Technology of installation of stair flights of platforms. Installation of prefabricated flights of stairs

Composition of operations and controls

Technical requirements

SNiP 3.03.01-87 paragraphs. 3.6, 3.7, tab. 12

Limit deviations:

Steps from the horizontal - 2 mm;

Protective grilles from the vertical - 3 mm;

top marks landing from design - 5 mm;

Platforms of stairs from the horizontal - 5 mm;

From symmetry (half the difference in the depth of support of the ends of the platform) in the direction of the overlapped span with a platform length of up to 4 m - 5 mm;

Dimensions of the support depth of the platforms in the direction of the overlapped span - according to the project.

Not allowed:

The use of a solution whose setting process has already begun; restoration of the plasticity of the solution by adding water.

GOST 9818-85*. Marches and platforms of stairs reinforced concrete. Specifications.

GOST 13015-2003. Reinforced concrete and concrete products for construction. General specifications. Rules for acceptance, marking, transportation and storage.

The maximum deviations of the dimensions of marches and platforms from those indicated in the working drawings should not exceed the following values:

In length for marches and platforms up to 4000 mm long - ± 5 mm;

The same, with a length of over 4000 mm - ± 6 mm;

Thickness - ±3 mm;

Width - ±5 mm;

By the size of the ribs, shelves, ledges, holes and channels - ± 5;

According to the position of protrusions, recesses and holes - ± 5 mm.

Deviations from the design position of steel embedded products should not exceed, mm:

In the plane of the surface for embedded products up to 100 mm in size - 5;

The same for embedded products with sizes of St. 100 mm - 10;

From the plane of the surface - 3.

The maximum deviations of the dimensions of the overhead treads should not exceed, mm:

Lengthwise -±5;

Width - ±3;

Thickness - ±2.

Deviations from the straightness of the profile of the front surface should not exceed, mm:

March steps, platforms or overhead treads up to 2500 mm long in a section of 1000 mm - 2;

Marches or platforms long St. 2500 mm to 4000 mm over the entire length - ±3;

The same, the length of St. 4000 mm over the entire length - ±4.

surface quality and appearance structures must meet the requirements given in the table.

Marches and landings of stairs put for installation should not have:

Fat and rust spots on the front surface;

Cracks, with the exception of shrinkage and other surface technological cracks on the bottom and end surfaces of the elements, the width of which should not exceed 0.2 mm;

Concrete sagging on open surfaces of steel embedded products and mounting loops.

Work instructions

SNiP 3.03.01-87 paragraphs. 3.3, 3.5

Mounting flights of stairs and sites are allowed to be produced only after the acceptance of the supporting elements, which includes a geodetic check of the compliance of their planned and high-altitude position with the preparation of a geodetic executive scheme.

In order to ensure the stability of the staircase and its connection with the floor disk, the installation of flights of stairs is allowed only after the adjacent spans are completely filled with floor slabs.

Before lifting each flight of stairs, it is necessary to check its compliance with the design mark, clean the supporting surfaces of the crossbars, stiffening diaphragms and flights of stairs from debris, dirt, snow and ice.

Flights of stairs are delivered to the installation site in the design position and laid on a layer cement mortar up to 30 mm thick. The grade of the solution must be indicated in the project. The mobility of the solution should be 5-7 mm.

Not only apartment buildings, but also private buildings often have more than one floor in height. To move between levels, the installation of flights of stairs and platforms is required. This article gives basic ideas about the structural elements of stairs, their characteristics and GOST standards.

Elements of the staircase

When choosing a transitional structure between floors, the layman most often gives priority to the beauty and aesthetics of the staircase elements, but one should not forget that the staircase device must first of all ensure the utilitarian requirements regulated by GOST, among which safety is paramount.

Structural elements of stairs

Below are the definitions of the main ladder elements:

• Span of a marching type (march) - the number of steps between the platforms.
• The turning point is the horizontal zone of the division of march spans.
• Stringers are special bases for step stops.
• Riser - vertical elements of the step, covering the space under it.
• A bowstring is a solid wooden or metal beam that connects all steps of a march.
• Balusters - a support on which the railing of the fence is attached.

Materials for stairs

Depending on what materials the ladder is made of, both the price of the product and its characteristics depend.
For marches and spans used:

• wood is the most common material from which it is easy to make stringers, steps and fences on your own;
• metal - is the most durable;
• stone - durable and reliable in operation;
• glass - a modern original solution;
• concrete and reinforced concrete are the "classics" of modern construction.

Main characteristics of marches and platforms

According to GOST, the slope of the march is 1: 2 - 1: 1.75 of the ratio of the height to the length of the step, for auxiliary ones - no steeper than 1: 1.25. The steps in the march are made the same, convenient for walking, their number is not less than three and not more than 18. The most common marches with 10 - 13 steps - this number is considered the most convenient when climbing or descending.

The width of the steps should ensure the setting of a full foot (at least 250 mm), the height should be in the range of 130-200 mm. The fencing of platforms and marches is carried out with a height of 0.9 m. The width of the marches according to GOST is at least 800-1000 mm, and the width of the platform is not less than the same value chosen for the march.

Preparing for installation

Depending on the material, the work performed for the construction of the stairs differs. They can be divided into two stages: preparation of elements and installation.

Installation of stairs and landings by specialists begins with the preparation of a project, where they visualize the nuances of operations, the arrangement of parts of the structure and compliance with GOST.

Based on the technical documentation, elements of the required dimensions are purchased or manufactured: stringers, steps, platforms and fences. The place of their fasteners is marked and, if necessary, pre-assembly. At this stage, it is important to comply with the GOST requirements for the dimensions and configuration of stairs.

Installation of basic elements

The fasteners of the stair elements also depend on the type of material that determines what characteristics the stringers and other components should have. One thing is invariable - the installation must ensure a rigid fixation of flights of stairs and landings to the bearing walls. This is the price of security.

Installation of fences

The fencing of marches and platforms is one of the important components of the stairs. Its primary task is to ensure safety (protect against a possible fall) and ease of movement (serve as a support during ascent or descent).

Main elements:

1. balusters - vertical or horizontal supports of the fence;
2. handrails;
3. filling - a fencing element that performs both decorative function(due to artistic design), and protective (limiting the space between the balusters).

Requirements for stair railings are regulated by GOST standards, according to which their height for internal stairs is at least 90 centimeters. Fences should be free of sharp corners and protrusions and have a refractory finish.

Special requirements apply to stairs in institutions where children are (schools or kindergartens). Here, the execution according to GOST should be such as to protect the kids: it is imperative to install additional handrails 50 centimeters high. The maximum gap between the balusters is 10 cm. If there are children in a private house, it is worth observing these GOST requirements when building a staircase fence.

Exist various methods fixing railing balusters to marches and platforms: welding, concreting, fixing with screws - for each material there is its own, most correct, solution. The main condition: the design of the stairs must be safe.

The collected information outlines the main milestones of "stair building". Those who wish to study “narrow” questions in more detail are invited to find answers on our Internet resource or leave a comment with wishes on the disclosure of a topic of interest. For example, more details about the requirements have already been written in the corresponding article.

Content

The installation of concrete stairs is in demand in massive heavy buildings, where light wooden ladders do not look solid enough or cannot cope with the load placed on them. We offer you a material that tells and shows how the installation of concrete marches and stairs is envisaged.

The porch and flight of stairs can be made on your own using concrete. However, please note that this type of stairs is not recommended for installation on soft, landslide, sandy and waterlogged soils.

Installation of concrete marches on stringers

Installation of concrete marches is carried out only by professionals using special equipment. First, "shoes" are poured at the corners of the flight of stairs. Appropriate supports are installed in their cavity, which are reinforced with concrete. After the mortar has dried by welding, stringers and steps are mounted on the mortgages. Depending on the interface with the ground level or with the lower platform, the first stage may have a different configuration. Instead of a concrete kosour, it is permissible to use a channel or an I-beam 150-200 mm high.

The device of the flight of stairs

Another device of the flight of stairs is also possible. Installation of solid reinforced concrete staircases is carried out in three ways. The first method is completely identical to the installation on stringers, where the flight of stairs is installed on concrete or metal beams. In the second method, on a pre-prepared foundation along the slope and along the perimeter of the flight of stairs, retaining walls are laid out of brick or poured out of concrete. The third way is to install a flight of stairs on an earthen embankment with an appropriate slope. In this case, the lower end of the march is rigidly attached to the pre-filled foundation by welding anchors and mortgages, and the upper end to the pouring of the upper platform.

Installation of a flight of stairs

Filling and installation of a flight of stairs on the ground is carried out using various technologies. The design used in this method is fully consistent with the design of the third method for the previous version, but differs in a single monolithic march structure with a lower and upper platform.

This type of stairs can only be poured in areas with a natural slope, requiring little ground planning.

The size of the steps of the flight of stairs

It is also worth considering the size of the steps of the flight of stairs. The contour of the flight of stairs, as well as the upper and lower platforms, is formed taking into account the relief of the site and the values ​​\u200b\u200bfrom the table above.

At the foot of the lower step, they dig a trench 40 cm wide and deep, reinforce it and release the ends of the wire into the trench, tying the reinforcement in a checkerboard pattern. Then, over the entire area of ​​the planned porch, a MAK grid is laid, which is raised above ground level by 50 mm. To do this, small stones, fragments of bricks, etc. are placed under the crosshairs of the grid. The ends of the reinforcement are tied with wire to fragments of the grid. At the last stage, a formwork is installed along the width of the flight of stairs and according to the shape of the steps, which is poured with concrete.

Pouring stairs and concrete stairs on video

The pouring technology, including the upper platform, is reduced to the installation of formwork in the shape of a well for each step. The width of each wall is 150 mm. A MAK mesh is installed along the outer perimeter of the porch and steps at a distance of 50 mm from the outer wall and over its entire area. The structure is built on a waterproofing platform, and external and internal surfaces finished walls are painted with moisture-resistant compounds. After that, crushed stone, gravel or expanded clay is poured into the formed wells. At the final stage, a cement-sand screed is laid over the steps. We offer you to watch concrete stairs in the video:

When designing stairs, their manufacture and installation, one should strictly observe the points of GOST standards and adhere to the requirements of SNiP (building codes and rules). The second type of regulatory documents is recommended for implementation, but is not strictly mandatory. They are designed to prevent gross errors in the design of wooden, interfloor concrete, spiral, mid-flight and fire stairs in residential and public buildings. Based on the norms of SNiP, they build safe (during descent and ascent) for people, easy to use, not provoking dangerous situations and facilities that comply with the rules for evacuating residents.

There are basic design requirements and separate SNiPs for each type of stairs placed inside and outside residential and public buildings. At the stage of drawing up a project at home, it is precisely the general norms that apply. They say that:

• In buildings whose number of storeys exceeds 2 floors, the main stairs must have a common span;
• Transformable views as the main ones for use in multi-storey buildings are not allowed. Their purpose is safe access to basements, attics;
• At the main staircase, the width of the march depends on its throughput:
• The passage of one person - the width is strictly 0.8 meters;
• Passage at the same time 2 people - the width is strictly from 1.0 meters;
• Regardless of the throughput - the flight of stairs must have a width equal (not less, if possible more) to the width of the evacuation exit;

• Structures connecting more than 2 floors, and turning stairs are designed in accordance with GOST standards, with a march width of 1.0 m, in order to provide a safe passage for several people at once;
• The dimensions of the marches in the presence of lifts for the disabled are from 1.5 m;
• The construction of two- and multi-flight stairs should take into account the same width of the march over the entire height of the object;
• If the marches according to the project will be placed in the opposite direction to each other, then a mandatory 50 mm or more gap between them is provided;
• The number of steps should be odd - from 3 to 18. The SNiP stipulates that it is more comfortable for people to start and complete the move with one foot;
• Slope of stairs various types calculated like this:
• Objects inside the house and the main interfloor - rise at an angle of 45 0 (slope 1: 1 no more) and 26 0 40 '(slope 1: 2 no less);
• Limit upper slope value - rise at an angle of 50 0 (slope 1:0.85);
• Limit lower slope value - rise at an angle of 20 0 (slope 1:2.75);
• Ladders - rise under a slope exceeding 1:0.85;
• Ramps - slope less than 5 0 .

Some requirements of GOST standards and SNiP overlap. When drawing up projects, the purpose of the building is important. In residential and administrative buildings, the requirements for the comfort and safety of people play a crucial role, therefore compliance with SNiP is recommended.

General requirements for stair elements

Regulatory documents also describe the parameters of stair elements - steps, railings, lighting. Based on SNiP, design an object convenient for moving people up and down the marches. Therefore, when drafting internal stairs for multi-storey buildings with high traffic, their observance is highly desirable. If there are GOST requirements for the construction object, regulatory documents are compared. In view of the fact that the staircase elements must be comfortable to use and safe, their dimensions are made as follows:

• Degrees.

The height within one flight of stairs is not less than 12 cm and not more than 20 cm. At the same time, the difference in the size of the steps should not exceed 5 mm, otherwise an uneven slope will be observed, which is unsafe when descending. The width depends on the purpose of the building under construction. If stairs are being designed for a residential multi-storey building, then the width of the steps should be from 25 cm (we are talking about the main interfloor objects). In public buildings, this parameter is reduced to 20 cm. If the steps have a width of 0.26 meters, then its protrusion should be no more than 30 mm (possibly less).

• Wedge steps.

Tread from 10 cm to inner border useful width of wedge-shaped (winder) degrees. The tread increases to 26 cm (at least) for mid-flight stairs.

• Staircases.

The dimensions of the sites are calculated according to the useful width of the adjoining marches. They must be no less. The platform should have a length equal to 2 sizes of the average step of an adult. Physical value - 1.31-1.42 meters. If the landing is located in front of the main entrance, then its length must be at least a meter. When calculating the area of ​​an element, the type matters front door, the opening side of the leaves and the dimensions of the doorway, especially when using swing doors. The landing, towards which the sash opens, is made wider and longer, otherwise it will be inconvenient and unsafe for an adult to manipulate it.

• Fencing.

According to the requirements, when designing stairs between floors, it is necessary to provide enclosing structures with a height of 90 cm or more. The step between the railing balusters is no more than 15 cm. residential buildings where the main structure will be used by small children, the height of the fence should be from 1.2 to 1.5 m, and the step between the balusters should not exceed 10 cm. There are also requirements for entrance porch structures. If they are designed for 3 or more steps, then the height of the fence must be at least 800 mm.

The requirements for illumination of the main structures should also be observed. SNiP require high-quality illumination of the steps, especially the first and last elements of the march. If there are window openings (according to GOST, if they are placed at the height of an adult), their fencing must be provided.

The video below details the requirements for stair elements. It is told why such dimensions and values ​​for the railing were obtained.

Design and construction of fire escapes

There are no regulatory documents that give recommendations on the placement and size of fire escapes. External structures are described by GOST R 53254-2009. But since they can have both vertical and marching views, there are requirements for their performance. They are the following:

• Guardrails for mid-flight stairs are mandatory;
• Vertical structures are equipped with a fence if their height exceeds 5 m;
• Fire escapes in residential buildings and non-residential buildings with a height of 6 floors or more can only be of the marching type;
• Production material - metal. The steel grade is selected depending on the climatic conditions in which the structure will be operated;
• The width of the vertical structure, taking into account the fence - from 800 mm;
• Marching width - 600 mm;
• Fences for the mid-flight structure must have a height of 1 meter.

The requirements also provide for the design of fences for roofs. Their height is 60 cm. Metal elements are tested once every 5 years. In this case, the test loads must exceed the permissible ones by 7-20 times.

Basic regulatory documents for various types of stairs

• II-23-81 - steel objects;
• II-25-80 - wooden objects;
• 35-01 2001 - objects with ramps for the disabled;
• 2.01.07-85 - describes the permissible loads on all stair elements;
• 2.08.01-89 - design of residential buildings;
• 2.08.02-89 - design of public buildings.

The staircase in the house is a structure that affects the reliability and architecture of the entire building as a whole. Therefore, the installation of landings and marches must be carried out according to certain rules and regulations. We must not forget about the loads that this device will carry.

Main characteristics

The entire arrangement of landings and marches is calculated from the needs of the average statistical data of a person who will climb or descend them. So the optimal slope in the design adopted an angle of 30-35 °.

It is convenient for the movement of an ordinary person and does not make it difficult for children and the disabled to climb stairs. But when stairs are installed at an angle of 45 ° or more to increase the usable area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room, this can already cause difficulties in moving along them.

The number of steps and their height are also planned based on the step size of an ordinary person. The optimal height is considered to be 15-20 cm, and the number of steps per flight is 9-12 pieces, but not more than 15. Depending on the height of the room.

Stairs almost always consist of:

• risers;
• tread;
• kosour.

Kosour - the main, bearing part of the flight of stairs. It is made of extra strong material or thick wood in the form of a beam with rectangular recesses for installing the component steps. In the manufacture of a flight of stairs, 2 stringers are used, if the width of one is more than 120 cm, then even a third is added. Railings are mounted on stringers, the height and shape of which are chosen in accordance with the design of the house and the taste of the owner.

Tread - part of the step, which is located horizontally and serves as a support when setting the foot. Based on this, its width is calculated (0.25 m or more). When it is made of wood, the thickness of the material must be at least 0.025 m.

The riser is the part of the step that is installed vertically and supports the horizontal part. When arranging some flights of stairs, according to the intended design of the room, this part may not be used, which makes the entire structure of the stairs lighter and gives it a visual effect of airiness.

The width of the steps of the march must be such that there is at least 30 cm to each edge of the tread, i.e. its minimum size is 60 cm. This value is established in a practical way. This is the size that allows you to safely install the railing and makes the passage of a person comfortable along the march.

The area between marches

The classical height of residential premises is such that, in accordance with accepted standards, 2 flights of stairs are installed between floors. Connect them to each other with a horizontal platform. Its dimensions are calculated based on the size of the step of a person and the width of the span. They are made square or rectangular, but they can also have a different configuration, up to round shapes.

it general rules concerning the manufacture of stairs, but in brick and typical multi-storey buildings, standard (cast from concrete) flights of stairs and landings are used. Installation of devices of this type is carried out in accordance with certain standards.

In such houses, ready-made elements of stair lifts are used. Their installation is carried out with strict observance of GOSTs and SNiPs adopted back in the days Soviet Union. The location of the stairs is calculated taking into account the layout of the entire house.

In standard residential buildings with 3-5 or more floors, the installation of a flight of stairs and landings is carried out using special lifting equipment.

Mounting Features

Installation of landings and marches is carried out simultaneously with the construction of the entire floor.

Before proceeding with the construction of the next on the previous one, the installation of landings and the installation of flights of stairs must already be made.

Such a construction scheme allows you to securely install and mount ladder devices, while they still have access to a crane, and external walls have not been erected.

Typical platforms after installing them in prepared holes for fastening are checked by level and level to eliminate all possible deviations from the project. If discrepancies are nevertheless found, the site is dismantled and reinstalled, taking into account the elimination of possible discrepancies.

Installation of the flight of stairs is carried out using special slings, first lifting the upper end of the product. During installation, 2 people with mounting crowbars should be nearby, with one on a fixed platform on top, the other at the lower end of the march. This allows you to clearly get into the mounting sockets prepared for installation when lifting and fix the product.

Minimum deviations and handrail installation

The usual installation of flights of stairs and platforms allows for minimal deviations. In length, the accepted area cannot differ from the design value by more than 0.8 cm upwards and 0.5 cm downwards.

The flight of stairs is installed only if the width of the landing differs from the design dimensions by only 0.5 cm up or down. The same rule applies when installing a flight of stairs, for them a minimum deviation from the project of 5 mm in length and width is allowed.

Video about the installation of a monolithic march:

After the entire structure is mounted along the edges of the flights of stairs that are not adjacent to the walls, a railing is installed. Its shape and structure are completely dependent on the imagination of the architect, the only condition is that their height should not be less than 80-120 cm. This is necessary to ensure the safety of people moving along various spans.

Remember that the maximum match of product sizes and design values ​​ensures long and reliable operation of the stairs, allows it to withstand not only the load of several people, but also serve as a strong support when lifting various weights to the floor.