Paraphrase, examples from literature and colloquial speech. Using the "paraphrase" technique in managing conflict communications

With the final Avengers series still three months away, Marvel continues to show us bits and pieces of what we'll see in the final series. It is impossible to say that they are very generous with details. The new trailer for the picture is more like a teaser, it is clear from it that all the heroes that Thanos has not wiped off the face of the Earth are preparing for the final battle.

Trailer "Captain Marvel"

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The film was not long in coming, in which we will be presented with another hero from the Marvel universe. Or rather, a heroine. The picture will be released in Russia on March 7, but for now you can see how cool Carol Danvers is in the new trailer.

First meeting in 20 years with baby Bo Peep from Toy Story 4

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We first got acquainted with the porcelain figure of baby Bo Peep from the popular children's poem in the very first Toy Story as Woody's girlfriend, but after the second series she mysteriously disappears. Nobody ever explains why. We'll see Bo Peep, her sheep again, and find out where she's been for 20 years in the fourth installment in Pixar's most popular franchise. In the trailer, we see Woody and Bo Peep at the amusement park waiting for Brightwing Base. But he got into trouble again.

"Wake up America!" Season 3 of The Handmaid's Tale

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The first footage of the dystopian Hulu series based on the work of Canadian writer Margaret Artwood is a paraphrase of Ronald Reagan's campaign commercial "Morning in America". The video starts on a positive note: it's morning again in America, women go to work, the birth rate is growing, but then everything takes a completely different turn, and we hear a voice main character Offred by Elisabeth Moss: "Wake up America, the morning is over."

The Twilight Zone is back

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Now, in the era of remakes and reboots, the producers have reached the legendary American science fiction show "The Twilight Zone", which was released from 1959 to 1964. The trailer shows us an empty stadium and actor/director John Peel, who is in the process of restarting the show. Everything is in the best traditions of the series, that is, very mysterious.

In your own words.

Paraphrases are called different types text processing (in particular, a literary work): a detailed explanation of a short text, an abbreviated presentation of a large text (adaptation), a simplified presentation of a difficult-to-understand text with brief explanations, transposition of a prose text into verses, transposition of verses into prose. A paraphrase can also be called a partial retelling of a text.

A paraphrase is, in particular, a special, educational type of commentary on a theoretical text, which is a presentation of the original close to the text with an explanation. This type of commentary was invented by the ancient Greek commentator of Aristotle Themistius. His paraphrases were meant to be read in parallel with the corresponding texts of Aristotle.

Examples

As an example of paraphrase-adaptations, editions of large-scale works of art intended for children can be cited: retellings of A Thousand and One Nights, Don Quixote by M. de Cervantes, Robinson Crusoe by D. Defoe, Gargantua and Pantagruel by Francois are known Rabelais.

Poetic paraphrase

A verse paraphrase of the Gospel of John written by the ancient Greek poet Nonn of Khmim is known.

An example of a poetic paraphrase in Russian literature is the numerous poetic transcriptions of the psalms, one of the most famous is “Three Paraphrastic Odes” (1743, published 1744). In this book, V. K. Trediakovsky, M. V. Lomonosov and A. P. Sumarokov competed in writing a poetic transcription of the 143rd psalm to find out which meter is most suitable for works of high "calm". Lomonosov and Sumarokov transcribed the psalm in iambic, Trediakovsky in trochee.

Musical paraphrase

A free-form piece of music written on a musical theme(s) from a work by another author, as well as on folk melodies. Most often, in a paraphrase, the original is presented in a modified and simplified style, designed for easy perception, it can use a number of changes, additions or abbreviations. In classical and academic music, paraphrases place the original theme in new genre or stylistic terms. Paraphrase was often used in 19th-century music as a salon piano genre. F. Liszt's paraphrases on the themes of the works of R. Wagner, P. Tchaikovsky, folk melodies are known.

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Literature

• primary sources
  • Nonn from Khmim. The Acts of Jesus: A Paraphrase of the Holy Gospel of John. - St. Petersburg: Azbuka-classika, 2004. - 288 p. - ISBN 5-352-00878-9
  • Trediakovsky B. K.// Selected works. - M. - L.: Soviet writer, 1963. - S. 421-424.
• Research
  • Nazirov R. G. // Nazirov R. G. Russian classical literature: a comparative historical approach. Studies of different years: Collection of articles. - Ufa: RIO BashGU, 2005. - S. 71-78.
  • Psalter in Russian poetry. - St. Petersburg: Dmitry Bulanin, 2002. - 386 p. - ISBN 5-86007-357-7.

see also

An excerpt characterizing the Paraphrase

The expressiveness and beauty of the Russian language was admired by Lomonosov, Derzhavin, Gogol, Turgenev, Tolstoy and many other writers, poets, whose life and creative activity were directly connected with the word. They noted its euphony, rich, varied vocabulary, extended semantics, allowing them to skillfully use all the visual and expressive means.

Introduction to the concept

What is such a linguistic phenomenon as paraphrase? We meet examples of it quite often both in everyday communication and in artistic speech. If you hear how someone instead of the word “moon” says “queen of the night” or “night star”, and instead of “stars” - “guiding lights”, “pearls” and “precious placers”, then know that it was precisely with the above concept. In art, it was distinguished by the ancient Greeks, they also gave it a definition: "an expression that describes one phenomenon with the help of another." That is, allegory, “one instead of the other” - this is how “periphrase” sounds literally in Greek. Examples of such “around the bush” (another translation-interpretation) are quite easy to find. Yes, here is at least the famous Pushkin's appeal to the sea: "Farewell, free element!"

Paraphrase - paraphrase

Which is discussed in the article, people who are ignorant of artistic tropes are often confused with a paraphrase - a word that is very similar in sound, but has a completely different meaning. This term refers to different types of retelling of the text: detailed, abridged, adapted, transcriptions from poetry to prose and vice versa. It also includes various comments, including scientific texts. Paraphrase has a completely different purpose. Its examples in speech are in many ways similar to the role of pronouns in grammar. Both linguistic phenomena do not name objects, signs, but point to them: “he” instead of “man” and “one-armed bandit” instead of “gaming machine”.

Speech expressiveness

There are quite a lot of tropes that descriptively express some concepts with the help of others in literary criticism. These are metaphors, and puns, and comparisons. Paraphrase occupies a special place among them. Examples identified in colloquial speech and make it possible to classify the phenomenon into logical subgroups and figurative. In the logical, descriptive moment is built on explicit, visible, easily distinguishable connections between objects, phenomena, events. And in figurative - on the system of associations and hidden unifying links. What is a logical paraphrase? Examples in Russian are found quite easily. This is "the author of" A Hero of Our Time "instead of" Lermontov ", and" green spaces "instead of" plants ". Their distinctive feature is their wide distribution, transparency of lexical meaning, stereotyping of reproduction.

word art

A somewhat different kind of figurative paraphrase. Examples from fiction help to reveal its essence as accurately as possible. If someone is called Oblomov, it will become clear that they mean such qualities of a person as laziness, lack of desire to do anything, idle daydreaming. Plyushkin has long been synonymous with stinginess in its highest manifestation, native Russian speakers often call Moscow "White Stone", and St. Petersburg - with Pushkin's words: "Peter's creation." In this case, we are not dealing with periphrase in its pure form, but with its fusion with other tropes: metaphor and comparison. Often they are realized (that is, they have lost their pronounced figurative meaning), deployed or hidden.

Two in one

What else is interesting about the paraphrase? Examples from the literature and prove its connection with another linguistic phenomenon - euphemism, more precisely, the imposition of one concept on another. In what cases does this happen? If it is necessary to replace a rough, stylistically reduced word with another, more “noble” one. For example, instead of "cough" they say "clear their throat", instead of "fart" they say "spoil the air". A prostitute is called a "woman of easy virtue", "hetera", "representative of the most ancient profession", "Messalina". The process of cleansing the sinuses is a beautiful expression “use a handkerchief”, etc. Euphemisms appeared and entrenched in the language at a time when its literary norms were actively formed, there was a struggle for purity and correctness. Even Lomonosov, with his theory of the “three calms”, drew a sharp line between “high”, “medium” and “low” vocabulary. It was believed that refined and educated nobles should not use rudeness in speech. And although the teachings of Lomonosov primarily concerned

literature, genera and genres, it has found the widest application in society.

There is another reason for the appearance of euphemisms: the paraphrase is subjective and is determined by religious and cult factors. For example, instead of "devils" in Russia, especially among the people, it was customary to say "unclean" or "evil". It was believed that such names would not attract undue attention of otherworldly forces to people, and they, in turn, would not annoy "God's souls." In the same way, the peasants did not pronounce the words "brownie" aloud, calling him "master", "grandfather", "helper". The word "Sam" came up quite often. They believed that otherwise the brownie would be offended and we would start playing dirty tricks on them. And if you call it “correctly”, then in this way you can appease the spirit, which will certainly bring good luck to the house.

PARAPHRASE

PARAPHRASE)

[gr. paraphrasis - descriptive turnover, description] - 1) the transfer of smth. in your own words, retelling close to the text; 2) music. an instrumental musical piece of a virtuoso nature, usually written to one or more operatic themes or folk melodies.

Dictionary of foreign words. - Komlev N.G., 2006 .

PARAPHRASE

1) a free attitude to the cited text, expressed in a more detailed and understandable (descriptive) transmission of it; 2) in music - the supply of someone else's music. themes with their own variations.

Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. - Pavlenkov F., 1907 .

PARAPHRASE

retelling Ph.D. a whole essay, separate parts or thoughts in your own words with different explanations and additions; in music - alteration of someone else's work by abbreviations, rearrangements, additions, etc.

A complete dictionary of foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language. - Popov M., 1907 .

Paraphrase

paraphrases, g. [Greek paraphrasis]. 1. An expression that is a descriptive, common transfer of the meaning of another expression, for example, “writer of these lines” instead of “I” in the author’s speech (lit.). 2. A musical fantasy, usually of a virtuoso nature, on a theme borrowed from another piece of music (music). Liszt's paraphrase on the themes of Gounod's Faust.

A large dictionary of foreign words. - Publishing house "IDDK", 2007 .

See what "PARAPHRASE" is in other dictionaries:

Paraphrase… Spelling Dictionary

PARAPHRASE, paraphrases, female. (Greek paraphrasis). 1. An expression that is a descriptive, common transfer of the meaning of another expression, eg. writing these lines instead of I in the author's speech (lit.). 2. Musical fantasy, usually ... ... Dictionary Ushakov

Fantasy, retelling, transcription, play, paraphrase Dictionary of Russian synonyms. paraphrase noun, number of synonyms: 7 paraphrase (1) ... Synonym dictionary

Modern Encyclopedia

PARAPHRASE- (from Greek paraphrasis - descriptive phrase, description). The expression of thought, the designation of an action or phenomenon by linguistic means that differ from the original ... A new dictionary of methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of teaching languages)

paraphrase- paraphrase, w. and an obsolete paraphrase, m ... Dictionary of pronunciation and stress difficulties in modern Russian

Paraphrase- (Greek paraphrasis, from the verb paraphrazo to say the same thing, but in different words), an instrumental concert piece for the most part for piano, based on the themes of popular songs and opera arias. Distributed in the 19th century. in the repertoire... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Paraphrase (paraphrase, paraphrase; from other Greek παράφρασις retelling) retelling, presentation of the text in your own words. Paraphrases are called different types of text processing (in particular, literary work): a detailed explanation of the short text, ... ... Wikipedia

- (Greek) a more understandable presentation of the text of a literary work in its whole or in separate parts, with brief explanations. P. occupies, as it were, a middle place between a metaphrase, literally reproducing the text, and a commentary, where it is proposed ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

PARAPHRASE a; m.; PARAPHRASE, s; well. [from Greek. paraphrasis retelling] 1. Lit. Transfer in other words or in another form of the content of something. P. comedy. P. stanzas. Stage item of the book. 2. Music. A musical instrumental piece, usually written in ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

“Periphrase” or “Periphrase” is an interesting phenomenon in Russian. It belongs to the category of tropes - stable combinations of artistic speech, used semantically indivisibly and everywhere. This article will help us understand what a paraphrase is.

Paraphrase is a term that comes from Ancient Greece, in translation means: “peri” - around, “phraso” - I say. That is, "talk about" - to describe an object or phenomenon with the help of associated words with elements of allegory, with the designation of signs or features. That is, if we give a definition to paraphrase, then we can say that this term implies paraphrasing and a special interpretation.

Examples

Allegorical narration adorns the Russian language, makes it more figurative, interesting and vivid. Pronouncing the word "fox" is not the same as "cunning beast", although both options refer to the same object. Paraphrase allows you to add brightness and the speaker's own attitude to the characterization of someone or something.

A person who uses a paraphrase adds to the description of an object or phenomenon a whole range of features that characterize it in a special way. And for any person, these moments will be recognizable. For example: “ship of the desert” - a camel, “blue planet” - Earth, “our smaller brothers” - wildlife, “City on the Neva” - St. Petersburg.

We often resort to allegorical paraphrases in our speech, without noticing it ourselves.. Here are some examples:

• “He left for Belokamennaya” (to Moscow).
• “Produce black gold” (oil).
• “Exclude white death from food” (sugar).
• “A dull time is coming” (autumn).

What are the paraphrases

Paraphrases in Russian are divided into two categories: general language and copyright. The first are used everywhere in the form of allegories for objects known to everyone: “the king of beasts”, “blue screen”.

The author's paraphrases belong to the writers and poets who once used them and the phrases became stable turns of speech: “Peter's creation”, “the mirror of the Russian revolution”. Paraphrases are recognizable and all educated people, native speakers, understand what or who is meant.

Paraphrases are further divided into two categories: logical and figurative.. The former have a clear connection of descriptive properties: “feathered friends”, “cunning red muzzle”. In the second category, figurative paraphrases (they are referred to as tropes) have an associative structure of descriptive characteristics. So you can say about a person: “Plyushkin” (stingy, greedy), “she eats like Thumbelina” (very little).

How an expression is born

When creating a paraphrase, the meaning contained in the object, event, phenomenon is taken as the basis. It is described using other words, one or more. All terms used in the paraphrase should be understood by the majority.

You can create your own paraphrase. Let's take the word "table" as an example. Its semantic range is quite diverse: the object on which objects are placed kitchen utensils; sitting behind it, people eat food; one can write on its surface, etc. Therefore, we confine ourselves to the concept “ dinner table”:

1. An object for placing dishes on it, from which people eat (the usual logical description).
2. Support for dinner feasts (figurative description, poetic).
3. A four-legged friend who gathers a family around him (metaphorical, figurative).

In order for such paraphrases to become known to everyone, it is necessary to popularize them - to write books, articles, blogs. The great writers and poets - classics - due to their fame to a wide range of readers, easily managed to create such paths.

Paraphrases in poetry

In the 18th-19th centuries, it was considered “bad taste” to use simple meanings in literary texts. They should have been changed to more pompous and solemn ones. This gave beauty to the texts.

The most famous "allegory" in Russian poetry is. Many stable turns of speech “flew” from his pen, which we use very often. Words about autumn: “dull time”, “glamor of the eyes” are recognizable by everyone. The poet conveyed the feeling of sadness and withering so successfully that the paraphrases "took root" in the language.

Pushkin's "friend of the steppes" is forever recognizable by the reader - we are talking about a Kalmyk.

Pushkin himself was called a “slave of honor” in the work “To the Poet” by M.Yu. Lermontov. In turn, Lermontov is often called "the author of" A Hero of Our Time ".

An interesting example of the paraphrase of a natural phenomenon - the sunset showed the world F.I. Tyutchev. In his poem, he wrote about a hot ball that the Earth rolled from the “head”. There is a picture of extraordinary beauty with such a description!

Paraphrases in creativity

Very often, writers used the technique of creating paraphrases; examples from fiction are given in this article. Sometimes in the works of writers such a technique is difficult to separate from euphemism.

Euphemism in Russian calls the phenomenon of substitution of one concept for another. The definition clearly indicates the need for mutual substitution of words. As a rule, dissonant terms are “neutralized” in this way. So, the writers could say about a man who often blew his nose: "He kept putting his handkerchief to his face and carefully collected the contents flowing from his nose into it." This text sounds more noble, doesn't it?

Examples of "correct substitutions":

• stinks - smells bad;
• he is a scoundrel - he has a complex character;
• a prostitute - a woman of easy virtue;
• killer - murderer;
• rape - deprive of honor, and others.

A.S. Pushkin has many paraphrases: “she rested in eternal sleep” - she died, “morning of the year” - spring, “Romulus family” - the inhabitants of Rome.

A. Tvardovsky called the hive - "Bee Town", and his land - "sublunar world".

Popular literary paraphrases tend to turn over time into phraseological units - stable and semantic indivisible turns of speech.

Paraphrases in history and advertising

It so happened that stable word forms have “taken root” well in history, becoming iconic and recognizable by everyone. “Father of the Nations” - I. Stalin, “Columbus of Russian Science” - M. Lomonosov, “Mirror of the Russian Revolution” - L. Tolstoy. Fiction consolidated these figurative concepts - in Soviet time writers actively promoted socialist tropes: “the mind, honor and conscience of the era”, “the leader of the proletariat” and others.

In addition to historical personalities, periphrases also denote temporary events or the state of the political situation: “thaw”, “iron curtain”, “cold war” and others. The sentence: “the iron curtain collapsed” is understood by everyone who lived at the time of the collapse of the USSR.

An interesting object of the current history is advertising, as it very actively uses figurative artistic techniques. The purpose of advertising is to enhance the impression and encourage the purchase of a product or service. Most often, advertising uses the paraphrase in a figurative sense. For example, she calls a certain medical product “a motor for the stomach.” The description of the product bypasses logic, works on an intuitive level, giving rise to images in the head of the buyer that correspond to the subject of advertising.