Letters Kommersant and b(hard and soft sign) do not represent sounds, they are used in writing to indicate the correct pronunciation of words. Compare:

blizzard - in b south

podezd - under Kommersant rides

Dividing solid mark

Letter Kommersant used only as a delimiter. A solid sign is written after prefixes ending in a consonant followed by a vowel E, Yo, Yu or I. For example:

explanation, shrug, drive

The separating solid sign is written in compound words, the first part of which is formed by numerals TWO-, THREE- and FOUR- followed by a vowel E, Yo, Yu or I. For example:

two-tier, four-nuclear

two storey, three points

Dividing Kommersant

The hard sign is not written:

Before vowels A, O, U, E, for example:
without an emergency, under the window, learn, save
In complex abbreviated words, for example:
children(children's nursery)

Softness designation of consonants

In written speech, in the middle and at the end of words, the letter b denotes the softness of the preceding consonant, for example:

south south, leaves, tulle pan

To indicate the softness of consonants, a soft sign is written:

At the end of words, for example:
day, twirl, rain
In the middle of a word, after a soft consonant before a hard one:
big, ginseng, letter o
In the middle of a word after a soft consonant before a soft G, K, B or M in the event that when changing the word G, K, B or M becomes hard:
earring - earring, written - letter
In the middle of a word after a soft L, before any consonant letter:
lion yonok, ls tit, benefit

But between two L following each other - LL, the soft sign is not written:

illus yuminator, all eya, illus yusia

A soft sign in the middle of a word is not written:

In combinations ZN, NT, SN, ZD, ST, for example:
execute, quarantine, blush, here, bones and
In combination with H and SCH with all consonants except L:
night oh, finish, count

cheerleader, boy ik

Combinations CHK, CHN, LF, NShch, RSHCHN are written without a soft sign.

candle, accurate, beg, bricklayer, assembler, powerful

Separating soft mark

Letter b used as a delimiter in words. A soft sign is written inside words after consonants followed by a vowel E, Yo, I, Yu or I. For example:

kohl e, li e t, nightingale and, v yu ha, link i

When pronouncing words with a dividing soft sign, the sound [th "] is always heard. Separating b indicates that the letters E, Yo, I, Yu, I represent two sounds:

E [th "uh], Yo [th "o], And [th "and], YU [th "y], I [th "a]

note that dividing b not written after prefixes.

Note: the dividing soft sign is written in some words foreign origin before the letter O:

postman n, broth n, batllo n, medallion n, champignon n

Dividing b It is used to ensure that when pronouncing words, the consonant letter does not merge with the vowel.

No matter how hard they try to convince students that the knowledge they received in their school years will be needed in the future, unfortunately, this is not the case. However, some things that are taught in school will actually come in handy in adulthood. For example, the ability to write well. To master it, you need to know the basic grammatical laws of the Russian language. Among them are the rules governing the use of separators ъ and ь signs.

Solid sign: history and its role in the word

The twenty-eighth letter of the Russian alphabet, despite the fact that it does not denote sounds, performs an important function in words. Therefore, before consideringthe rules governing the use of ъ and ь signs are worthlearn a little about its history and role in the word.

A solid sign existed in the Slavic languages almost from the very moment of their formation. At first, it was a short vowel sound, until it became an unpronounceable letter used to divide a word into syllables, as well as replacing spaces.

At the end of the XIX century. it was noted that the frequent use of ъ in texts (4% of the total volume) is inappropriate, especially in telegraphy, cursive writing and typography. In this regard, more than once they tried to limit the use of a solid sign.

After the 1917 revolution, this letter was generally abolished for almost ten years. In those years, the apostrophe was used as a separator in words.However, in 1928 it was excluded from the Russian language (but preserved in Ukrainian and Belarusian), and its dividing function was taken over by a solid sign, which it still performs to this day.

In what cases is put ъ in words

As for the use of a solid sign, there are several rules for putting it before e, u, yo, i:

After prefixes that end in a consonant: connector, pre-anniversary.
In terms that came from other languages, with the prefixes ab-, ad-, diz-, in-, inter-, con-, ob- and sub-: adjuvant, disjunction.
After counter, pan, super, trans and feld: pan-Europeanism, superyacht.
In compound words starting with two-, three-, four-: two-core, three-tier, four-language.

There are several exceptions when ъ is not at the junction of the prefix and the root, but inside the word itself. These nouns include: courier and flaw.

When do not put

In addition to the rules governing the use of ъ and ь signs, it is worth remembering the cases when they do not need to be put:

A solid sign is not put in words with a prefix ending in a consonant letter, when it is followed by vowels a, o, and, y, e, s: cloudless, secluded.
This sign is not put in complex abbreviated terms: foreign language, head of trade.
It is also not put in lexemes written with a hyphen: half a diocese, half an apple.

Considering the rules governing the use of ъ and ь signs that perform a separating function in a word, it is worth remembering that the lexemes "interior" and "clerk" are written through a soft sign. Such a spelling is no exception, since in the word "interior" the inter is not a prefix, but part of the root. And in the "clerk" the prefix is \u200b\u200bnot under-, but po-, but -clerk is the root.

What are the functions of a soft sign

As for ь, in ancient times it meant a short vowel [and], but gradually, like ъ, it lost its sound.

At the same time, he retained the ability [and] to give softness to the previous consonant sound.

Unlike a solid word, it can perform 3 functions.

Dividing.
Informs about the softness of the preceding sound.
Used to denote certain grammatical forms.

Rules for the use of a soft sign

Studying the laws of the Russian languageregulating the use of ъ and ь signs, it is worth learning a few rules:

A soft sign that performs a dividing function is never placed after a prefix (this is the lot of a hard sign). Parts of words in which the separating b is written are the root, suffix and ending before e, e, u, i: monkey, interior. This rule applies to both Russian vocabulary and borrowed terms from other languages.
The separating b is placed in some words before the letter combination he: champignon, medallion, broth and million.

In the case when b informs about the softness of the previous sound, and does not perform a separating function, its setting is determined by the following rules:

In the middle of a word, ь indicates the softness of the letter l if it precedes another consonant, except for l: finger, prayer. Also, a soft sign “does not wedge” into letter combinations: lf, nsh, nn, rsh, chk, ch, rch, schn ( drummer, candle).
In the middle of a word, this sign is placed between soft and hard consonants: please, very much.
In the middle of a word, ь can stand between two soft consonants. Provided that when the form of the word changes, the first remains soft, and the second becomes hard: a request is a request, a letter is a letter.
In some cases, this symbol is located at the end of a word after consonants. In doing so, it helps to set the value of the lexeme: linen(plant) - laziness(quality of character), con(place for bets in the game) - horse(animal).

As a marker for individual grammatical forms, this sign is used in such cases:

In adjectives arising from the names of the months (except January): February, September.
At the end of numerals from 5 to 30, as well as in their middle, if they denote tens from 50 to 80 and hundreds from 500 to 900: six, seventy, eight hundred.
In the imperative mood of verbs (except lie down - lie down): take out - take out, throw - throw.
in infinitive ( initial form verb): keep, grow.
In all cases, the words "eight" and in the instrumental plural. numbers of individual numerals and nouns: six, lashes.

The use of b and b signs after hissing w, h, u, sh

Following these soft sign letters is possible under the following conditions:

At the end of most adverbs and particles, except for: really, already, unbearable, married and in the preposition between.
In the infinitive: save, bake.
In the imperative mood of verbs: smear, soothe.
In the endings of the II person singular of the future and present tenses: sell, sell.
At the end of the nominative case of nouns f. kind, in the third declension: daughter, power. For comparison in the m. gender - call, broadsword.

In some cases, ь is not used after these letters:

In nouns II declension: executioner, fake.
In short forms of adjectives: fresh, poignant.
In the genitive case of plural nouns: puddle, cloud

A solid sign after w, w, h, u at the end of a word or root is not put, since its “place” is always after the prefix before e, e, y, i.

Use of ь and ъ signs: exercises

Having familiarized yourself with all the cases of setting soft and hard signs, it is worth moving on to the exercises. To avoid confusion, we have collected together most of the above rules governing the use of ь and ъ signs. The table below will serve as a hint for completing tasks.

In this exercise, you need to choose which of the letters should be put in words.

This task concerns the use of a soft sign following the hissing letters. It should open the brackets and, where necessary, put a soft sign.

In the last exercise, you need to write out the proposed words in 2 columns. In the first - those that are used with ь, in the second - those that are without it.

That both hard and soft signs are "silent" letters, they play an important role in the Russian language. You can make many mistakes in your writing if you do not know the laws of grammar that govern the use of ъ and ь signs. You will have to learn more than one rule so as not to confuse which of the signs should be put in a particular situation. However, it is worth it, especially in the case of a soft sign, since often only its presence helps to determine the lexical meaning of the word.

) and performs several utility functions:

separating function,
designation of softness of a consonant in writing,
indicator of grammatical forms.

Separating soft sign.

b as a separator is used after consonants before letters e, e, u, i, i.:
sem b i [s'em ‘th’ A], l b et [l ‘th’ from], to b south [in ‘th’ ugh], solov b and [salav'y'i], ant b i [ant ‘th’ a], rye [rye y'u].
After the prefixes b is never written

b separates the preceding consonant and consonant sound [th'](- always sonorous, always soft), suggesting the appearance of a sound [th'].
I salt[sal'U] cabbage soup salt[sal'y'u].
I dust with dust.
Kolya carries stakes.
First field, after field.

Non-separating soft sign.

The designation of the softness of a consonant (except for hissing).
- b denotes the softness of consonants (except hissing) at the end of a word:
  they say b, roll b, fifth b, lantern b.
  At the same time, the softness or hardness of the consonant at the end of the word determines the words that are different in meaning:
  tol - roofing, corner - coal, weight - all, clear - ash, ate - spruce, dan - tribute.
- in the middle of the word b means:
  - softness of a consonant before a hard consonant:
    Kuz b ma, cos b ba, pis b mo, fell b ma;
  - b is written between two soft consonants, only if, when the word changes, the second consonant becomes hard, and the first remains soft:
    Kuz b me (changed the word - Kuzma, so that m becomes solid), braid b be (mowing), in pis b me (letter), na pal b me (palm tree);
    
    For example, gwo zd and [gvOz'd'i] soft sign is not written - gvo zd oder, where z is a solid sound.
  - consonant softness L before any other consonants (not L):
    ma eh chick, bo eh shoy, bo eh nitsa, mo eh Bert.
The soft sign is written (orph. No. 9):
- at the end of words to indicate the softness of consonants: horse, five;
- Soft sign in numerals (№41)
  - In the nominative and accusative cases of numerals denoting round tens from 50 to 80 and round hundreds from 500 to 900, a soft sign b is written after the first root: seventy, seven hundred.
  - in cases of the numeral eight :eight (genus, dan., pr. cases), eight or eight (tv. case);
- in the instrumental plural of some nouns and numerals: children, people, four;
- in a confluence of consonants after l , before m, b, d, k : prayer, letter, carving, I will take;
- in the middle of a word between two soft consonants: glide;
- for reflexive verbs in the imperative mood and most verbs in the indefinite form: dress - get dressed, run, wash - wash; prepare, prepare, prepare (imperative); appoint;
- in adjectives formed from the names of months (except January ): June, September.
soft sign not spelled
- inside combinations chk, ch, lf, nsch, rsch, rch, schn, st, nt, nn :
  but chk ah, but ch ik, ko LF ik, baraba nsch ik, spo rsh ik, use RF help schn ik, mo st ik, ban ti k, ose nn uy.
- between two soft L:and ll Yuziya, ko ll section.
- for numerals from 50 to 80 and from 500 to 900 at the end of the word: fifty, five hundred.
b is an indicator of grammatical forms.
- -TSYA and -TSYA in verbs (No. 23)
  - If the verb does not -tsya, -tsya answers questions of the present or future tense (there is no b in the question), then the soft sign is not written before -sya: Bathes (what does he do? present). If the verb answers questions of an indefinite form (there is b in the question), then the soft sign is written: to swim (what to do? - nepr.f.).

>>Russian language Grade 2 >>Russian language: Separating soft sign (ь)

Separating soft character (ь)

The role and meaning of the soft sign in Russian

Today in the Russian language lesson we will study a special letter, which is called a soft sign. Such a letter as a soft sign does not have and does not designate any sound, but its role is to indicate the softness of consonant sounds in writing.

For example: bathhouse, stranded, coal, seal, laziness, sorry, horse.

But, besides the fact that the soft sign is an indicator of the softness of consonant sounds, it can also be divisive.

And so, now we can summarize and conclude that such a letter as a soft sign is used in Russian:

To soften the preceding consonant;
As a delimiter;
To denote certain grammatical forms.

We have already determined when it is necessary to write a soft sign in words to soften consonants. And now let's try to deal with the separating soft sign and find out why the soft sign is also called separating, in which cases the soft sign is separating, and how words with a separating soft sign are written.

In order to better understand this topic and understand the difference between a soft sign, which serves to soften consonant sounds and a separating soft sign, let's try to consider this issue with an example.

For example: Seed and family

Read these words carefully. Now pay attention to how the last syllable in the first word sounds - seed. In this word “seed”, the sound [m "] has a soft sound, since the letter I gives it softness, and the vowel and consonant are pronounced together in this syllable.

Now let's look at the next word. The word "family" is [sem "ya]. In this case, we see that the consonant and the vowel following it are pronounced separately. Such a separate pronunciation between a vowel and a consonant in writing is indicated by a soft sign, which is called a separating soft sign.

For example: Kolya - stakes, salt - salt, flight - will pour.

Therefore, we can already conclude that the separating soft sign indicates that the consonant and vowel are pronounced separately.

Rules for writing a separating soft sign

Separating b (soft sign) is written:

First, in the middle of a word before vowels: e, e, u, i. For example: blizzard, terrier, monkey, health, underwear, leaves.

Secondly, in words of foreign origin before the letter O. For example: champignons, postman, broth.

Thirdly, a dividing soft sign is written in the roots of words, after consonants. For example: December, barley, sparrows, steppe, night.

Also, it must be remembered that the separating soft sign is never written:

First, at the beginning of the word;
Secondly, after prefixes.

And now let's take a closer look at the picture and try to compare the difference between the soft sign, which serves to soften the consonant and the dividing soft sign:

Homework

1. Read carefully the words with a soft sign and first write down only those for which the soft sign acts as an indicator of softness, and then the words with a separating soft sign.

Moth, dress, family, skates, day, chairs, wool, streams, stakes, ice hole, laziness, despondency, housing, friends, bathhouse, health, jelly, coat, autumn, letter, downpour, computer, corduroy, Daria, happiness, joy, sadness.

2. Choose antonyms for these words and tell me what role the soft sign plays in them?

Purity, boredom, work, harm, light, enemies, sugar.

3. Write the words in the plural:

Friend, leaf, wing, bough, log, tree.

4. When writing a separating sign, what sound do you hear in words?
5. Solve the crossword.

Crossword questions:

1. What is another name for a snowstorm?
2. Where do bees live?
3. Dad, mom, I am friendly ....
4. An animal that loves to climb trees.
5. Carlson's favorite treat.

§27

Dividing b written after consonants before letters i, yu, yo, e , transmitting combinations [ j] with vowels, in the following cases.

1. After prefixes ending in a consonant. Examples:

a) in words with Russian prefixes: non-nuclear, awake, enraged, pissed off, hackneyed, interlingual, eat up, go around, departure, lift, pre-anniversary, present, disperse, detachable, eat, cringe, sarcastic, supernatural, super-capacity, super-bright;

b) in words with prefixes of foreign origin: countertier, post-nuclear, post-anniversary, subunit, subnucleus, superyacht, trans-European.

Words of foreign origin are also written with the initial parts ab, hell, diz, in, inter, con, ob, sub, which are prefixes in the source language, but are usually not distinguished as prefixes in Russian. These include: abjuration, adjective, adjectivation, adjunct, adjunctive, adjutant, disjunction, injection, injected, interjection, coadjutor, conjecture, conjugates, conjugation, conjunctiva, conjunctiva, conjunctivitis, conjuncture, conjunction, object, objective, subject, subjective.

2. In compound words:

a) after the initial parts two, three, four, for example: two-anchor, two-capacity, three-core, four-tier;

b) in words pan-European, courier.

3. Letter b it is also written when transmitting foreign proper names and words derived from them (after letters translating paired solid consonants), for example: Kizilyurt(city in Dagestan), Torjal(village in the Republic of Mari El), Guo Hengyu(Chinese personal name), Hengyang(city in China) Tazabagyab culture(archaeological), Jyväsjärvi(lake in Finland), Manyoshu(anthology of ancient Japanese poetry).

§28

In all cases, except those specified in § 27, after consonants before letters i, yu, yo, e , and , transmitting combinations [ j] with vowels, spelled separator b .

Examples: ya Keywords: devil, Yudyachy, monkey, billiards, family, drunk, ears of corn, draw, shepherd's, Lukyan; ew : loach, interview, pour, family, drink, trot, fifty, sew, puff(interjection); yo : nightingale, gun, drinking, crow, serious, life, whose, we sew; ye : premiere, play, courier, entertainer, jam, lull, Vietnam, Fourier; uh : passerine, nightingales, fritters, bears, vary, articles, whose, Vigny.

The letter ь as a sign of softness of the consonant

§29

Letter b written to indicate the softness of a double consonant at the end of words,

eg: dove, leave, notebook, dirt, pity, seven, horse, kitchens, apple trees, embankment, beast, paint, drink, shipyard.

§thirty

To indicate the softness of a double consonant before consonants, the letter b written in the following cases.

1. After the letter l before any consonant except l, for example: shooting, leonine, foil, ice floe, glide, a few, no whitewash, bedroom, carefully, scalpel, waltz, little coat, flatter, April, alpha, alder, mirror, boy, more, flattered.

2. After other consonants:

a) before letters representing hard consonants, e.g.: carving, take, earlier, nanny, letter, request, very, induce, witch, wedding, darkness, threshing, pah;

Note. In most adjectives with the suffix −sk consonants n and R before the suffix - solid, therefore b they do not include, for example: horse, Kazan, Tyumen, knightly, January, Jaeger. However, in the following adjectives, these consonants before the suffix −sk soft, in them after n and R spelled b : day day, june, september, october, november, december, as well as in many adjectives formed from non-Russian proper geographical names on uh, eg: Tien Shan, Taiwanese, Phnom Penh, Torun, Sichuan, Tianjin. Nouns formed with the suffix −ts from the same geographical names: Kazanians, Tyumen, but Taiwanese, Phnom Penh, Torun etc.

b) before letters representing soft consonants, b it is written only in those cases when, in other forms of the same word or in words with the same root, the second soft consonant becomes hard, and the first consonant remains soft, for example: take(cf. I'll take), eight (eighth), witch (witch), in the darkness (dark), carving (thread), mowing (mowing), wedding (wedding), threshing (threshing), earrings (earrings), skates (skates), uncle (uncle).

3. In other cases, after a letter that conveys a soft consonant, b not written, for example: unless, prisoner, gnaw, bones, carry, syndicate, review, early, pension, bow, if, song.

Letter b not written in consonant combinations LF, NS, in particular before suffixes −chik, −schik, −schin(a), for example: nurse, dandelion, cup, tip, chick; bricklayer, bathhouse attendant, partisanship, Ryazan region.

The letter ь in some grammatical forms

Not after sizzling

§31

Letter b written (regardless of pronunciation) in the following grammatical forms:

a) in complex numbers before −ten and −hundred: fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, five hundred, six hundred, seven hundred, eight hundred, nine hundred;

b) in the indefinite form of the verb (infinitive) before − Xia(same as in the infinitive of verbs without − Xia), for example: bathe, have, pour, split, put on shoes, wash, laugh;

in) in the imperative mood of verbs before − Xia and −those(same as in forms without − Xia and −those), for example: set off, weigh yourself, back off, sit down, stand up, quit, meet, check;

G) in the form of TV n. pl. hours of nouns, for example: people, horses, doors, children, as well as in the form of TV. n. numeral four.

After the sizzling

§32

After w, w, h, w letter b traditionally written in the following grammatical forms:

a) at the end of the forms. p. units h. nouns wives. gender of the 3rd declension, for example: rye, whim, mouse, falseness, night, trifle, thing, help;

b) at the end of the 2nd person singular. hours of present and future tense verbs (after w ), for example: carry, laugh, see, give, rush;

in) in the imperative mood of verbs, for example: smear, eat, hide, cut, comfort, hide, don't wince;

G) in the indefinite form of verbs (after h ), for example: bake, cut, crush, get carried away, burn yourself.

Letter b after sibilants it is also written at the end of adverbs and particles, for example: wide open, all the way, backhand, jump, back, unbearable, away, completely, you, only, you see, you see. Exceptions: letter b not written in adverbs married, unbearable, in a particle already, as well as in the preposition between.

Letter b after sibilants it is not written at the end of the following grammatical forms:

a) them. p. units h. nouns husband. gender of the 2nd declension, for example: knife, ball, ladle, raincoat;

b) genus. n. pl. h. nouns wives. gender of the 1st declension, for example: puddles(from puddle), clouds, galoshes, groves;

in) short forms of masculine kinds of adjectives, for example: fresh, good, good, poor.