DIY

How to draw a wiring diagram. How to make electrical wiring in a private house or apartment

Content:

Quite often, during the operation of housing, various problems arise, including in the field of electricity. As a rule, this is due to the need for repairs, for which you will definitely need a wiring diagram for wiring in the apartment. It is compiled immediately after the electro installation work and further used in the repair and maintenance of the network.

Connecting the elements of the chain

The correct drawing up of the wiring diagram in the apartment largely depends on the basic knowledge of electrical engineering. Without a certain minimum, it is not recommended to engage in this rather complex work. The best option is to draw up a wiring diagram. In addition to drawing up a detailed plan, an electrician can repair identified problems or replace worn-out electrical wiring along the way.

Before you design and draw up a diagram of electrical networks for an apartment, you need to find out what connection methods are used. All elements can be connected to each other in various ways:

  • serial connection. In this scheme, each element follows the previous one; there are no joints in the form of separate nodes. An example is a Christmas tree garland, where all lighting devices are sequentially located on one wire. However, if at least one element in the circuit is damaged, then all other light bulbs will also stop working. This feature must be taken into account when drawing up the scheme.
  • Parallel connection. In this case, the elements are not connected to each other, but are grouped into separate nodes. If any of the consumers fails, the electrical circuit will continue to function, providing current to other elements of the system.
  • Mixed connection. On the same section of the circuit, a parallel and series connection is used at the same time.

Ways of distributing wires and cables

Choosing a method for distributing wires in a home electrical network is a very serious and responsible undertaking. It largely depends on how all the electrical equipment of the apartment will function in the future.

The most popular way of wiring is to connect all components of the electrical network through junction boxes. Such a wiring diagram provides for an electrical panel installed outside the apartment on landing. It is equipped with an electric meter and circuit breakers. Further, a cable with a certain cross section is laid from the shield, which is brought into the apartment. From it, with the help of junction boxes, wires are bred to each room according to a pre-compiled scheme.

Another way involves star connection. With this connection, each point - a socket or a lighting fixture - is powered by a separate cable line. Each line is connected directly to the panel, in most cases, together with a separate circuit breaker. This type of wiring is characterized by a significant increase in the number of wires and cables, as well as labor costs for their arrangement. Ultimately, the project becomes more expensive. However, if we fully take into account all the positive and negative sides, we can conclude that such a system is much more reliable than usual and allows you to control every element in the electrical circuit.

A "loop" system is considered a cheaper connection. It is similar to the "star" option and is distinguished by the ability to connect several consumers to one cable at once. This method is used in accordance with the individual characteristics of the premises and the entire apartment. In any case, each of these methods is rarely used in its pure form. As a rule, combined options are used in the circuits, which allows you to get the most efficient and safe wiring for home wiring.

Distribution of consumers by groups

In addition to connections and connections, great importance has a distribution of all consumers located in the apartment, into separate groups, in accordance with their purpose. Typically, the wiring diagram is performed on different sheets, where each sheet corresponds to one group.

Such a breakdown will be even more effective when each consumer group is connected to a separate circuit breaker. With such a technical solution, in the future it becomes possible to repair electrical equipment without turning off the electricity completely, but only in that part of the apartment where the work will be performed. In addition, separate lines have another important advantage A: They do not require a cable with a large capacity, capable of withstanding high loads. Such loads necessarily arise when several consumers are connected to one line at once.

The electrical panel, located directly in the apartment, makes it possible to connect each consumer to a separate machine. Such a scheme makes network operation convenient and safe, solving in advance all the problems that may arise in the future.

The standard division into groups can be as follows:

  • Only lighting for living rooms, kitchens and corridors.
  • Connecting power to living rooms.
  • Power connection to the kitchen and corridors.
  • Separately, lighting and power are connected to rooms with high humidity - a bathroom and a bathroom. This group should be singled out, since it is subject to increased requirements.
  • If the kitchen has an electric stove, then it must be connected to a separate line.

Additional security is provided by installing a separate one for each group, which is also known as a differential current switch. These devices must be installed on the line of the kitchen and bathroom.

After the groups are formed, the places where the main consumers of electricity will be connected are determined. These include electric stoves, washing machines, water heaters, air conditioners, dishwashers and ovens. Places for installing sockets, switches, lighting fixtures and junction boxes for electrical equipment of the apartment. Next, a conditional connection of the wires is performed, and their length in each section is also marked on the diagram.

After preliminary sketches, a final version of the scheme is drawn up. It is applied to the exact plan of the premises: electrical appliances are indicated by special conventional signs, and the wires are marked with multi-colored lines so that power cables, lighting and grounding can be distinguished from each other. The diagram should contain the maximum number of dimensions. The areas of the rooms, the distances from the wires to the structural elements of the premises, heating and water supply systems are noted. A detailed scheme allows not only to significantly speed up the repair, but also to calculate all necessary materials and costs.

Norms, requirements and specifications

When drawing up a wiring diagram in an apartment, it is necessary to take into account the basic requirements for its placement. In addition, there are norms and technical conditions that require mandatory compliance.

The most important of them are the following:

  • 220V sockets should not be installed in the bathroom. It is allowed to install sockets for electric shavers, the connection of which is carried out using a step-down transformer.
  • The protection of the electric stove, if available in the kitchen, must be provided by circuit breaker, with a nominal value of at least 63A.
  • Grounding contacts of sockets should not be connected to zero conductors, to pipes of heating and water supply systems, since this is very dangerous for human health and life. Contacts are connected to the grounding system only using a special wire designed specifically for this purpose.
  • The laying of wires can be strictly vertical or horizontal, as well as at right angles. This rule must be strictly followed, otherwise there is a high probability of damage during repair and construction work. The wires must not cross each other. If this cannot be avoided, then the distance between the wires must be at least 3 mm.
  • Compliance with the standard distances between the cable and the structural elements of the apartment. The height of sockets and switches should be the same, ensuring safe and convenient operation.

What should be the wiring diagram in a private house under construction? How to distribute wires in all rooms? I will tell you what wiring sections are needed for modern electrical appliances, and how to provide protection against electric shock and short circuits. And as a bonus, I will clearly explain how to connect a voltage regulator and a generator to a home shield.

Mandatory elements

Let's start with the main thing - with protective elements. The electrical panel in your home should include:

Image Element

General switch or machine at the input, breaking the phase and neutral wires.

Residual current device(RCD), triggered by current leakage through damaged insulation, when a person or pet touches the terminals or wires. Its sensitivity should allow it to respond to a leakage current of 30 mA.

Automata for individual groups of consumers (sockets in a separate room, lighting, boiler, electric stoves, etc.). The circuit breaker is placed on the phase wire and operates when the rated current. Its task is to prevent overheating and ignition of the wiring.

The tripping current of the machine must be minimally higher than the calculated peak load on the wiring section. For example, for a circuit with a peak power consumption of 5 kW, it is worth choosing a 25 ampere machine (which at a voltage of 220 volts corresponds to a power of 25x220 = 5500 W).

Grounding is bred with a separate terminal block for all sockets and metal cases of electrical appliances. The ground wire must not be interrupted by switches and connectors. The source of the earth can be the body of the shield (if there is earth at the input) or electrodes buried in the ground.

Accessories

Often connected to the shield:

  • Voltage regulator, providing stable parameters of the current supplying household appliances with their serious deviations from the nominal value at the input.

It makes sense to put a stabilizer only on certain groups of consumers who are most sensitive to nutrition (this includes televisions, computers, audio equipment, refrigerators, etc.). Powerful heating devices (boilers and electric stoves) operate in a wide voltage range and, when it falls, only proportionally reduce the power consumption.

  • Generator, allowing with minimal time to switch to autonomous power when the light is turned off.

What will be the wiring diagram in each of these cases?

Stabilizer

The stabilizer is connected to the break of the phase wire. Zero remains common with the counter and consumers. The body of the stabilizer is connected to a common ground.

Generator

The actual power switching is provided by a reversing switch with three operating positions:

  1. The consumer is powered by input;
  2. The consumer is disconnected from both current sources;
  3. The consumer is powered by the generator.

A signal lamp (LS-47) is needed to indicate the mains voltage. It will allow you to notice the moment the light is turned on without the help of measuring instruments (multimeter or indicator screwdriver).

Normative documents

How to wire the wiring in the house, taking into account all the requirements of regulatory documentation? The source of information for us will be SNiP 31-02 (design of engineering systems for cottages) and the manual of the Ministry of Construction of Russia, which supplements its requirements, issued in 1997 and again regulates the construction of engineering systems for single-family houses.

For the convenience of the reader, I will put together the relevant and most important points of both documents.

  • Installation of electrical wiring in a private house must be performed with a ground loop. The earth must be separate: you cannot use the neutral wire as it;

  • Power limit determined by the owner of the house. The minimum values ​​\u200b\u200bare 5.5 kW in a house without electric heating installations and electric stoves and 8 kW if they are available. If the total area of ​​the house exceeds 60 square meters, the minimum input power increases by one percent for each square meter of area over 60;

The local authority may limit the maximum power depending on the state of the local power grid and the substation's capacity.

  • Open wiring can be carried out directly on walls and other building structures, as well as in boxes and skirting boards with cable channels. In this case, open wires without protective tubes or ducts are mounted on building construction at a height of at least 2 meters;
  • Hidden wiring mounted at any height in ceilings and walls. We allow its installation in structures made of combustible materials;

  • For wiring only copper wires can be used. With the same cross section as aluminum, they provide almost twice the lower resistivity, which means less heating at high currents;
  • Wires and cables in protective sheaths can be passed through walls without bushings and pipes. The output of the input cable without a protective sheath through external walls is carried out in a plastic tube;

The tube is mounted with a slope towards the street to prevent leakage through the wire into the house.

  • Electrical wiring in the house should not experience mechanical stress in places of branches and connections. All wire connections are insulated, and the thickness of the insulation should not be less than the thickness of the insulation of the solid wire;
  • At the points of attachment hidden wiring to sockets, junction boxes, switches and lamps, the wire must have at least a 5-centimeter margin. The stock will be useful when replacing fittings or repairing wiring;
  • If the wiring passes from a dry room to a damp(shower, bathroom, etc.), all connections are mounted from the side of the dry room. There should be no junction boxes in the bathroom;
  • Recommended Mounting Height sockets - 80-100 cm, switches - 1.5 meters from the floor level;

In my opinion, it is much more convenient to adhere to European standards: 90 cm for switches and 25 cm for sockets. Low-lying sockets will allow you to get rid of the wires of household appliances hanging untidy on the walls, and the switches will be accessible even to a child who has just begun to walk.

  • In a country house made of timber or logs, in a frame house and on a wooden in the attic, do-it-yourself wiring is done in a metal pipe (steel, copper or corrugated stainless). Even if a short circuit occurs, it will not cause a fire: before the pipe has time to warm up to a dangerous temperature, the machine will turn off the power to the circuit;

  • switches set per phase. Zero does not open;
  • When wiring one group line to several sockets, the earth branches off to each of them(either in the junction box or in the outlet housing). It is impossible to connect the earth to several sockets in series;

  • In damp rooms, metal enclosures lamps and other electrical appliances must be grounded. If the luminaire is hung on a metal hook, it must be isolated from the body (for example, with a plastic shell) so that during a breakdown on the metal parts of the luminaire, a phase is not obtained on all the reinforcement of the reinforced concrete structures of the house;

However: a device with a two-pin plug, belonging to the zero electrical safety class, can be connected to a socket without grounding, only to zero and phase. In this case, the wiring must be carried out with an RCD on the corresponding line: it will turn off the power in case of leaks that accompany the electric shock of a person or animal.

  • If the sockets in the apartment or house are installed at a height accessible to children, they must be protected with covers or plugs;

  • Concealed wiring should not be placed on chimneys and heating shields with an operating temperature above 35 degrees: vinyl wiring insulation has limited heat resistance and softens when heated;
  • Wires must not cross. The reason is the same: at peak currents at the intersection, the insulation may overheat;
  • switches are placed at the entrance to the room, from the side of the door handle.

A number of document requirements separately stipulate electrical installation in rooms with high humidity:

  1. Wiring should, if possible, be routed to adjacent, dry rooms. Luminaires are placed on the wall closest to the input;
  2. For lighting with incandescent lamps, luminaires with housings made of dielectric materials (plastic, ceramics, etc.) should be used.

What should be the cross section of the wires? SNiP 31-02 specifies only the lower limits:

  • Copper group lines - not less than 1 mm2;
  • Aluminum group lines - not less than 2.5 mm2;
  • Copper risers and circuits to which the meter is connected - not less than 2.5 mm2;
  • The same risers and chains, but aluminum - at least 4 square millimeters.

First - examples of the wiring diagram of the cottage.

Now - a few practical advice on how to make electrical wiring in the house.

wires

I advise you to connect to the meter and input with a single-wire copper wire VVG with a cross section of at least 4 square millimeters per core with an input power of up to 10 kW and 6 mm2 with an input power of 10 - 15 kW.

The rest of the areas use:

  • For wiring sockets - VVG 3x2.5 mm2;
  • For lighting wiring - VVG 3x1.5 mm2.

It is better not to use stranded wire: its price is slightly higher than that of a single-wire one, while it provides a smaller area of ​​\u200b\u200belectrical contact on the terminal blocks.

In the general case, the cross-section of hidden wiring is calculated as 1 square millimeter of copper per 8 amperes of peak current, open - 1 mm 2 per 10 A.

Connections

Do-it-yourself electrics are most easily mounted on brass blocks: they securely connect the ends of the wires and, unlike sleeves and welding, leave the connection detachable. If necessary, you can connect an additional socket to the distribution box at any time.

Wiring

In my opinion, it is most convenient to lay the wiring in a plinth with a cable channel. Why? Here are the arguments:

  • Wiring in this case is practically not associated with dirty work. In the worst case, you will have to drill a series of holes for the dowel screws that secure the baseboard;
  • The wiring remains available for repair, and it is not necessary to open the walls to replace its section;
  • If you need to connect an additional outlet, it will not require much effort: you just need to strip the wire and install three blocks on it (zero, ground and phase), making a branch.

Conclusion

Now you know what the wiring diagram can be and how to mount it correctly. As always, additional materials will be offered to your attention by the video in this article. I look forward to your comments and additions to it. Good luck, comrades!

All work that is somehow related to electricity in the house will require a competent and serious approach from you, so the wiring diagram in an apartment or private house must be well thought out, and most importantly, correctly and efficiently manufactured. It is from the electrical circuit and its installation that repairs in new housing or major repairs in the old one will begin. The sequence of actions for installing wiring in the house will be as follows. Firstly, wiring is laid along the walls, which will subsequently be covered with plaster and wallpaper. Under this finish, all electrical wiring will lie for many years and will not bother you. For this, before starting installation, you need to very carefully calculate the entire wiring plan of the apartment.

Wiring diagrams - where to start?

Most often, when the turn of laying electrical wiring in a house or apartment comes up, people do not imagine the end result. And the wiring diagram should be presented in colors. This is because the overall functionality, as well as the correctness and consistency, etc., will directly depend on the correctness of the scheme. The wiring diagram of a house or apartment will always begin with one thing - thinking through the plan of the entire electrician. Let's explain why. Let's say you've completed a repair without thinking about the end result. We finished all the repairs, put furniture and household appliances and ... You can get a bunch of problems.

Sockets and switches may be closed by a sofa or cabinet, and where it is needed it is not there and vice versa. And in such cases, you will begin with pleasure to unwind extension cords throughout the apartment to the necessary electrical receivers. Naturally, you do not want such a new electrical wiring in the apartment. Errors in flats are still comparatively tolerable. But if the house wiring diagram is done incorrectly in a private house, then this promises more serious problems. This is because apartments usually undergo major repairs with the replacement of wiring every 20-25 years. But in private homes, this is all done either much less often, or never done at all. Assume that a mistake is made in a multi-story building, then the problems will seem even more fun.

In order to avoid all such problems, you just need to calmly think over everything and decide how to put household appliances and furniture in the house. It is also worth noting that in the near future you will buy and will depend on electricity. All these questions are best discussed with the family, because everyone will have their own vision of the situation, which will not be superfluous.

Related articles:

Wiring diagram - power section

So, you've thought it all out. Now you need to start putting all the plans and ideas that have appeared on paper. Draw a plan for your home. For example, we will analyze the standard one-room apartment, but everything is exactly the same for a private house. In order to complete the wiring diagram of the apartment wiring, you will need a sheet of paper, a pen, a ruler, colored markers or pencils.

On the diagram you need to indicate the location of doorways and walls. Exact dimensions are not needed, only the general position is required. If you have not yet learned, then we advise you to refer to the article of the same name.

For example, the following picture should turn out.

For a complete presentation and simplicity, number and sign all the rooms:

  • No. 1 - hall;
  • No. 2 - kitchen;
  • No. 3 - bathroom;
  • No. 4 - entrance hall.

After that, you need to put on the electric circuit the place in which household appliances and furniture will be located. All items must be numbered, labeled and highlighted by the color of electricity consumers.

It is for consumers of electricity, highlighted in red, that sockets will be needed. Now you need to simplify your circuit, i.e. we remove all items, and in those places where the electronics will be located, we will put the designations of sockets on the wiring plan. It should look like the following.

It will not be superfluous to apply the symbols used in the scheme in order to avoid confusion.

The specific dimensions and location of the sockets will need to be indicated on the diagram after you decide on the exact locations of the electronics and furniture.

Electrical diagram in the apartment - lighting part

In this example, all lighting fixtures will be in the center of the room. Let's start with the first room - the hall. Coordinates for finding lamps, if you know exact dimensions premises can be listed first. In our case, we do not have exact dimensions, so we will carry out all the necessary measurements during the first stage of installation, i.e. marking. With the definition of the center, we hope, there should be no problems. But just in case, let's say that first you measure the width of the room, and divide the resulting measurement in half.

The same must be done with the length of the room, i.e. measure and divide by half. This way you will get the coordinates of the middle of the room. According to these obtained coordinates, you need to designate the center of the room and mark it with a cross on the diagram.

In exactly the same way, designate the middle of all rooms.

The entrance hall, which is L-shaped in shape, needs to be divided into 2 parts and also marked out.

If you change the applied crosses to the symbols of lighting devices, you get a similar wiring diagram.

To complete the wiring diagram at home with your own hands, you need to apply switches. To do this, you need to determine the location of interior doors. By the way, have a look, useful article. Here you need to understand in which direction the door will open, i.e. inward or outward, as well as to the right or left. This must be done so that the installed switch is not behind any door.

The next step is to apply switches to the wiring diagram. Usually they are located inside the rooms in such a way that when entering the room and opening the door, one could turn on the light without any problems, and turn it off when leaving. The exception will be rooms with high humidity - bathrooms and bathrooms.. This is due to the fact that the constant ingress of moisture will quickly disable the switches, unless, of course, special devices with increased protection are used.

Draw the switches on your circuit using the legend. Before starting the installation of electrical wiring on the diagram, it is necessary to apply the exact dimensions to the switches - the distance from the doors, as well as the height from the floor.

As a result, you will draw up two wiring diagrams - a socket diagram and a circuit of switches and fixtures. The first stage is over. Now you have the main part of the electrical circuit.

Wiring diagram

First you need to think over and calculate the entire wiring route in the house. To do this, it is necessary to conduct an inspection in the room in which the work is planned. It is also necessary to decide on the finishing work that will be carried out. Namely, you need to know: what the ceilings will be, whether the plaster will be performed and its thickness, where the load-bearing walls are, whether it will be necessary. Let's look at all this with an example.

For example, you are planning to stretch ceiling. In terms of wiring, this option is just great. In this case, all the work on laying electrical wiring can be done independently, as well as save a lot of time and effort, as well as materials. This is due to the fact that combined wiring can be used. That is, the installation of cables is carried out on the draft ceiling in corrugated non-combustible pipes, and the descents to the switches and sockets are carried out in the walls - in the strobes.

This method of wiring installation has the following advantages.

If it is necessary to replace the electrical wiring, all work is carried out without updating the plaster layer, and no hard work is required to arrange the strobe. But it is the preparation of channels for laying cables that takes up the bulk of the working time. Also, you do not need to stretch them through the channels of the ceiling. This also allows you to save your strength, because. channels are not always clean. In addition, the consumption of wires is greatly reduced. This is due to the fact that during the laying along the walls you need to bypass various obstacles, and if you lay along the ceiling, then the wiring is carried out along the shortest path.

If your wiring will be carried out in the standard way along the walls, then you need to pay attention to the following points.

  • We recommend avoiding concrete floors above doors and windows. This is due to the fact that it is very difficult to make strobes in them, and the second reason will be problems during the installation of cornices or curtains for hanging curtains.
  • It is necessary to correctly find the channels in the floor slabs, because they will need to lay wiring for lamps.
  • Accurately calculate the location of the junction boxes. If this is done correctly, then you can also significantly reduce the consumption of material during the installation of electrical wiring.
  • If your house is monolithic concrete, then you need to draw up a circuit of switches and sockets in such a way that they do not fall on the main supporting structures, because. it is highly undesirable to violate their integrity.

After taking into account the above nuances, you can begin to draw up a wiring diagram. To do this, you need to use the schemes that turned out at the first stage of preparation. Wiring diagrams should be superimposed on each other and the overall picture will be obtained.

We start with the first room in the house. There will be ordinary ceilings for painting. Therefore, here the installation will be carried out along the walls, and for the chandelier it will be laid in the channels of the ceiling slab. Also in this room there are two double sockets, a switch and a chandelier. The wire should be pulled from the farthest corner, because. the first double socket in the circuit is located there. You need to stop at the exit from the premises, because. there will be a junction box.

It is not recommended to make sockets with a loop, because. this will greatly reduce the power of the last socket in the circuit. It will be more reliable and correct to make all connections in the switch box. Therefore, you need to lead the wire directly from each outlet to the box. Draw the cable route from the second double outlet.

After that, sketch the wire from the chandelier to the junction box.

When all the cables are collected in one place, it is necessary to designate a place for the junction box itself.

In the same way, you need to designate the routes for laying wiring in other rooms. Electrical wiring in the kitchen - here you can use channels in floor slabs to reduce the wire path from one of the outlets. By passing them through these channels, you save both material and your time.

Making a wiring diagram in the bathroom.

Schematic in the hallway. In this room, it is planned to install a false ceiling made of plastic, and therefore it is possible to throw electrical wiring along the ceiling in corrugated tubes.

After the above manipulations, designate a place to find the force shield. As a rule, it is located near the entrance to the apartment.

Begin. From the hall to the shield.

From the kitchen to the shield.

From the bathroom to the power shield.

And finally, from the hallway to the shield.

So a wiring diagram for an apartment or a private house has been drawn up, and then you can put it into practice without looking back.

The next step for the installation of electrical wiring in the house will be the calculation of the wire cross section. It is extremely undesirable to neglect such a calculation, because each equipment has its own power consumption, which the supply wire must withstand. Well, after that you will definitely have to figure it out.













More than ever before, people today need electricity, which is needed for almost everything from charging your phone to heating water. In order for the usual lifestyle not to be disturbed, high-quality wiring installation in the house is necessary. For its implementation, the experience and practical rules accumulated by specialists will be useful.

Electricity is a source of comfort Source pic2.me

Safety Basics - Mistakes and How to Avoid Them

Ignorance or inattention to details can lead to installation errors. With further operation, such wiring in the house will cause malfunctions, damage to property, and sometimes a fire. There are simple rules that allow the master to act not at random, but according to safety rules:

  • In a new building, before laying the wiring, a place is selected for the switchboard. It is installed close to the entrance, in a non-freezing room. When drawing up a shield diagram, it is wise to immediately think about the RCD (residual current device), the ground loop and other protective devices.

Mounted switchboard Source is.insterne.com

  • All work on the replacement of electrical wiring (in the old dwelling) must be carried out with the power turned off at the electrical panel. It is required to leave a warning sign on it to avoid an unpleasant surprise.
  • Wiring in the house is preceded by drawing up a detailed network plan and connecting electrical appliances.
  • Even if all circuit breakers are turned off, before starting work, the presence or absence of voltage on the contacts or conductive surfaces is checked with an indicator screwdriver.

A warning sign must be hung on the introductory machine Source jamesgoodmandance.com

The most common mistakes:

  • Use of aluminum wires. According to the requirements of the PUE (rules for the installation of electrical equipment), in residential buildings it is allowed to use aluminum wires with a cross section of at least 16 mm². Wires of this diameter are usually used only in cables that carry current to the house, but not inside it. When replacing wiring, the combination of copper and aluminum parts is unacceptable - at the point of their connection, the contact will burn out over time due to contact resistance.
  • Insufficient waterproofing. For long and safe operation of the system, it is necessary to take care of the thorough insulation of all wires in rooms with high humidity. Poor-quality insulation most often finds itself in the bathroom, pantry, kitchen or terrace.
  • Shtroba. A depth of 2-2.5 cm is considered optimal. Grooves with a shallower depth are difficult to plaster.

Chasing the wall for wiring Source legkovmeste.ru

  • Cable work. Diagonal laying is prohibited; the wire cross-section must be calculated according to the system parameters.
  • distribution boxes. To avoid confusion and ease of maintenance, they are placed under the ceiling.

An example of drawing up a wiring diagram in a private house

The scheme of future electrical wiring is based on the plan of a private house. It consists of two parts, electrical and assembly. The main elements are outlined schematically, “for themselves”.

  • Wiring diagram. The wiring diagram in a private house shows the method of including energy consumers in the circuit and their number.

An example of an electrical wiring diagram in a country house Source assz.ru

  • Wiring diagram. Specifies where to mount devices. This data will help you calculate the number of cables and additional consumables needed.

Mounting version of the wiring diagram Source cable-house.ru

The main elements of the network include wires, sockets, switches, meters, fuses and relays, junction boxes, in addition:

  • entry point for external power cable;
  • connection points for high power household appliances;
  • ceiling and wall lighting fixtures.

The beginning of the power supply of the house is the electrical panel. A supply wire is supplied to it from the outside (more often through an overhead line), supplying a single-phase or three-phase current.

On our website you can find contacts construction companies that offer electrical work services. You can directly communicate with representatives by visiting the exhibition of houses "Low-Rise Country".

Video description

An example of drawing up a plan for the location of electrical equipment on video:

To increase reliability, consumers are divided into groups on the shield (connection by groups of points):

  • Lighting.
  • Socket sockets.
  • Power elements (boiler, electric stove, washing machine).
  • Household groups (basement, garage).
Breakdown of consumers by rooms or floors is allowed. In this case, each group needs individual protection devices (automatic devices, RCDs).

Each room has a lighting and socket group, there are more of them in the kitchen (warm floor and electric stove are connected as a separate group). For powerful household appliances and circuit lamps in the bathroom, grounding is provided (connection via a cable with an additional residential "ground").

Preparatory work for the electrical wiring device

So that wiring in a country house does not cause problems during operation, preparatory work and calculations. These include the calculation of the total power of the devices planned for installation; based on these numbers, the cable is selected.

The power of some household appliances Source bazliter.ru

Power consumption calculation

The total power consumption is the sum of the individual capacities of household appliances, lighting elements and power equipment. These values ​​are taken from special tables; they can be found in the technical data sheets of the devices.

To independently obtain the final power consumption of the devices, it is necessary to sum up the power of all consumers on this wire. It is known that at the same time all devices are not turned on. Therefore, the resulting amount is multiplied by the demand correction factor (simultaneous use factor). The coefficient is 0.8 (if the total power is less than or equal to 14 kW), 0.6 (up to 20 kW), 0.5 (up to 50 kW).

Example: if the resulting number is 32.8 kW, then the estimated power consumption is: 32.8 * 0.6 \u003d 19.68 kW.

By dividing the total power by the voltage (220 V), you can find out the maximum current. For example, if the power turned out to be 5 kW (5000 W), the current strength is 22.7 A.

Video description

A visual example of calculations in the video:

Choice of cable section by length and power

The cable cross section is selected according to the previously determined maximum load current and the conductor parameter (current density for this material). With a current strength of 22.7 A and a conductor density of 9 A / mm2 (copper), a conductor with a cross section (CPS): 22.7 / 9 \u003d 2.5 mm2 will be suitable.

Copper is considered the best material because of its properties: wear resistance, high thermal and current conductivity (even during oxidation), ductility. Copper wire It lends itself well to twisting and withstands a load twice that of aluminum of the same section.

Calculation of the section by load (kitchen) Source reslando.ru

The optimal cross section for the socket group is considered to be 2-2.5 mm2, 1.3-1.5 mm2 will be sufficient for connecting lighting devices, for powerful electrical appliances it is better to play it safe - at least 4 mm2.

The length of the cable is calculated by taking measurements of all straight sections with the addition of an allowance of 10-15 cm on each side. The approximate length of the cable can be obtained by multiplying the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe premises by two.

The sequence of installation work

Installation work requires an integrated approach. They begin after the acquisition of the cable. Additionally, electrical accessories are purchased: sockets, socket boxes, switches, cable channels and junction boxes.

All materials must be prepared in advance. Source pinterest.co.uk

Ground Loop Installation

Any a private house must be equipped with a ground loop, which performs several tasks:

  • Protects the inhabitants of the house when voltage appears on the device case.
  • Supports safe work devices operating in a humid environment (washing machines and dishwashers, electric stoves, boilers and instantaneous water heaters).
  • Reduces the level of noise (interference) in the electrical network.

The circuit is mounted in the ground next to the house; inside, grounding is connected to the electrical panel. It is required for:

  • high power electrical engineering;
  • light sources (chain groups) in bathrooms.

Mounting switchboard Source justdial.com

Installation of switchboard elements

After the electricity connection scheme in a private house is selected, and the consumers are divided into groups, a switchboard is mounted. It contains:

  • circuit breaker and RCD - common;
  • automatic machines and RCDs - for selected groups;
  • counter;
  • neutral bus and main ground bus.

On the shield, the function of the core can be determined by the color of its insulation:

  • white (sometimes red, black or brown) corresponds to the phase;
  • blue - zero;
  • yellow-green - protective earth.

The final switchboard for electrical wiring in a private house is assembled after the wiring is completed.

Applicable wire colors Source financloansinvest.ru

Installation of electrical wiring of closed and open type

Wiring in a new house is laid in two ways - open and closed, and the first option is often chosen if the second cannot be used.

  • Open wiring. It is laid over the walls and, if desired, protected by cable channels. It has its advantages - it is always available for inspection. At the same time, like any technical element in the interior, it hurts the eye. The exception is the design of rooms in the loft or retro style, where such solutions are welcome.

With open installation, the cable is fastened with brackets to the surface, then it is closed with a box. Recesses for sockets and switches are made with a puncher or drill.

Box (cable channel) for open wiring Source wotsite.ru

  • Hidden wiring. With hidden installation, you have to ditch the walls (punch channels), lay the wires and hide them behind the wall trim. This method is more reliable and durable, but at the same time time-consuming and costly for future alterations. In order not to touch the cables when drilling walls in the future, it is worth stocking up on a network layout plan.
Electrical wiring in the house is done according to an invariable rule: laying is done strictly horizontally or vertically, any other way is not allowed. Bends are made at right angles.

Before installation, in accordance with the scheme, walls, horizontal and vertical sections are marked. This can be done using a laser level or a plumb line smeared with chalk or charcoal. You can take pictures of the walls with the markings applied. The memo will help in the future not to touch the wiring with a drill or a nail.

You need to draw a diagram of the location of the wires inside the walls Source pinterest.com

With hidden installation, strobes (grooves in the wall surface) are pierced with a chisel or grinder or a special chasing cutter. The wires are placed in strobes, they are fixed and masked with plaster or alabaster. Sometimes hidden wiring is carried out not in the strobe, but under the plinth, which retains access and the possibility of verification.

Wiring in a wooden house

The organization of wiring in such a dwelling has its own characteristics. Internal wiring with wires buried in the walls increases the likelihood of fire for wooden structures. Therefore, the open version is the safest.

Wiring in wooden house Source bauenhaus.ua

It is preferable to use a flat cable; to prevent sagging, it is fixed with fasteners made of tin or plastic.

When the network is assembled and all elements are connected, the serviceability is checked.

Video description

For wiring errors in a wooden house, see the video:

Lead time and approximate cost of some works

Turnkey electrical installation in a cottage is completed in 4-6 days on average. Complex installation will cost 18-60 thousand rubles, replacement of wiring - 15-36 thousand rubles.

Electrical wiring on the floor of a private house will be carried out for 9-12 thousand rubles.

A comprehensive replacement of wiring in a wooden house will cost 18-29 thousand rubles.

Laying a cable with a cross section of up to 4 mm in a strobe - 25-30 rubles. for m/n.

Laying a cable with a cross section of more than 4 mm in a strobe - 42-55 rubles. m/n.

Chasing plaster walls - 75-85 rubles. for m / n, brick - 92-100 rubles. for m / n, concrete - 105-112 rubles. for m/n.

Electrical panel assembly (meter + 3 machines) - 980-1100 rubles.

Connecting an electric meter with installation (220 volts) - 665-720 rubles.

Connecting an electric meter (380 volts) - 1050-1130 rubles.

Loft-style interior with exposed ceiling wiring Source behance.net

General rules for connecting to the electrical network

Following the installation of electrical wiring, automatic machines, RCDs and electrical appliances are installed. To put into operation the electrical equipment of a private house, a specialist from the energy supervision, authorized to conduct acceptance tests, is invited.

After checking the safety of the electrical installation, a "Act of approval for connection" is issued, allowing the further use of the equipment. Based on this document, the energy supply organization concludes an agreement with the owner of the house and connects the dwelling to the support.

Video description

Clearly about the connection of electrical wiring in the video:

Conclusion

Life modern man so dependent on electricity that even an hour without electricity seems endless to most. Things stop, the rhythm goes astray, plans remain unfulfilled. Faulty installation can lead not only to short-term malfunctions of the system.

Electrical malfunctions (caused by violation of the rules for the construction and operation of electrical equipment and household electrical appliances), according to the Russian Emergencies Ministry, caused 41,374 home fires in 2017. To protect your home and your loved ones, you should take care of many things in advance, but you should start with high-quality electrical wiring.

When repairing or buying an open-plan apartment in a rough finish, the question of electrical wiring will definitely arise. The choice of the connection scheme, as well as the choice of materials used, will depend on where the partitions, household and lighting fixtures will be, what the purpose of the premises is. It is necessary to take into account the material of the walls, floors, where the electrical wiring will pass. The main thing is to correctly determine what, ultimately, you want to get. Only having found out this, you can begin to develop a wiring diagram. Essentially, this is a wiring diagram, so you need to consider the installation requirements.

Main Rules

Electrical wiring should be designed in compliance with building codes and regulations, and installation should be carried out in accordance with the rules for electrical installations. The requirements of these documents must be observed, as they are written and take into account all accidents in everyday life and at work.

Below are the basic rules by which wiring is done in a house or apartment. According to them, they make schemes.

There should be easy access to the switchboard, meter, junction boxes, sockets and wiring switches.
Sockets must be installed at a height of 30 - 80 cm from the floor and no closer than 50 cm to gas, electric stoves, radiators and pipes. The cable to the sockets must be laid from below. The number of sockets to be installed in a room is determined at the rate of 1 socket per 6 square meters. The kitchen is equipped with as many outlets as required for appliances. The outlet in the bathroom should be connected through a low-power transformer located outside its walls.

Switches in the apartment are installed at a height of 60 - 150 cm from the floor in easily accessible places. The wire to the switches is laid from above.

Cables must be laid in a straight horizontal or vertical line. Crossing of cables, as well as laying diagonally or in a curve, is not allowed. When laying electrical wiring horizontally, the distance between the wires and floor beams must be at least 10 cm; ceiling and wire 10 - 15 cm, and laid from the floor at a height of 15-20 cm. In a vertical laying scheme, the wires must be at least 10 cm from the edge of the door or window opening; from gas pipes- more than 40 cm.

Cables for any type of electrical wiring (external or hidden) should not come into contact with fittings, mortgages and other metal parts of building structures.

If you are laying a cable under a heating pipe, you need to remember that the distance between them must be at least 3 cm. When laying in parallel, you must provide a gap between the wires of more than 3 mm or run them separately in a cable duct, corrugated pipe. Wiring must only be done inside junction boxes.

The connection of cables from different metals is carried out through a special block. The ground and neutral wires are attached to the devices only with a bolted connection.

Wiring methods

There are three ways to wire wiring in an apartment:

  • star;
  • plume;
  • combined.

The first wiring diagram of the "star" type. With this wiring, each device has its own overload protection circuit breaker and a cable from the switchboard to the device. This wiring option is good because it is possible to control any device and in case of repair it is not necessary to turn off other devices. Used in the Smart Home system. It is useful when raising children, you can set the connection time for a particular device, turn off the light at a certain time; to scare away thieves by programming the switching on and off of lighting devices in the absence of the owners according to a certain algorithm. It has one drawback - the most expensive.

The next circuit is called a "loop". This type of wiring is similar to the previous version, only several devices are located on one cable. Much cheaper than Zvezda.

The most common version of the wiring diagram - with junction boxes, combines the qualities of the first two types. From the electrical panel, several cables go to junction boxes, and from them to a group or individual devices in the apartment.

It is impossible to get hung up on any one type of wiring. For example, if you need to connect a powerful consumer of electricity, then the "star" type is used, if a group of low-power ones, then a loop.

Before you need to study where other engineering systems lie, the material of the walls, floors and ceiling; is it possible to do without chasing the walls; find out the power, number, location of devices. For example, if the ceilings are made of hollow core slabs, then they can be used as cable channels.

Thus, it depends on financial capabilities, the number and type of electrical installations, their location. Only after receiving this information, you can understand what wiring diagram in the apartment is required, and proceed with the design.

Sequencing

First you need to take a drawing of the apartment or make it yourself on a scale with the location of windows and doors. Then place on the plan all energy consumers by rooms, indicate their power, based on this,. It can be:

  • lighting;
  • socket;
  • a group of rooms and a corridor;
  • bathroom group;
  • if the apartment has an electric stove, then a separate group for it.

Depending on the number of rooms and loads, the number of groups will be determined. So kitchen and corridor sockets can be divorced in two different groups. This is necessary in order to minimize the cost of wires and facilitate further maintenance of the electrical network and repairs.

Each group must be connected through a residual current device RCD (usually called an automatic device). For the lighting group, a 16 A automatic machine is provided, for a socket outlet for 25-32 A, and for an electric stove - 40-63 A.

After the position of all electrical wiring devices has been determined according to the diagram, the number of wires and their cross section are calculated.

The wiring diagram in the apartment must be drawn up in several copies, since in the process of work unforeseen moments appear that will need to be noted on the diagram. In addition to the circuit diagram, you need a wiring diagram for direct performers. Electricians work on it and make changes.

The wiring diagram with all the changes after the completion of the work becomes the executive. This is the scheme that you need to request from the previous owner of the apartment.

What does it indicate

The diagram should indicate all the dimensions of the premises of the apartment, the distances between different electrical devices. This will allow you to accurately calculate the amount of required materials and reduce installation time. It is better to draw different groups in different colors, the diagram becomes more readable. In addition, it is necessary to show where which sockets (single, double), switches (one, two, three-gang) will be placed. The diagram will look something like this.

In addition, a list of materials and devices that need to be mounted is attached to the diagram. Additionally, you need to take into account the consumables used during the installation process, such as plastic clamps, pads, dowels, electrical tape, alabaster for mounting socket boxes in the wall. To determine the exact amount of cable required, you will have to measure with a tape measure, take into account the height of the ceilings.

When choosing a cable, it is better to stop at a copper type VVG, compared to aluminum, it has a higher conductivity and excellent flexibility, and installation is facilitated. In apartments, two, three-core cables with a cross section of 2.5 mm2 are usually laid for sockets, and lighting is connected with a 1.5 mm2 cable. From the floor electrical panel to the apartment panel, wiring is carried out with a 3-5-core cable with a cross section of 6 mm2, for powerful appliances such as an electric stove, a boiler, a cable with a cross section of 4 mm2 is used so that it does not heat up.

Floor and ceiling lining

If there is an intention to make a concrete floor screed, you need to use this, conduct electrical wiring along the floor in the corrugation, then only pour it with concrete. It will save materials and reduce the amount of work. With a stretch or false ceiling, the consumption of materials can also be reduced, the scheme and work can be simplified.

The cable is simply attached to the ceiling from the outside. If you allow outdoor installation, you can significantly reduce the time of work through the use of cable channels. At the same time, the most dusty work - gating - disappears. Accordingly, all this should be reflected in the scheme and materials.

Usually single-phase electrical wiring in the apartment is used. If the apartment is large, with high electricity consumption, then a three-phase power supply may be required. The difference is small. There will be a three-phase meter in the floor panel.

Three phases will go to the apartment switchboard, and then everything is the same as in the single-phase version. When installing in junction boxes, the main thing is to do everything right, not to mix up the phases so that the device does not receive 380 V instead of 220 V. If there is no experience in such work or electrical education, it would be right to invite a specialist.