of the Russian language was noted by M.V. Lomonosov: “The Slavic language does not come from Greek, or from Latin, or from any other; consequently, it itself consists already from the most ancient times, and numerous of these peoples spoke the Slavic language even before the birth of Christ.
The 19th-century historian Yegor Klassen wrote: “The Slavs had a letter not only before all the Western peoples of Europe, but also before the Romans and even the Greeks themselves, and the outcome of enlightenment was from the Russes to the west, and not from there to them.”

Actually, the Russian language makes us Russians, representatives of Russian civilization. The onset of Western culture, the "Americanization" of society, the degradation of the language leads to the loss of "Russianness". That is why the appeal to the life of the Russian language as the basis of the existence of our people, the conscious and purposeful study of the Russian language and teaching it as a native, second native, as well as spreading it around the world is an indispensable and paramount condition for the preservation of Russian civilization.

Unfortunately, native speakers abroad (people of the Soviet generation) are dying, their children no longer know the Russian language. Due to political factors, the Russian language is under pressure from local authorities (especially in the Baltic States and Ukraine). The Russian language has been supplanted in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe.

In Russia itself, in the sphere of the Russian language, the situation is disappointing. In the 90s. the destruction of the Russian (Soviet) education system, which was the best in the world, began. There was a break in the unified educational space. Schools have different Russian language textbooks. Less time is allocated to the study of the Russian language than to a foreign language. The introduction of the Unified State Examination caused great harm. Children lose the opportunity not only to correctly express their thoughts in writing, but also to express them in oral speech. In addition, a new generation of teachers (the “democratic choice” generation) is coming to school. The quality of teaching is declining, and computerization only worsens the situation. A certain role in the destruction of the Russian language is played by the media, especially television. Anglicisms, slang filled TV. The Russian literary language is being actively simplified and displaced. As a result, the Russian language is degrading both at the level of education and at the everyday level.

In a conversation between Metropolitan Hilarion (Alfeev) of Volokolamsk and theater and film actor, artistic director of the Maly Theater Y. Solomin, issues of preserving the traditions of the standard Russian speech were touched upon. Metropolitan Hilarion noted that “It was no coincidence that Patriarch Kirill accepted the President’s proposal to head the Society of Russian Literature, because, like no one else, he understands the importance of caring for the Russian language (Sergey Stepashin, a Russian statesman and politician, called him the best orator in Russia).”

Y. Solomin noted the excellent speech of the Patriarch, his well-placed voice, precise thought. “I advise my students,” said Yu. Solomin, “to go to church, to listen to how they speak, because the Russian language is still left in the church. She, unfortunately, has already begun to leave the theater.

Metropolitan Hilarion continued: “The way the Patriarch speaks is connected with his way of thinking, upbringing, inner spiritual culture. And this is exactly what the Church has been doing for centuries. What is a soul? What is the sense of life? How to live right? These are the questions the Church answers. And, of course, the fact that many of our clergymen are proficient in literary speech, able to speak correctly, is not the result of some special training (this is not taught in seminaries), but it is the fruit of that inner spiritual culture, the bearer of which for centuries has been the Church remains.

Professor Bekasova explains why our culture has lost its strong position in the world, why countries are changing the Cyrillic alphabet to the Latin alphabet: “It's about politics. As soon as Russia yields, its cultural heritage is repulsed. But Russia is one of the first in the world in terms of intellectual and cultural fund, it is in demand. I saw people abroad (Slovaks, Bulgarians, Czechs, Germans, Swedes, Africans) who, having become interested in Russian literature, begin to study Russian, and their mentality changes, they begin to look at the world through the eyes of Russians.

“The historical process is driven by… those who create a spiritual community, preserve traditions,” she continues. Cyrillic is our heritage. For political reasons, Uzbekistan abandoned the Cyrillic alphabet, switching to the Latin alphabet, which has no traditions in this country. The new generation will not be able to master literature written in Cyrillic. The same thing can happen in Kazakhstan... The people are held together by traditions, and now they can be comprehended by an internal split between the old and the new... Ukraine is going to switch to the Latin alphabet. Without roots, the new does not take root. In addition, the transition is technically difficult. Latin has 24 letters, while Cyrillic, created specifically for the Slavic languages, has more. We must pass on the best to our descendants, preserve the treasure - the native word. For us, the Cyrillic alphabet should be a symbol. In modern alphabets, the letter “E” leads to the word “emu”, to “Sh” - chinchilla. But the alphabet is an intellectual and cultural code ... Kirill (Konstantin the Philosopher) created an alphabetical system in which each letter chalked out its name, and everything together formed an alphabetic prayer, a kind of moral code bequeathed to the Slavs. Children grew up on it, in their life there was a place high. Cyrillic inherited the beauty and richness of the Greek language. This is the specificity of the Russian mentality, in the genes of which the Greek and the richest Old Slavonic language. Cyril's main task was (which he wrote about in Proglas) as follows: to wean the Slavs from bestial life, to bring them closer to God, to give a different mentality. He is not a missionary, but a teacher of the Slavic people. So, through language and culture, we have developed mechanisms that help us to abandon the inhuman way of life. The Russian language even now represents everything so that the one who speaks it can become better. The Russian word can save. This should be known to everyone who is associated with mentoring, raising children and youth.

The thoughtless use of words and expressions, the destruction of the norms of the Russian literary language, bureaucracy, clogging with jargon, obscene expressions, excessive use of borrowings have become alarming factors in the life of the Russian language ... “Foreign” words can be used, but wisely, at the right time and place, observing the measure . V.G. Belinsky wrote: “To use a foreign word when there is an equivalent Russian word means to insult both common sense and common taste.” Thoughtless, mechanical introduction of a foreign word into a Russian text often turns into outright nonsense. “The Russian language is so rich and flexible that we have nothing to take from those who are poorer than us,” I.S. Turgenev. Russians have always been distinguished by the beauty and melodiousness of speech. Why do we bow before everything foreign and unjustifiably use words that can be replaced by Russian equivalents? ..

One of the reasons why teenagers are fond of slang, jargon, according to psychologists, is the scarcity of their vocabulary. Young people use no more than 200 words. Their ancestors: Pushkin, Gogol, Yesenin - vocabulary exceeded 17-20 thousand words! Obviously, it is necessary for young people to actively familiarize themselves with the rich heritage of Russian literature!

As for profanity… “Foul language,” says Bishop Varnava (Belyaev), “is a heinous vice, which in the Holy Scripture is equated with mortal sin.” Foul language, obscene expressions are not human language! The impact of abuse is tantamount to exposure to 10-40 thousand X-rays - DNA chains are torn, chromosomes are disintegrating!

In the book The Word Living and Dead, Nora Gal (a well-known Russian translator) very convincingly exposes the clerk. He has accurate signs. This is the displacement of the verb (i.e., movement, action) by participle, gerund, noun (especially verbal), which means stagnation, immobility. And of all verbal forms, a predilection for the infinitive. This is a heap of nouns in oblique cases, most often long chains of nouns in the same case - the genitive, so that it is no longer possible to understand what refers to what and what is being discussed. This is an abundance of foreign words where they can be completely replaced by Russian ones. This is the displacement of active revolutions by passive ones, almost always heavier ones. This is a confused structure of a phrase, uncountable subordinate clauses (doubly heavy and unnatural in colloquial speech). This is grayness, monotony, wear, stamp. A miserable, meager dictionary ... In short, the clerk is a dead thing. It penetrates into fiction, and into everyday life, and into oral speech. From official materials, from newspapers, from radio and television, office work is moving into everyday practice.

“To burn the hearts of people with a verb ...” The verb - i.e. word - should be hot, alive. The most active, most excited word in our language is just a verb. Perhaps it is no coincidence that this is the name of the liveliest part of our speech ... It is rather difficult to burn hearts with cumbersome clerical turns, to touch the soul. The abundance of nouns, especially verbal nouns, makes speech heavy and dry,” emphasizes Nora Gal. And further: "There is no need to abuse participles and participles, especially to reduce them in one sentence." She is reminiscent of the derided A.P. Chekhov: “As I was approaching the station, my hat fell off ...” Germinal participles are not very common in modern Russian speech, and people also rarely speak in participle turns.

If you do not build kilometer-long chains of subordinate clauses, then you will be understood the first time ... You can write periods even on a page, but in such a way that you can understand what is written ... The structure of the phrase should be clear, each line should be natural. The word order in each phrase should be unconstrained, purely Russian. Three short words “I know you” is not at all the same as “I know you”. In mathematics, changing the places of the terms does not change the sum. But how the sum of feelings and moods, the musical and emotional sound of a phrase changes from the rearrangement of the same words, sometimes only one word! Our grammar and syntax allow almost any words in a sentence to be interchanged (we have more space than in Western European languages). A Russian phrase should by no means be smooth, correct, impersonal, just like from a school textbook: subject, predicate, definition, addition ...

You can't lose your mental tact. Words must be handled with care! It can heal, but it can also hurt. An inaccurate word is bad, but a tactless word is even more dangerous. It can trivialize the highest concepts, the most sincere feelings. A person ceases to feel the coloring of the word, does not remember its origin and says "nature guards" instead of "guardians". It all depends on whether the right word is chosen for this particular case. And the best word becomes bad if said out of place. This is where tact is needed, the right instinct.

It is possible and necessary to fight for the purity, accuracy and correctness of the language. It is necessary to widely disseminate scientific information about the laws and rules of the Russian language, about its stylistic riches, about the ways of forming new words, about the enormous role of language as a “tool of culture”, as a means of knowledge, as a condition of morality. It is also necessary to cultivate an aesthetic sense of language and a deep awareness of the responsibility for honest and clean handling of it.

Varvara Protsenko,
Russian language teacher
and literature

HUMAN AND NATURE

Man's perception of nature as living matter (the influence of nature on the human soul

"The Tale of Igor's Campaign"

A.P. Chekhov "Steppe"

Egorushka, a 9-year-old boy, struck by the beauty of the steppe, humanizes it and turns it into his double: it seems to him that the steppe space is capable of suffering, and rejoicing, and longing. His experiences and thoughts become not childishly serious, philosophical.

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

Natasha Rostova, admiring the beauty of the night in Otradnoye, is ready to fly like a bird: she is inspired by what she sees. Andrei Bolkonsky, during a trip to Otradnoye, saw an old oak, and the changes that subsequently occurred in the hero’s soul are associated with the beauty and grandeur of a mighty tree.

V. Astafiev "Tsar-fish"

The fisherman Utrobin, having caught a huge fish on a hook, is unable to cope with it. In order to avoid death, he is forced to let her go free. An encounter with a fish that symbolizes the moral principle in nature makes this poacher reconsider his ideas about life.

Comprehension of the beautiful nature

Y. Yakovlev "Awakened by nightingales"

The mischievous, restless Selyuzhonok was once awakened by nightingales in a pioneer camp. Angry, with a stone in his hand, he decides to deal with the birds, but freezes, spellbound by the singing of the nightingale. Something moved in the boy's soul, he wanted to see, and then portray the forest wizard. And even though the bird molded by him from plasticine does not even remotely resemble a nightingale, Selyuzhonok experienced the life-giving power of art. When the nightingale woke him again, he lifted all the children from their beds so that they too could hear the magic trills. The author argues that the comprehension of beauty in nature leads to the comprehension of beauty in art, in oneself.

Respect for nature

ON THE. Nekrasov "Grandfather Mazai and Hares"

The hero of the poem during the spring flood saves drowning hares, collecting them in a boat, cures two sick animals. The forest is his native element, and he worries about all its inhabitants.

V. Astafiev "Tsar-fish"

Nature is alive and spiritualized, endowed with moral and punishing power, it is able not only to defend itself, but also to bear retribution. An illustration of the punishing power is the fate of Gosha Gertsev. This hero is punished for arrogant cynicism towards people and nature. Punishing power extends not only to individual heroes. The imbalance is a threat to all mankind if it does not come to its senses in its intentional or forced cruelty.

FAMILY PROBLEMS

The role of childhood in human life

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

Petya Rostov, on the eve of his tragic death, in relations with his comrades, shows all the best features of the “Rostov breed” inherited by him in his home: kindness, openness, and a desire to help at any moment.

V. Astafiev "The Last Bow"

Grandmother Katerina Petrovna invested deep human wisdom in her grandson Vitka, became for him a symbol of love, kindness, respect for a person.

The role of the family in the formation of personality

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"

In the Rostov family, everything was built on sincerity and kindness, and therefore the children are Natasha. Nikolai and Petya became truly good people, and in the Kuragin family, where career and money decided everything, both Helen and Anatole were immoral egoists.

I. Polyanskaya "Iron and ice cream"

The negative psychological atmosphere in the family, the soullessness of adults caused a serious illness of Rita, the little heroine of the story, and the cruelty, cunning, resourcefulness of her sister.

Motherhood (the role of the mother in education)

M. Gorky "Tales of Italy"

A. Fadeev "Young Guard"

K. Vorobyov "Aunt Yegoriha"

The orphan Sanka in the story will become an orphan once again when he loses his aunt Yegorikha, who has become more than a mother to him.

V.P. Astafiev "Communicated to all living things ..."

The author claims: if it were given to him to repeat life, he would ask his fate for one thing - to leave his mother with him. The writer missed her all his life, and he appeals to everyone with a request to take care of mothers, because they only come once and never return, and no one can replace them.

Motherhood as a feat

L. Ulitskaya "Daughter of Bukhara"

Bukhara, the heroine of the story, accomplished a maternal feat, devoting herself to raising her daughter Mila, who had Down syndrome. Even being mortally ill, the mother thought out the whole future life of her daughter: she got a job, found her a new family, a husband, and only after that she allowed herself to die.

V. Zakrutkin "The Mother of Man"

Maria, the heroine of the story, during the war took responsibility for her own and other people's children, saved them, became their Mother.

The relationship between fathers and children

Olenka, the heroine of the story, is a talented girl, but an egoist, spoiled by her father and mother. Blind parental love gave rise to Olya's conviction of her exclusivity. The unwillingness to understand the feelings and experiences of loved ones, friends, eventually leads to a serious illness for the mother.

N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba"

Bulba believed that only then the education of Ostap and Andriy could be completed when they learned combat wisdom and became his worthy heirs. However, Andriy's betrayal made Taras a murderer, he could not forgive his son for betrayal. Only Ostap warmed his father's soul with his courage in battle, and then during the execution. For Taras, partnership turned out to be above all blood ties.

R. Bradbury "Veld"

Wendy and Peter, the heroes of the story, commit a monstrous act in their inhumanity: they kill their own parents. And this murder is not accidental: it is the result of upbringing, when children are immensely pampered, indulging their whims.

F. Iskander "The beginning of the form"

The hero of the story, Georgy Andreevich, understood that parental authority arises not from orders and threats, but is won by work, the ability to prove to his son that there is something to respect for his father.

A. Amlinsky "Neskuchny garden"

Using the example of three generations of the Kovalevsky family, one can trace the influence of parents on children. In the novel, not only the son seeks answers from his father to the questions that tormented him, but the father also feels the need for spiritual communication with his son. The writer is convinced that adults must "possess the gift of understanding, and hence empathy." If it does not exist, the alienation of children from the family, school and, as a result, from society is inevitable. From misunderstanding, distrust, the drama of relations between close people, parents and children is born.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"

Father's instructions helped Pyotr Grinev, even in the most critical moments, to remain honest, true to himself and duty.

N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls"

Following his father's behest to "save a penny", Chichikov devoted his whole life to hoarding, turning into a man without shame and conscience.

Relationships in the family

A. Amlinsky "The Return of the Brother"

The story creates the image of a very sincere, spontaneous boy who dreamed of a friend, a protector. He hopes to find it in his older brother and looks forward to his return. But the older brother lost himself as a person, sank to the "bottom" of life. However, the faith of the younger brother, the inability to deceive him, help the eldest, Ivan, return to normal life.

A. Aleksin "Mad Evdokia"

Parents, blinded by the talent of their daughter Olya, who believed in her exclusivity, do not want to understand the class teacher who strives to "make everyone's success, everyone's joy - everyone's success and joy." Both Evdokia Savelyevna and the guys are ready to appreciate and love the talent, but they cannot accept and forgive Olya's arrogance and neglect of them. Much later, the father will understand the teacher and agree that the desire to be the first at any cost dooms a person to loneliness.

A. Aleksin "Division of property"

Relations between people in the family were built on the principle of "need while needed." Aleksin draws an open confrontation between two principles: kindness, cordiality, the ability to give up the personal for the sake of loved ones (grandmother Anisya) and lack of spirituality, pragmatism covered up with beautiful phrases (mother). And between these two close people - Vera. The conflict is resolved by tragedy: the grandmother leaves forever for the village, and Vera again falls seriously ill.

A. Likhanov "Clean pebbles"

Twelve-year-old Mikhaska lives a complex inner life on the pages of the book: from feeling happy that his father, who fought heroically, returned home unharmed, to feeling bitter disappointment and burning shame for him, who embarked on the path of deception and speculation in pursuit of a well-fed, prosperous life. The boy cannot accept the position of a father convinced that he has won the right to a better life for himself and his family. Mikhaska began to listen attentively to the words and closely look at the actions of his parents, feeling an increasing discrepancy between what they taught him and their own deeds. Loss of trust in parents became the cause of the hero's loneliness.

Growing up (roles of adults, schools in the formation of personality)

V. Tendryakov "Night after graduation"

The school gave the heroes of the story knowledge, but did not bring up feelings, did not teach them love and kindness. And Yulia Studentsova, the best student of the school, who is simply afraid of the fact that she does not have these qualities, speaks about this at the graduation party.

E. Grishkovets "Chief"

Vladimir Lavrentievich, the head of the photo circle, selflessly loving his work, taught the boys not only the secrets of photography, but also inspired them to believe that they were capable and talented. This confidence later helped each of them to become a person.

A. Likhanov "Deception"

The main character, Seryozha, has lost his mother. All his further troubles are connected with this, the main one. A whole series of deceptions falls on him: it turns out that his own father, who left the family, lives in their city, his stepfather and his mother, Seryozha, a teacher, scaring his grandmother that he and Seryozha cannot live on a pension, move them from a two-room apartment to a miserable little room. The boy is experiencing a hard time and the loneliness that has fallen on him: both his father and stepfather actually abandoned him. The hero went through a difficult path until he realized that it was impossible to live in a lie. At the age of fourteen, Serezha Vorobyov comes to the conclusion about the need to make decisions himself.

Continuity of generations

E. Hemingway "The Old Man and the Sea"

The old Cuban fisherman Santiago hopes that his skill will be preserved for centuries, but most importantly, it can be passed on as the most valuable legacy to the next generations. Therefore, he teaches the boy all the wisdom of the craft and life.

The role of a teacher in a person's life

A.I. Kuprin "Taper"

Anton Rubinstein, the great composer, having heard the talented piano playing of an unknown young pianist Yuri Azagarov, helped him become a famous musician

V. Rasputin "French Lessons"

The teacher Lidia Mikhailovna taught the hero not only French lessons, but also kindness, sympathy, the ability to feel someone else's pain.

V. Bykov "Obelisk"

Teacher Frost became a model for students in everything, he even died with them, believing that a teacher should always be with his students.

A. Likhanov "Dramatic Pedagogy"

“The worst thing that can be in the world is an educator who does not recognize, does not see, does not want to see his mistakes. A teacher who never once said to his students, their parents, to himself: “Sorry, I made a mistake” or: “I failed.”

A. Aleksin "Third in the fifth row"

Teacher Vera Matveevna, reflecting on the methods of education, is forced to admit that she was wrong, trying to educate all her students in the same way: “You cannot suppress a person. .. everyone should do good in their own way ... The dissimilarity of characters should hardly be taken for incompatibility.

A. Aleksin "Mad Evdokia"

The teacher Evdokia Vasilievna was convinced that the greatest talent in her students was the talent of kindness, the desire to help in difficult times, and it was these character traits that she brought up in them.

A. de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince"

The Old Fox taught the Little Prince to comprehend the wisdom of human relationships. To understand a person, one must learn to peer into him, to forgive minor flaws. After all, the most important thing is always hidden inside, and you can’t see it right away.

B. Vasiliev "My horses are flying ..."

The narrator recalls with gratitude about his first teacher, who raised her students to be real citizens of the Fatherland.

The indifference of the adult world (childish insecurity; innocent childish suffering)

D.V. Grigorovich "Gutta-percha boy"

The hero of the story is the orphan Petya, who is mercilessly exploited in the circus: he is a tightrope walker. Performing the most difficult exercise, the boy crashed, and his death simply went unnoticed.

A. Pristavkin “A golden cloud spent the night”

The heroes of the story - Kuzmyonyshi - being in an orphanage, became victims of cruelty and indifference of adults.

F.M. Dostoevsky "The Boy at Christ on the Christmas Tree"

The boy, the hero of the story, came with his mother to Petersburg, but after her death, on the eve of Christmas, no one needed him. Nobody even gave him a piece of bread. The child is cold, hungry and abandoned.

THE PROBLEM OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND PRESERVATION OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

Development and preservation of the Russian language

A. Knyshev "O great and mighty Russian language!"

In this ironic publication, the journalist ridicules lovers of borrowing, showing how ridiculous our speech becomes, oversaturated with them.

M. Krongauz "The Russian language is on the verge of a nervous breakdown"

V. Stupishin sweet stil? What language do we speak and write?

The journalistic article is devoted to the problems of linguistic absurdities, which are full of speeches of politicians and some journalists. The author gives examples of absurd stresses in words, foreign borrowings, inability of speakers and writers to use the richest arsenal of the Russian language.

A. Shchuplov “From the Party Congress to the Roof Congress”

The journalistic article is devoted to reflections on how many abbreviations have appeared and continue to appear in our life, which sometimes become, according to the author, an example of "official stupidity".

Quotes

“Speak Russian, for God's sake! Bring this newness into fashion." (A.M. Zhemchuzhnikov.)

“In days of doubt, in days of painful reflections about the fate of my homeland, you are my only support and support, O great, powerful, truthful and free Russian language!” (I.S. Turgenev)

“... Willingly or unwittingly, today we have come to the point where the word becomes not a part of life, one of many parts, but the last hope for our national existence in the world.”

(V. Rasputin)

“To use a foreign word when there is a Russian equivalent to it means to insult both common sense and common taste.” (V. Belinsky)

"The morality of a person is visible in his attitude to the word." (L.N. Tolstoy)

N. Gal "Word alive and dead"

A well-known translator discusses the role of the spoken word, which can hurt a person's soul with its ill-conceivedness; about borrowings that distort our speech;

about clericalism that kills lively speech; about careful attitude to our great heritage - the Russian language.

K.I. Chukovsky "Alive like life"

The writer analyzes the state of the Russian language, our speech, and comes to disappointing conclusions: we ourselves distort and mutilate our great and mighty language.

Correlations of a person's name and his inner essence

DI. Fonvizin "Undergrowth"

In the comedy, many heroes have "talking" surnames: Vralman, a former coachman, lied that he was a foreign teacher; the name Mitrofan means "like his mother", who is depicted in the comedy as a stupid and impudent ignoramus. Skotinin Taras - Mitrofan's uncle; he loves pigs very much and, in terms of the rudeness of his feelings, is like cattle, as the surname indicates.

M. Krongauz "The Russian language is on the verge of a nervous breakdown" The author explores the state of the modern Russian language, oversaturated with new words, dependent on the Internet, youth, fashion. The title of the book is the author's point of view on this issue.

A. Knyshev "O great and mighty Russian language!" In this ironic publication, the journalist ridicules lovers of borrowing, showing how ridiculous our speech becomes, oversaturated with them.

A. Shchuplov “From the Party Congress to the Roof Congress” The journalistic article is devoted to reflections on how many abbreviations have appeared and continue to appear in our life, which sometimes become, according to the author, an example of "official stupidity".

N. Gal "The word is alive and dead» A well-known translator talks about the role of the spoken word, which can hurt a person’s soul with its thoughtlessness; about borrowings that distort our speech; about clericalism that kills live speech; about careful attitude to our great heritage - the Russian language.

K.I. Chukovsky "Alive like life" The writer analyzes the state of the Russian language, our speech, and comes to disappointing conclusions: we ourselves distort and disfigure our great and mighty language

Heartlessness, mental callousnessA. Aleksin “Division of property The mother of the heroine Verochka is so callous that she forced her mother-in-law, who raised and cured her daughter, to leave for a remote village, doomed her to loneliness.

Y. Mamleev "Jump into the coffin" Relatives of the sick old woman Ekaterina Petrovna, tired of caring for her, decided to bury her alive and thereby get rid of her problems. The funeral is a terrible evidence of what a person devoid of compassion, living only in his own interests, turns into.

K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram" Nastya lives a bright, fulfilling life away from her lonely, old mother. Daughter all matters seem so important and urgent that she completely forgets to write letters home, does not visit her mother. Even when a telegram about her mother's illness arrived, Nastya did not immediately go, and therefore did not find Katerina Ivanovna alive. The mother never waited for her only daughter, whom she loved very much.

L. Razumovskaya "Dear Elena Sergeevna" Heartless, cynical students began to reproach the teacher for her old-fashioned clothes, her honest attitude to work, for the fact that she had been teaching all her life, but she herself had not accumulated any capital and did not know how to profitably sell her knowledge. Their arrogance, callousness caused the death of Elena Sergeevna.

V. Tendryakov "Night after graduation" On the night after graduation, for the first time in their lives, classmates decided to frankly tell each other in the eyes what each of them thinks about those present. And it turned out that each of them is a heartless egoist who does not put a penny on the pride and dignity of the other.

Loss of spiritual values

B. Vasiliev "Deaf" The events of the story allow us to see how in today's life the so-called "new Russians" strive to enrich themselves at any cost. Spiritual values ​​are lost because culture has left our lives. The society has split, in it the bank account has become the measure of a person's merits. Moral wilderness began to grow in the souls of people who had lost faith in goodness and justice.

E. Hemingway "Where it's clean, it's light" The heroes of the story, having finally lost faith in friendship, love and severed ties with the world, are lonely and devastated. They have become the living dead.

V. Astafiev "Lyudochka" Growing up in a village amid poverty and drunkenness, cruelty and immorality, the heroine of the story seeks salvation in the city. Having become a victim of brutal violence, in an atmosphere of general indifference, Lyudochka commits suicide.

V. Astafiev "Postscript" The author describes with shame and indignation the behavior of the audience at the concert of the symphony orchestra, who, despite the excellent performance of famous works, “began to leave the hall. Yes, if only they left him just like that, silently, carefully - no, with indignation, shouting, cursing they left, as if they had deceived them in their best desires and dreams.

Loss of communication between generations

V. Astafiev "Hut" Young people come to the Siberian timber industry enterprises for big money. The forest, the land, once protected by the older generation, turns into a dead desert after the work of lumberjacks. All the moral values ​​of the ancestors are overshadowed by the pursuit of the ruble.

F Abramov "Alka" The heroine of the story, in search of a better life, left for the city, leaving her old mother, who died without waiting for her daughter. Alka, having returned to the village and acutely aware of the loss, decides to stay there, but this impulse quickly passes when she is offered a profitable job in the city. The loss of native roots is irreparable.

Inhumanity, crueltyN.S. Leskov "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District" Katerina Izmailova, the wife of a wealthy merchant, fell in love with the worker Sergei and was expecting a child from him. Fearing exposure and separation from her beloved, she kills her father-in-law and husband with his help, and then little Fedya, her husband's relative.

R. Bradbury "Dwarf" Ralph, the hero of the story is cruel and heartless: he, being the owner of the attraction, replaced the mirror in which the dwarf came to look, consoled by the fact that at least in the reflection he sees himself tall, slender and handsome. Once again, the dwarf, who expected to see himself the same again, runs away with pain and horror from the terrible sight reflected in the new mirror, but his suffering only entertains Ralph.

Y. Yakovlev "He killed my dog" The hero of the story picked up a dog abandoned by the owners. He is full of concern for a defenseless creature and does not understand his father when he demands to expel the dog: “What prevented the dog? .. I could not drive the dog out, it was already kicked out once.” The boy is shocked by the cruelty of his father, who called the gullible dog and shot him in the ear. He not only hated his father, he lost faith in goodness, in justice.

MOSCOW, July 11 - RIA Novosti. The ability to speak arose in a common ancestor of Homo sapiens and Neanderthals half a million years ago, after which the Neanderthals developed their own languages, traces of which can be found in modern languages, according to scientists who published a review in the journal Frontiers in Language Sciences.

Most anthropologists believe that Homo sapiens mastered articulate speech 50-100 thousand years ago. Dan Dediu and Stephen Levinson of the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen (Netherlands) analyzed the latest research in linguistics, paleogenetics, paleontology and archeology and suggested that articulate speech was characteristic not only for people, but also for Neanderthals, and language began to develop much earlier than previously thought.

Language Ability

The last ancestor of Homo sapiens and Neanderthals is considered to be the Heidelberg man (Homo heidelbergensis), who lived 800-130 thousand years ago in Africa and Western Europe and presumably descended from a working man (Homo ergaster), the first representative of the human race. In Eurasia, his descendants evolved into Neanderthals, in Africa - into Homo sapiens. The authors of the article note that the structure of the auditory and speech apparatus was adapted for speech in the Heidelberg man already about 500 thousand years ago.

In addition, the genetic similarity between Homo sapiens and Neanderthals indicates that they were equally capable of developing language.

In terms of mental abilities, scientists believe, Neanderthals were also not inferior to our ancestors. This is evidenced by the high culture of the Neanderthals: stone tools, fire, their culinary skills, the presence of clothing, as well as the traditions of collective hunting and funeral rituals. Therefore, the authors of the article believe that when Homo sapiens and Neanderthals met in Asia Minor, their language abilities could be comparable.

Features of Neanderthal languages

Neanderthals are known to have lived in small groups, and such groups tend to have complex language. Therefore, the authors of the article suggest that it was similar to the languages ​​of small traditional societies: with a large set of sounds, complex syntax, a large number of exceptions to the rules, and a vocabulary of tens of thousands of words. At the same time, the languages ​​of these groups of Neanderthals should have been different from each other.

Recently, geneticists and linguists have discovered a connection between certain genes that control brain development and the type of stress in the language spoken by a particular people. Based on data on the Neanderthal genome, the authors of the article suggest that they spoke languages ​​with a tone accent. In such languages, stressed syllables are distinguished not by the strength of the sound, as in Russian, but by the pitch. A prime example is Japanese, where the pitch in one syllable distinguishes words for chopsticks, edge, and bridge.

Neanderthal footprint

The researchers believe that the existence of a language among Neanderthals and its possible "contribution" to the cultural development of mankind can explain the great linguistic diversity of the modern world. Now there are about seven thousand languages. At the same time, studies show that structural changes in the language can take tens of thousands of years. Homo sapiens came out of Africa 70-50 thousand years ago. He carried with him a small number of languages ​​from which the modern linguistic variety could not have developed in such a short time.

According to Didiou and Levinson, everything will fall into place if we take into account the languages ​​of the Neanderthals. As anthropologists note, the languages ​​of modern people, whose ancestors remained in Africa, should have developed without the influence of Neanderthals. Comparing African languages ​​with those of Eurasia could help find traces of Neanderthal languages, they conclude.