What vowels indicate the softness of consonants. Soft consonant sounds: letters

Consonants sound differently in different words. Sometimes hard, sometimes soft. In this lesson, we will learn to distinguish between soft and hard consonants and designate the softness of consonants in writing with the letters I, E, E, Yu, I and L. We will find out which consonants form pairs of hardness-softness, and which are only hard or only soft.

Compare the first consonants. When pronouncing a sound in the word KIT, the middle part of the tongue rises to the palate, the passage through which the air flows narrows and a sound is obtained, which scientists conventionally called soft. And the opposite sound is called - solid.

Let's complete the task. You need to arrange the vegetables in two baskets. In the first place, we put those in the names of which any soft sounds are heard, in the second, those in the names of which all consonant sounds are hard. Beetroot, turnip, eggplant, cabbage, onion, tomato, onion, pumpkin, cucumber.

Let's check. In the first basket put: beets(sound [in ']), turnip(sound [p ']), tomato(sound [m ']),cucumber(sound [p ']). Second: cabbage, pumpkin, eggplant, onion .

It is important to listen to the sounds of spoken words. If you say the word HES otherwise - with a solid first sound, we get a completely different word - NOSE.

Let's listen and observe the movement of our tongue:

row - sound [p '] - glad - sound [p]

hatch - sound [l ’] - bow - sound [l]

Rice. 3. Bow ( )

crumpled - sound [m '] - small - sound [m]

Sounds can be written (conditionally) with icons. Musical sounds are recorded in notes, and speech sounds are written in letters, but in special square brackets - in transcription. In order not to confuse hard and soft sounds when reading the transcription, scientists agreed to show the softness of the sound with an icon very similar to a comma, only put it on top.

Most consonants form pairs of softness - hardness:

Some consonants are only hard or only soft. They do not form pairs in hardness / softness:

Only hard consonants: [w], [w], [c]. Only soft consonants: [th '], [h '], [u '].

Let's complete the task: indicate the paired sound.

[h] - ? [and] - ? [R'] - ? [h '] - ? [With'] - ? [l] - ? Let's check the correctness of the task: [s] - [s ']; [p '] - [p]; [s '] - [s]; [l] - [l ']. [g], [h ’] - unpaired soft-hard sounds.

In writing, the hardness of consonants is indicated by vowels A, O, U, Y, E, and the softness of consonants is indicated by vowels E, E, I, Yu, I.

There are words with soft consonants at the end of words or in the middle of words before other consonants. Listen to the words: salt, horse, notebook, coat, ring, letter. Then a soft sign will come to the rescue. Even his name suggests - a sign soft, for soft consonants.

Let's make a memo on how to act while writing words:

I hear a solid consonant sound - I write letters after it in place of the vowel sound: A, O, U, Y, E.

I hear a soft consonant sound before a vowel - I denote its softness with vowels: E, E, I, Yu, I.

I hear a soft sound at the end of a word or before a consonant - I show softness b.

Rice. 5. Hard and soft consonants ()

So, today we learned that consonants can be soft and hard, and the softness of consonants in writing in Russian is indicated by the letters i, e, e, u, i and y.

Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M .: Astrel, 2011. ().
Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language 1. M .: Ballas. ()
Agarkova N.G., Agarkov Yu.A. Textbook on teaching literacy and reading: ABC. Academic book / Textbook.

Additional web resources

Knowledge hypermarket ()
Russian language: a short theoretical course. ()
Logosauria: site for children's computer games. ()

do at home

Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M .: Astrel, 2011. Pp. 35, ex. 6, pp. 36, ex. 3.
Count how many soft consonants are in the word electric train? (In the word train - 3 soft consonants ([l '], [p '], [h ']).
Using the knowledge gained in the lesson, make puzzles or charades with words, where the softness-hardness of the sound changes the meaning.

Consonant sounds in Russian have several features that affect their pronunciation. One of these characteristics is hardness/softness.

The peculiarity of soft consonants

Soft consonants, unlike hard ones, are pronounced more smoothly. With their articulation, the tongue rises slightly (begins to resemble an arc or a kind of "bridge"), and its tip rests on the base of the lower teeth.

For most consonant (i.e., consonant) sounds of Russian speech, softness is a pair sign. Each hard consonant has a corresponding soft consonant. For example:

[b] / [b "];
[mm"];
[s] / [s "];
[d] / [d "];
[f]/[f"].

Among all consonant pairs, according to the described feature, only six sounds do not have. Some of them are always soft (this is [th], [w "], [h"]). Others are always solid (this type includes [c], [w], [g]).

The main feature of soft consonants is that they affect the spelling of words. It is with this type of sounds that such well-known spellings are associated, such as writing combinations of zhi / shi with the letter I or combinations of cha / cha with the letter A.

Designation of softness of consonants in writing

When we speak, it is quite easy to distinguish soft consonants from hard ones, thanks to the peculiarities of their articulation. On the letter, it is sometimes very difficult to make out where the soft sound is and where the hard one is. For this, several rules were introduced in Russian for the special designation of soft sounds in writing.

The first and most obvious way to highlight them is to put a soft sign next to them. If it immediately follows a consonant, then it is soft. Another spelling rule of the Russian language is connected with this - writing combinations -chk-, -chn-, -chn-, -rshch-, etc. without a soft sign. (after all, the sounds [h "] and [w"] are always soft and it is not necessary to additionally indicate this sign of them).

Also, softness in writing is indicated using several vowels. These include:

And, and.
Her.
Her.
Yu, yu.
Me, me

If the consonant is located in front of one of the listed letters, it will definitely be soft (for example, whale - [k "it], song - [p "es" n "a], people - [l "ud" and], maple - [cl "he].

1. Read expressively.

Ate warmed up in the sun b.
thawed with about sleep.
And April b, calls to a sang b.
V l e su have us in e sleep.
(3. Aleksandrova)

Explain the spelling of the letters underlined in the words. Write down any offer.
Say all the consonants in the word April. Which one is hard and which are soft consonants?

2. Consider items.

Say each word-the name of the subject. Listen to the sounds they make. Which one is hard and which one is a soft consonant?

Remember! We denote hard consonant sounds like this: [l], [k], [m], [h], and soft consonant sounds like this: [l "], [k"], [m"], [h"].

3. Read each pair of words. Say the sounds that are indicated by the highlighted letters.

What letters indicate the hardness and softness of the consonants [p], [p "], [c], [c"], [l], [l "], [m], [m"] in these words?
Write down words in which the first sound is a soft consonant.

4. Pronounce the words according to their sound designations. Say what each word means.

[m "etr] [ski" a] [cl" he]

Explain how you will indicate on the letter the softness of the consonants in these words.

5. Read.

Hard and soft consonants and their designation in letters

Pay attention! Some consonants form pairs hardness-softness: [b] - [b "], [d] - [d"], ....

Say each pair of sounds. Do they have the same letter on the letter?
Now say unpaired consonant sounds. Which ones are hard and which ones are soft?
Guess why in this table the letters denoting vowel sounds and the letter "soft sign" are given.

6. Read.

Anywhere in any country
The guys don't want war.
They will have to enter into life soon,
They want peace, not war...
(E. Trutneva)

What idea is expressed in the poem?
Write the first sentence. Underline the letters in the words that indicate the softness of the preceding consonant.

7. Read the riddle. Guess her.

Hanging outside the window
Ice cube.
It's full of drops
And it smells like spring.
(T. Belozerov)

How to find out which words have soft consonants? Say these sounds.
Write the first sentence. Underline in it the letters that denote soft consonants.
Write out a word from the riddle that has three soft consonants. Underline the letters that represent these sounds.

R e byata

8. Read. Should the letter “el” be read the same way or differently in each word?

Divide the words into two groups: in the first - words where the letter l denotes a soft consonant sound, in the second - words where the letter l denotes a hard consonant sound.
Write down the words in which the letter l stands for a solid consonant sound.

9. Read.

On St..there is a cat..ta -
Kasianka, Tom and Plut.
And there is a n..x owner..yka,
I don't remember the call..t.
R..z the owner said:
“I’m going to buy .. letter ..,
Illiterate cat .. nok -
Ignorant and wild..”
(I. Tokmakova)

Explain what letters are missing in the words. Say the sounds they represent.
Why is the stressed vowel sound [a] in words skaz..la and housewife should be marked with different letters?

10. Read expressively.

For a little son
Mother looked tenderly;
rocking the cradle,
Silently sang a song:
“Ai! be quiet, storm!
Don't make noise, eat!
My little one is napping
Sweet in the cradle."
(A. Pleshcheev)