Technological map of plastering of tetrahedral columns, pilaster (npo). Decorative design of columns and their architectural elements Plastering of tetrahedral columns

2. Defects, causes, elimination

Defects

The reasons

elimination

cracks

They appear on the surface of the plaster from the fact that greasy or poorly mixed solutions are used, in which a lot of binding materials accumulate in places.

mix well

solution, grind

cracks.

peeling plaster

The solution was applied to a dry surface, on a dry layer of previously applied plaster.

remove flaking,

plaster again.

swelling

When plastering damp surfaces.

Remove the solution, dry

surface, plaster

again.

dutiki

The solution was prepared on unseasoned lime, in which fine particles of lime were not extinguished.

Strain lime dough

through a sieve with an opening of 0.6 mm.

otlupy

Plastering damp surfaces.

Damp places must be dried and then plastered.

3 . Criteria for student work

5 "Excellent"

The assigned task was completed with high quality, accurately, without violating the technological process and the sequence of operations in the preparation and processing of surfaces. When the task is accepted by the master, there should be no defects. Good knowledge of tools and how to use them. Workplace clean, the tool is not scattered. Deviation from the vertical or horizontal is not more than 5mm for the entire element. No more than 2 surface irregularities with a depth or height of up to 3 mm are allowed. The thickness of the plaster coating is not more than 15mm. (With improved plaster)

"Good"

The issued task was completed with minor violations of the technological process, operations are not performed in the preparation and processing of surfaces in full. When the job was accepted by the master, small defects were found. Deviation from the vertical for the entire length of the element-2mm. The student knows the working tool, but sometimes does not use it correctly. Works without gloves. Partial violation of safety and labor discipline.

"satisfy"

The work was not neat and dirty. The tool is scattered, the student clumsily uses it. Disrupts the process. When accepting the work performed, from 3 to 5 defects were found. The sequence of operations is not followed. A student works without overalls, violates labor discipline.

Occupational safety Safety precautions before starting work

Workers in the production of plastering work must be provided with overalls, shoes, and other personal protective equipment. Before admission to work of newly hired workers, as well as the performance of work by them, workers must undergo training, instruction and testing of knowledge on labor safety. By the nature and time of the briefing of workers is divided into introductory and primary. Danger zones should be fenced off and adequately lit at night. Switches and circuit breakers must be enclosed in closed and locked boxes. To prevent accidents with workers, construction works, including plaster work, must be carried out according to plan and schedule. Plasterers are required to familiarize themselves with their workplace before starting work, remove all unnecessary items. Before starting work, it is recommended to inspect and check the tool and correct all defects. Inspect and check, together with the construction foreman, the condition of scaffolding, scaffolding and cradles and systematically monitor them throughout the entire period of work. Violating safety regulations, he not only endangers himself, but also a number of working comrades.

Safety during work Rubbing of the skin of the hands can occur from improperly made tool handles. Handles must be without sharp corners. You need to work in mittens or gloves. During work, it is important to choose the correct working position. This not only reduces productivity, but also protects against various kinds of injuries.

Safety after work The workplace must be clean, garbage removed in a specially designated place. All tools after work must be washed, dried and put away in their places. The object must be ready for delivery.

When plastering columns (Fig. 93), by hand, on two opposite sides of the column, well-planed rules are strengthened exactly along the plumb line, so that their ribs protrude from the plane of the column by the thickness of the plaster (15-20 mm). Layers of solution are successively thrown between the rules - spray, soil, coating and level them with a trowel or a rule. After the solution has set, it is overwritten, and the rules are removed and hung on the other sides of the column. Having plastered all four sides of the column in this way, the mustaches are rubbed.

Rice. 93. Hanging rules and plastering a tetrahedral column

The plaster layer on smooth columns can be completely drawn out with a template in two steps from the same rules. To do this, rules are hung exactly along the axis on two opposite sides of the column and a template is installed on them. First, one side of the column is pulled out, and then the template is transferred to the opposite side and also pulled out. After stretching, the rules are removed, and the furrows from them are sealed with a solution and overwritten.

Stretching flutes on tetrahedral columns. Flutes are called vertical grooves on the column, separated from each other by narrow belts. On even tetrahedral columns, flutes are pulled out with a simple template (Fig. 94).

Rice. 94. Pulling flutes on even tetrahedral columns:
1 - right, 2 - skid, 3 - slide, 4 - profile board

The profile of the flutes is cut out on a board 4, which is bound with sheet steel, and slides 3 are nailed on both sides of the board. Rules 1 are hung on the column from both sides, a template is installed on them and a skid is nailed to the slide. When hanging rules on already elongated sides, the distance between them increases by double the thickness of the plaster. Therefore, an additional bar is stuffed onto the template slide. The flutes are pulled out in the usual way.

The top and bottom flutes are trimmed by hand. The top of the flutes must be strictly on the same level. The same requirements apply to the bottom of the flutes.

For cutting the top of the flutes, in addition to the ruler and cutting, small pieces from a board or plywood are used.

A solution is thrown onto the unfinished places, leveled and rubbed in the form of a column.

According to the applied solution, the level line of the top of the flutes is beaten off and their shape is drawn according to the template - malka. Then, with the help of a ruler, cutoffs and small beads, an excess solution is selected and a flute profile is obtained.

To cut the lower parts of the flutes, a solution is thrown onto the column, leveled, rubbed and beat off the line, the level of the flutes around the column. Then, with the help of cutting off, an excess solution is selected and the sides are cut with a ruler (Fig. 95), cleaned with trowels, and rubbed with a swab.

Rice. 95. Making flutes:
a - top, b - bottom

On tapering columns, flutes are pulled out a little differently. First, the column is hung, and the axes are determined on its faces. Rules are hung on both sides of the axis at equal distances below and above.

To pull the flutes, a swinging template is required (Fig. 96). The profile board 1 of the template is made according to the size of the widest part of the column with an allowance of 100 mm on each side for the device of the ears.

Rice. 96 Swing pattern:
1 - profile board, 2 - skids, 3 - skids

The profile board is bound with sheet steel, holes are drilled in the ears. Slides 2 are made 300-400 mm long from thin boards or from bars with a section of 50x50 mm. In the middle of the sled, through holes 100-150 mm long and 20-30 mm wide are cut in the sides of the sled perpendicular to the existing holes, holes are drilled for the axis with a diameter of 5-7 mm.

When assembling the template, slides are put on the ears of the profile board and fixed with large nails or thin bolts. In a properly assembled template, the sled must swing freely and change its position relative to the profile board by at least 30°. To do this, the ears of the profile board are inserted into the hole of the slide not close, but with a gap of 5-10 mm (sometimes more, depending on the taper of the column).

Install the template on the rules in the same way as when pulling out even columns. A solution is thrown between the right-blades, a template is inserted and they begin to move it up, pressing the slide against the rules. As the column narrows, one side of the template goes forward; as a result, the profile board warps, changing the width of the flutes and corbels (Fig. 97). When pulling out the flutes, it should be remembered that one side of the template must always go forward, otherwise the flutes will turn out to be turned in different directions.

Figure 97 Position of the template when pulling flutes

Columns are the most beautiful architectural and structural elements of buildings, which not only take on certain loads, but also perform decorative features. They can have a square, round or multifaceted section.

Of course, perform plastering tetrahedral columns much easier than plastering, for example, round columns with flutes. It is almost impossible to carry out such a finish without having the appropriate skills and knowledge.

With the help of the video in this article, we will try to fill this gap, and tell you how the plastering of pillars and columns is done.

The result of plastering work, regardless of which surface is leveled, directly depends on such technological operation like hanging. And the more complex the shape of the column, the more difficult this process.

• Take, for example, columns with entasis: their distinctive feature is the mushroom shape - that is, the trunk is thicker at the base, and it narrows at the capital. There are also columns with double entasis, which have the greatest thickness in the center, and the narrowing goes not only to the capitals, but also to the base.

Note! To plaster such a column, you need a special rule, which, like a pattern, will repeat the bending of the surface. How it looks can be seen in the photo above. You can make it yourself: to do this, you need to measure the size of the narrowing using a straight rail and ruler, and draw a smooth curved line on the board from which the rule will be cut.

• If there is a hillock on the surface of the column, it must be cut down if possible. When this is not possible, then there is only one way to hide the protrusion. In this case, in all other areas it will be necessary to increase the thickness of the plaster coating.

In the next chapter, your attention will be presented with instructions for arranging stamps and beacons on the plastered surface of the columns.

Stamp device

When hanging straight columns, the arrangement of lighthouses is no different from how it is done on the walls (see). In their upper part, a nail is hammered in such a way that the distance from the cap to the base surface corresponds to the thickness of the plaster. A mark is arranged around him, and a plumb line is tied to the hat, and another nail is hammered in below.

• Further, a cord is pulled between the extreme marks and nails are hammered in between. How many of them there will be, the masters are guided by the height of the columns, and the initial state of their surface.

If you need to plaster several columns, and they are arranged in one row, then the outermost columns are first hung, and then a cord is pulled between them, along which marks are arranged on the rest.

Columns with curved contour

Columns with varying diameters hang in a slightly different way. To begin with, the radii are measured in the thick and thin parts of the trunk.

If the entasis is only on top, then a nail is hammered at the base of the column and a mortar mark is made, the thickness of which is usually 2 cm. Further, a plumb line is lowered from the capital so that the twine touches the nail head.

• Now, in the region of entasis, from the plumb line, you need to measure the distance corresponding to the difference in the thickness of the columns. To fix this mark, a nail is also hammered in the tapering part of the column. You need to do this together: one person holds the plumb line, and the other measures the difference in radii and arranges the mark.

• The next step is to make marks along the entire radius of the column. To do this, along the ring, at a distance of 2-3 cm from each other, throw in small - the size of a palm, portions of the solution. Then a plumb line is passed from the side, and the protruding parts of the stuck bosses are carefully cut along the line of the cord.

As a result, accurate stamps are obtained, the surface of which serves as the main reference point for the construction of lighthouses, and they should encircle the columns along the entire circumference. They are arranged on all types of round and semicircular poles.

With a straight column trunk height of up to five meters, at least two such rings are made. If it has narrowing places, then there may be more ring marks.

lighthouses

Plastering round columns is different in that, in addition to marks, beacons must also be arranged on them, which should also encircle them around the circumference. To do this, you need to make a template ring, which you can see in the diagram above.

They do it like this:

• From two wide boards 25 mm thick, they knock down a shield with their own hands. On it you need to draw a circle that will correspond to the diameter of the column plus 2 cm (screed thickness). This can be done using an impromptu compass: a pencil tied with a thread to a self-tapping screw.
• If the column in the section has the shape of a polyhedron, then the template must also have an appropriate contour. In this case, the polyhedron must be inscribed in a circle, guided by knowledge from school geometry. After the outlines of the column are drawn, the rail connecting the two halves of the shield is removed, and cuts are made along the contour applied to the boards.

• The cut points are well cleaned and polished, after which the halves of the shield are again folded together.. For a round straight column, one template is sufficient. In the presence of entasis, they are made at least two, or even more - it all depends on the specific configuration of the barrel. The template is installed on the ring mark, and so that it does not slide down, carnations are hammered under it or the solution is greased.

Then, all the gaps that exist between the circumference of the template and the surface of the column are filled with mortar. When it seizes, the split rings can be removed by lightly tapping the wood with a hammer.

If shells form on the lighthouse after removing the template, they are sealed and the surface is smoothed. In the process of plastering, the rule is set along the lighthouses, and, guided by them, the surface of the columns is pulled out.

Plastering process

The technology of plastering rectangular columns does not provide for the installation of marks and lighthouses - it is enough to hammer in nails, according to which the rules will be established. And so that they do not sag, small portions of the solution are thrown between the nails in several places. To draw straight tetrahedral columns, two or even three rules are used at once.

So:

• Two long rules set vertically, on opposite faces, fixing them so that their edges protrude beyond the plane of the column by the thickness of the screed. Then, a solution is thrown between them, which is leveled with the third - a short rule, or a trowel. How it all looks can be clearly seen in the picture above.
• As expected with improved plastering, at least three layers should be applied to the surface: spray, primer and top coat. When the solution sets, the screed is carefully overwritten, the rules are hung on the opposite side, and the “ruts” remaining from them are sealed and overwritten.

After, after all four faces are plastered, they are taken for stretching (rubbing) the mustaches - the outer corners of the column. This requires special tool: corner trowel, which you see in the photo above.

Round columns

The more complex the configuration of the columns, the more difficulties in their plastering have to be overcome. Accordingly, the price of such work also increases. This is especially true of columns, on the surface of which there are horizontal or vertical recesses - rustication or flutes.

• We'll talk about them later, but for now let's figure out how smooth round pillars are plastered. How beacons are performed has already been said above, in a separate chapter. Now, let's pay attention to the process of surface extrusion itself. In general, it looks like this: a solution is thrown between the beacons, a rule is pressed against them, and, moving it from top to bottom, the excess solution is removed.

• After the third, covering layer is applied, the surface of the column is rubbed with a trowel and smoothed. If a round column has entasis, they work on flat places with the usual rule, and on curvilinear ones - with the rule-pattern, which was also mentioned above.

Specialists for this purpose often use the same templates with which beacons were arranged. Dividing the template into two profile halves, they work, as a rule, by pulling the surface in two steps.

In order for the plastering to turn out to be of better quality, the column is divided into grips - and the more there are, the more accurate the result will be.

Flute finish

Flutes in architecture are called vertical recesses on the trunk of a column, located at a small distance from each other. If there are such elements on even columns of rectangular section, then they are pulled out using a template with an appropriate profile.

• They cut it out on a board, to the ends of which planks, called sleds, are nailed. After two rules are fixed on the sides of the column, a template is installed on them, to the sled of which the skids are also nailed. These are also bars that allow the template to move according to the rules without slipping off them.
• The column stem is pulled out with a template, but at the base and the pilaster, the flutes are finished manually. At the same time, they use a small, ruler and cut-off - a special plaster spatula with a narrow and long blade, designed to perform small jobs. Grouting the surface of the recesses is performed with a piece of foam rubber or a fabric swab.

• The process looks even more complicated when flutes are present on the entasis column. Once the trunk narrows, it means that the recesses on it also narrow. An oscillating template is required to extrude their surface. That is, he should be able to move along the rules not in a straight line, but obliquely.
• A board with a profile for a swinging template is cut along the width of the thickest part of the trunk. For the device of movable ears with holes, an allowance of 10 cm is left on each side of the profile board. It is bound with a thin steel sheet, and fasten the sled on the sides.

• If the template is assembled correctly, the slide should move freely and change its position relative to the profile board without problems. When the solution is already thrown between the rules, a template is installed on them and moved from bottom to top. In the place where the column narrows, the template warps, and only one side of it moves forward.

The sections of the flutes that are not stretched from above and below, as well as the furrows remaining after the removal of the rules, are completed manually, after which the entire surface of the column is smoothed.

When performing work, you need to take into account: the angle of rotation is 90 degrees with respect to each face, the straightness of the front and end faces and their vertical level, as well as (of course) deviations along the plane in the vertical and horizontal directions.

Rice. four.

The edges of all columns going in a row must be of the same width - this and all of the above is taken into account when hanging.

The process of plastering tetrahedral columns (as well as other types of columns) includes several work steps:

• - hanging of tetrahedral columns;
• - arrangement of guides for plastering;
• - plastering of tetrahedral columns.

Hanging of tetrahedral columns can be conditionally divided into several stages: hanging of the front, rear and side planes. They hang the front planes of the columns of the extreme row (corner columns) or the rear planes - no difference.

Hanging starts from the extreme corners of the extreme columns, arranging the top marks from the dowels. A cord is attached to these dowels, pulling it along the entire row of columns, and the thickness of the layer is determined from it, adjusting its distance by driving the dowel or sliding a loop of thread hooked to it. Plumb lines are hung over the installed dowels and, thus, the lower marks are arranged, along which the cord is also pulled. On stretched cords, intermediate marks are installed from fragments of tiles planted on a mortar or from the same dowels.

Rice. four.

When installing guides for plastering: today you can observe the work of masters without making marks: to determine the unevenness of the straightness of a number of columns and the thickness of the layer, they simply pull the cords along the dowels hammered into the corners of the columns of the extreme row. After the optimal layer thickness is determined, and the stretched thread shows this thickness, first the outer rails are installed along these dowels, then the rails of the intermediate columns along the cords - without any marks.

When the slats of the front and rear planes are exposed, they (the front and rear planes) are plastered and only after that, the slats are removed and attached to the plastered surfaces at the level and angle of 90 degrees, as well as with the same distance between them.

When plastering tetrahedral columns, as mentioned above, occurs in pairs: first, the front and rear planes are plastered, then the side ones. The mortar is used cement-sand (mortars and their proportion can be found in the article “Composition and proportions of mortar for plaster”) or, even better, cement-lime. When plastering concrete columns from the very beginning, even before hanging, they are stuffed with metal mesh, or when plastering, they use modern ready-made dry mortars.

Brick columns are abundantly moistened, the first layer is sprayed, it must be liquid. The solution is applied in the same way as when plastering wall surfaces, starting from the top in rows from left to right (or right to left), using a ladle for spraying, a ladle or a trowel for the main layer - “soil”.