Living room 2017

III. State Duma of the Russian Federation - general characteristics

The State Duma is one of the two chambers of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. Unofficially, it is sometimes called the "lower" house by analogy with foreign parliaments, where the lower house - the House of Representatives has traditionally been more democratic in composition and more significant in terms of its powers and influence on the exercise of state power. The Constitution of the Russian Federation determines the permanent membership of the State Duma at 450 deputies, and the term of office of the State Duma is 4 years. The State Duma is formed on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot, i.e. in the most democratic way. A deputy can be a citizen of the Russian Federation who has reached the age of 21 and has the right to participate in elections. The legal status of the State Duma is determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law "On Elections of Deputies of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly" dated June 24, 1999, as well as the Regulations of the State Duma itself. Participation of citizens in the elections of deputies of the State Duma is voluntary. Citizens of the Russian Federation permanently residing or temporarily staying outside Russian Federation during the period of preparation and conduct of elections, have full voting rights in the election of deputies of the State Duma.

Elections of deputies of the new composition of the State Duma are appointed by the President of the Russian Federation by his decree. Election day is the first Sunday after the expiration of the constitutional term for which the State Duma of the previous convocation was elected. The period from the date of calling the elections to the day they are held must be at least four months. If the President does not call elections of deputies of the State Duma within the established time limits, then the elections are held by the Central Election Commission on the first Sunday of the month following the month in which the powers of the deputies of the State Duma ended. When the State Duma is dissolved in the cases provided for by the Constitution, the President simultaneously calls the election of a new composition of the State Duma. In this case, the election day is considered the last Sunday before the expiration of three months from the date of the dissolution of the State Duma. At the same time, the terms of electoral actions, provided for by federal law, are reduced by one quarter. If the President dissolves the State Duma and does not call new elections, then the elections are held by the Central Election Commission on the first Sunday after the expiration of three months from the date of the early dissolution of the State Duma.

There is a special procedure for the election of deputies of the State Duma, established by the Constitution and a special law. Half of the number of deputies of the State Duma (225 deputies) are elected in single-member constituencies (one constituency - one deputy), into which territory of the Russian Federation . Moreover, in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation there must be at least one electoral district based on a single norm of representation per single-mandate electoral district, with the exception of electoral districts in those constituent entities of the Russian Federation where the number of voters is less than the single established norm per one electoral district. The uniform norm of representation is established by dividing the total number of voters in Russia into 225 single-mandate constituencies. In the elections of deputies from single-mandate constituencies, the principle of the majority system of relative majority applies, when the deputy becomes the one for whom more voters voted than for any other. If in the column of the ballot "against all" the votes cast turned out to be more than for any of the candidates, then, according to the law, it is necessary to hold new elections in this constituency.

The 225 deputies of the State Duma (the other half of the chamber) are elected from a single constituency, when the whole country is one constituency. Deputies are elected according to the proportional electoral system, when mandates are distributed in proportion to the number of votes received by electoral blocs and electoral associations. Moreover, an electoral association is allowed to distribute deputy mandates, provided that it received at least 5% of the votes of all registered voters. This electoral barrier, characteristic of the electoral systems of most democratic countries, excludes smaller or less popular parties or other electoral associations from participation in the distribution of mandates. Under this system, the voter does not vote for a particular deputy, but for a political party or an electoral association as a whole. And the party itself distributes the received mandates among its candidates for deputies, i.е. the personal composition of the deputies does not directly depend on the will of the voters. Party lists first of all include members of the leadership and functionaries of these parties.

The 1999 Law "On Elections of Deputies to the State Duma" imposes rather severe requirements on candidates for deputies. In particular, they must submit to the election commissions information about property for the two years preceding the elections, information about a criminal record and citizenship of a foreign state. Information about dual citizenship and a criminal record is put on the ballot. Submission of false information by a candidate is punishable by removal from the ballot. If false information is found among candidates from the first three leading the party list or the list of a bloc of parties, the entire list is withdrawn from the vote. The quota of electoral spending for 1999, for example, was 1.6 million rubles for one candidate and 42 million rubles for an electoral association. Exceeding this amount of expenses by at least 0.5% entails the removal of the candidate or the entire list from voting.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation determines the jurisdiction of the State Duma.

In addition to the main function of implementing legislation, the State Duma gives:

o consent to the President of the Russian Federation for the appointment of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation;

o resolves the issue of confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation;

o appoints and dismisses the Chairman of the Central Bank of Russia;

o appoints and dismisses the Chairman of the Accounts Chamber and half of its auditors;

o appoints and dismisses the Commissioner for Human Rights, acting in accordance with federal constitutional law;

o announces an amnesty, brings charges against the President of the Russian Federation to remove him from office.

On issues within its jurisdiction, the State Duma adopts resolutions by a majority vote of the total number of deputies of the State Duma. The structure of the State Duma includes the leaders of the chamber - the Chairman of the State Duma and his deputies; collegial coordinating body - Council of the State Duma; various deputy formations: deputy fractions, deputy groups, committees of the State Duma; commissions of the State Duma, which are formed as needed.

The head of the State Duma is the chairman, who is elected from among the deputies by secret ballot using ballots or by a special decision of the chamber by open voting. Candidates for the post of chairman may be nominated by factions, deputy formations, groups of deputies or individual deputies. Discussion of the proposed candidates is held at an open meeting of the chamber in the form of oral questions and answers, speeches in support of candidates or against. A candidate is considered elected if, following the results of voting, he received more than half of the votes of the total number of deputies of the State Duma (at least 226 votes). Voting is usually preceded by preliminary negotiations between the largest parliamentary factions and groups regarding a single agreed-upon candidate. Otherwise, the process of electing the Chairman may seriously impede the work of the State Duma. To avoid such a situation, the Rules of Procedure of the State Duma provide that if none of the candidates receives the required number of votes in two rounds, the State Duma holds repeated elections or proceeds to elect the first deputy and deputy chairmen, and then returns to the procedure for electing the Chairman. Usually, the candidates for deputy chairmen are determined by a preliminary agreement between the largest parliamentary factions and groups.

The deputy faction is a deputy association in the State Duma, formed on the basis of an electoral association that passed to the State Duma on a general basis. federal district and single-member constituencies. A parliamentary faction is subject to mandatory registration.

A deputy group is subject to registration if it consists of at least 35 deputies and represents an association of deputies who are not included in any of the factions. Fractions and deputy groups have equal rights.

Usually, at the beginning of the annual autumn session of the State Duma, deputy associations are re-registered in order to determine the exact numerical composition of factions and groups, especially since the Rules of the Chamber do not prohibit the exit of deputies from factions and their transition to other factions and groups or to the number of independents.

As a coordinating body of the State Duma to consider the organizational issues of the chamber's activities, the Council of the State Duma is formed, consisting of the Chairman of the State Duma and heads of factions and deputy groups. Deputy chairmen of the State Duma and chairmen of committees of the State Duma participate in the work of the Council with an advisory vote. In addition, plenipotentiary representatives of the President and the Government in the State Duma, representatives of subjects of the right of legislative initiative, if the issue of bills submitted by them, as well as deputies of the State Duma may take part in the work of the Council.

The powers of the Council of the State Duma are mainly organizational character and are aimed, first of all, at achieving the effective and efficient work of the State Duma. At the beginning of each session, the Council of the State Duma draws up an approximate program of legislative work for the current session. The powers of the Council include the adoption of a decision on the inclusion of bills in the exemplary program of legislative work of the State Duma for the current session. The Council draws up a calendar for consideration of issues for the next month. At the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation, at the request of a deputy association or at the proposal of the Government of the Russian Federation, the council convenes an extraordinary session of the chamber. In addition, the Council sends bills for consideration to the committees of the House, decides on the return of bills if the established requirements are not met, decides on holding parliamentary hearings and decides on other issues of organizing the work of the Chamber.

Committees and commissions are the working bodies of the State Duma. They are formed in accordance with the Regulations of the State Duma, their number, nomenclature can be changed. The decision to form or liquidate a committee is formalized by a resolution of the chamber. Their tasks include preparing opinions on bills and draft resolutions submitted for consideration by the State Duma, preparing and preliminary consideration of bills, and organizing parliamentary hearings held by the State Duma. The committees prepare draft resolutions of the State Duma on sending representatives of the State Duma to the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, prepare requests to the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation; give conclusions and proposals on the relevant sections of the draft federal budget and resolve issues of organizing their own activities. Commissions of the State Duma are formed from among the deputies of the State Duma. In accordance with the regulations, a mandate commission, an ethics commission, are being created to verify certain data about events and officials, to give an opinion on the presence in the actions of the President of the Russian Federation of grounds for removing him from office. Other commissions may also be created by decision of the State Duma. The Credentials Commission is formed for the term of office of the State Duma of the given convocation and, in terms of ensuring its activities, has the status of a Committee of the State Duma. When determining the personal composition of commissions, the principle of proportional representation of deputy associations is observed.

Committees of the State Duma are formed for a period not exceeding the term of office of the State Duma of the given convocation. Committees and commissions are formed by the State Duma, as a rule, on the basis of the principle of proportional representation of deputy associations. The number of members of each committee and each commission is determined by the State Duma, but, as a rule, it cannot be less than 12 and more than 35 deputies of the chamber. Each deputy of the State Duma, with the exception of the chairman of the State Duma, his deputies, heads of deputy associations, must be a member of one of the committees of the State Duma. At the same time, a deputy of the State Duma can be a member of only one of its committees. A State Duma deputy is obliged to attend meetings of the committee or commission of which he is a member. And deputies of the State Duma who are not members of them can take part in meetings of a committee or commission with the right of an advisory vote.

The legal status of deputies is determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law "On the status of a deputy of the State Duma and a member of the Federation Council" dated May 8, 1995, as amended, and regulations of the chambers. At the same time, a representative elected by the people, authorized to carry out rule-making and control activities in a representative body of power, is considered a deputy of the State Duma. A deputy of the State Duma may be a citizen of the Russian Federation not younger than 21 years old and not deprived of voting rights by law. He cannot be simultaneously a member of the Federation Council, a deputy of other representative bodies or local self-government bodies. The deputy of the State Duma works on a permanent professional basis. He may not be in the public service, may not engage in other paid activities, except for teaching, scientific and other creative activities.

There is a free mandate for deputies of the State Duma, which means that a deputy is not bound by the orders of voters and cannot be prematurely recalled by them. He acts on the basis of his convictions in the interests of the whole people, and not just the voters of this constituency or the political party on the lists of which he was elected to the House. In his activities, a deputy must be guided by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, laws and his own conscience. There is no legal obligation for a deputy to support the policies of any party, to strictly follow factional discipline, or to report to the leadership of a faction on his activities. The free mandate of a deputy nevertheless provides for the duty of a deputy to inform voters about his activities, ensure their rights and interests, and be guided by the election program. However, the absence of any sanctions for this allows deputies to act freely, in accordance with their convictions. The term of office of deputies begins on the day of their election and ends on the day the new State Duma begins its work.

The most important guarantee of the free activity of a deputy is the principle of parliamentary immunity. Members of the Federation Council and deputies of the State Duma shall enjoy immunity during the entire term of their powers. They may not be detained, arrested, searched, except in cases of detention at the scene of a crime, and also subjected to body searches, except as required by federal law to ensure the safety of other people. The issue of deprivation of immunity is decided on the proposal of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation by the relevant chamber of the Federal Assembly. Parliamentary immunity of deputies does not mean their personal privilege, but a way to protect deputies from unreasonable persecution. In addition, it is an indicator of the independence and independence of the parliament itself. Of course, this is an exception to the norm about the equality of all before the law and the courts, but this is dictated by the need for constitutional protection of the status of parliament as the highest legislative and representative body. Immunity is valid for the entire period of election of a deputy of the State Duma and a member of the Federation Council. It applies to the home of a deputy, his office, luggage, personal and official vehicles, correspondence, means of communication used by him, documents belonging to him.

Deputies cannot be held criminally or administratively liable for statements, opinions, positions expressed during voting and other actions corresponding to their status, including after the expiration of their term of office. They have the right to refuse to testify in a civil or criminal case about the circumstances that became known to them in connection with the performance of their deputy duties. Deprivation of a deputy of parliamentary immunity can be carried out only on the proposal of the Prosecutor General's Office of the chamber to which the given deputy belongs. Without the consent of the chamber, the trial of a deputy cannot take place.

In addition to immunity, deputies of the State Duma and members of the Federation Council are also subject to the principle of parliamentary indemnity, i.e. remuneration for his parliamentary activity. Deputy remuneration is the main source of income for a deputy, since he has no right to engage in other paid work. Indemnity includes the material support of the deputy in the form of a monthly wages and bonuses to it, equated to the salary and bonuses to it of the federal minister, material benefits, medical care, compulsory life insurance, etc. Compulsory state insurance of a deputy is carried out in the amount of the minister's annual salary. Sums insured are paid in the event of the death of a deputy. In case of injury to health, the deputy receives a monthly compensation. For the term of his term, a deputy is exempt from conscription for military service and military training. In the event of early dissolution of the State Duma, the deputies of this chamber receive a one-time monetary allowance for the entire period remaining until the end of their initial term of office based on their monthly monetary remuneration. Work as a deputy is counted as continuous seniority. The annual paid vacation of deputies is 48 working days. They are provided with medical, household and pension provision at the level of members of the Government.

The office space of the deputies is equipped with government communications. Deputies are granted the right to free use of all modes of transport, except for taxis. A deputy is entitled to 5 full-time assistants - 1 in the State Duma and 4 in the constituency. The number of freelance assistants is established by the State Duma.

Operating procedure The State Duma is established by the Regulations of the State Duma itself. The State Duma holds two regular sessions a year - spring from January 12 to June 20, and autumn - from September 21 to December 25. Extraordinary sessions may also be convened at the request of the President of the Russian Federation, one-fifth of the composition of the State Duma, or at the proposal of the Chairman of the State Duma.

At the first meeting in accordance with Art. 99 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the State Duma meets on the thirtieth day after its election. The President of the Russian Federation may convene it for a session even earlier than this date. The first meeting is opened by the oldest deputy of the State Duma. In the future, until the election of the Chairman of the State Duma, meetings are held alternately by representatives of deputy associations as agreed between them. The State Duma may hold both open and closed sessions. The decision to hold a closed meeting is made by a majority of votes from the number of deputies who took part in the voting. Information about the content of closed meetings is not subject to disclosure. A closed meeting is scheduled at least one hour before the scheduled time of its holding. It is forbidden to bring to a closed meeting and use photo, film and video equipment, radio communications and radiotelephones. The Chairman of the State Duma warns those present about this. Meetings of the State Duma are held on Wednesdays and Fridays, additional or extraordinary meetings may be scheduled. The Council of the State Duma meets on Tuesdays and Thursdays. Committees and commissions meet on Mondays and Thursdays. Tuesday is reserved for the work of deputies in committees and commissions, in factions and deputy groups. Each last week of the month is intended for the work of the deputies of the State Duma with voters. Every Friday, at a meeting of the State Duma, a "government hour" is held for the answers of the Prime Minister, his deputies and other members of the Government to inquiries and questions from deputies. At the same time, no more than two invited members of the Government are heard. Those invited to answer the deputies' questions are given no more than 15 minutes.

A deputy speaking at a meeting is not entitled to violate the rule of deputy ethics - to use in his speech rude, offensive expressions that damage the honor and dignity of deputies of the State Duma and other persons; allow unfounded accusations against someone; use deliberately false information, call for illegal actions. In case of violation of these rules, the chairman warns the speaker and, in case of repeated violation, deprives him of the right to speak throughout the day of the meeting. In case of violation of these rules, a deputy may also be deprived of the right to speak for a period of up to one month by a decision of the chamber, adopted by a majority of the total number of deputies.

A deputy or a group of deputies may apply with a request to the Government, the Prosecutor General, the Chairman of the Central Bank, heads of federal executive bodies, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The request is announced at a meeting of the chamber, and, if approved by a majority of the total number of deputies, it is formalized by a resolution of the State Duma.

The chairman of the meeting of the State Duma directs the general course of the meeting, gives the floor to speak in the order in which applications are received, puts proposals to the vote and controls the keeping of minutes of the meeting. The chairman has the right to warn the speaker if he deviates from the topic of the speech, and if he deviates again, deprive him of the floor, remove from the hall invited persons who interfere with the work of the State Duma.

Work in the State Duma is carried out in Russian. A deputy who wishes to speak in another language of the peoples of the Russian Federation shall notify the Council of the State Duma of this in advance. Such performance is provided with translation into Russian. The regulations establish the temporary procedure for the work of the State Duma, the time for making reports, in debates, with references, etc. With the consent of the majority of those present at the meeting, the chairman may determine the total duration of the discussion of the issue. At a meeting, the same deputy may speak in the debate on the same issue no more than twice. The State Duma may hold parliamentary hearings at which bills requiring public discussion may be discussed by deputies and invitees. International treaties submitted for ratification, draft federal budget, other important issues of internal and foreign policy. The composition of the persons invited to the hearings is determined by the relevant committee that conducts the hearings. They can be held on the initiative of the Council of the State Duma, committees and commissions, deputy associations. Hearings are usually open. They are led by the Chairman of the State Duma or chairmen of committees or commissions.

Parliamentary hearings may end with the adoption of recommendations on the issue under discussion, which are accepted by the majority of deputies who took part in the parliamentary hearings. The State Duma has established several voting models that reflect the specifics of the issues under discussion. Voting using the electronic system can be quantitative, rating, alternative and qualitative. Quantitative voting implies the choice of answer options - "for", "against", "abstained". The votes are counted for each vote. Rating voting provides for a series of consecutive quantitative voting on each of the issues in which each deputy can take part.

Votes are counted for all options of the issue. Alternative voting involves voting for only one of the options. The votes are counted simultaneously for all options of the issue put to the vote. Quality voting is an alternative voting with a qualitative assessment of the issue put to the vote on one of five options: very bad, bad, satisfactory, good, very good. By decision of the chamber, a roll-call vote may be held with the inclusion in the list of who voted how. Voting can also take place in two rounds, with the second round based on the two solutions that received the largest number of votes in the first round. The Chamber may decide to hold a secret ballot using ballots and create a special counting commission. The chairman of the meeting is not entitled to use his powers to exert any influence on the deputies in terms of their participation in the voting or the choice of the voting model. These issues are decided by the majority of deputies present and voting.



Chapter 5. Federal Assembly

Article 94

The Federal Assembly - the Parliament of the Russian Federation - is the representative and legislative body of the Russian Federation.

Article 95

1. The Federal Assembly consists of two chambers - the Federation Council and the State Duma.

2. The Federation Council includes two representatives from each constituent entity of the Russian Federation: one each from the representative and executive bodies of state power.

3. The State Duma consists of 450 deputies.

Article 96

1. The State Duma is elected for a term of five years.

2. The procedure for the formation of the Federation Council and the procedure for the election of deputies of the State Duma shall be established by federal laws.

Article 97

1. A citizen of the Russian Federation who has reached the age of 21 and has the right to participate in elections may be elected a deputy of the State Duma.

2. The same person cannot simultaneously be a member of the Federation Council and a deputy of the State Duma. A deputy of the State Duma cannot be a deputy of other representative bodies of state power and bodies of local self-government.

3. Deputies of the State Duma work on a permanent professional basis. Deputies of the State Duma cannot be in the public service, engage in other paid activities, except for teaching, scientific and other creative activities.

Article 98

1. Members of the Federation Council and deputies of the State Duma shall enjoy immunity during the entire term of their powers. They may not be detained, arrested, searched, except in cases of detention at the scene of a crime, and also subjected to body searches, except as required by federal law to ensure the safety of other people.

2. The issue of deprivation of immunity is decided upon the proposal of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation by the relevant chamber of the Federal Assembly.

Article 99

1. The Federal Assembly is a permanent body.

2. The State Duma meets for the first session on the thirtieth day after the election. The President of the Russian Federation may convene a meeting of the State Duma earlier than this date.

3. The first meeting of the State Duma is opened by the oldest deputy.

4. From the moment the work of the State Duma of the new convocation begins, the powers of the State Duma of the previous convocation shall cease.

Article 100

1. The Federation Council and the State Duma shall sit separately.

2. Sessions of the Federation Council and the State Duma are public. In cases stipulated by the regulations of the chamber, it has the right to hold closed meetings.

3. The Chambers may meet together to hear messages from the President of the Russian Federation, messages from the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, and speeches by heads of foreign states.

Article 101

1. The Federation Council elects the Chairman of the Federation Council and his deputies from among its members. The State Duma elects from among its members the Chairman of the State Duma and his deputies.

2. The Chairman of the Federation Council and his deputies, the Chairman of the State Duma and his deputies conduct meetings and manage the internal routine of the chamber.

3. The Federation Council and the State Duma form committees and commissions, hold parliamentary hearings on issues within their jurisdiction.

4. Each of the chambers adopts its own regulations and decides on the internal regulations of its activities.

5. To exercise control over the execution of the federal budget, the Federation Council and the State Duma form the Accounts Chamber, the composition and procedure for which are determined by federal law.

Article 102

1. The jurisdiction of the Federation Council includes:

a) approval of changes in the borders between the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

b) approval of the decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of martial law;

c) approval of the decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of a state of emergency;

d) resolving the issue of the possibility of using the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation outside the territory of the Russian Federation;

e) appointment of elections of the President of the Russian Federation;

f) removal of the President of the Russian Federation from office;

g) appointment of judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation;

h) appointment and dismissal of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation;

i) appointment and dismissal of the Deputy Chairman of the Accounts Chamber and half of its auditors.

2. The Federation Council adopts resolutions on issues referred to its jurisdiction by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

3. Resolutions of the Federation Council are adopted by a majority vote of the total number of members of the Federation Council, unless a different decision-making procedure is provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Article 103

1. The jurisdiction of the State Duma includes:

a) giving consent to the President of the Russian Federation for the appointment of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation;

b) resolving the issue of confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation;

c) hearing annual reports of the Government of the Russian Federation on the results of its activities, including on issues raised by the State Duma;

d) appointment and dismissal of the Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation;

e) appointment and dismissal of the Chairman of the Accounts Chamber and half of its auditors;

f) appointment and dismissal of the Commissioner for Human Rights, acting in accordance with federal constitutional law;

g) announcement of amnesty;

h) bringing charges against the President of the Russian Federation to remove him from office.

2. The State Duma adopts resolutions on issues referred to its jurisdiction by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

3. Resolutions of the State Duma are adopted by a majority vote of the total number of deputies of the State Duma, unless a different decision-making procedure is provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Article 104

1. The right of legislative initiative belongs to the President of the Russian Federation, the Federation Council, members of the Federation Council, deputies of the State Duma, the Government of the Russian Federation, legislative (representative) bodies of the subjects of the Russian Federation. The right of legislative initiative also belongs to the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation on matters within their jurisdiction.

2. Draft laws are submitted to the State Duma.

3. Draft laws on the introduction or abolition of taxes, exemption from their payment, on the issuance of state loans, on changing the financial obligations of the state, other bills providing for expenditures to be covered from the federal budget, may be introduced only if there is a conclusion of the Government of the Russian Federation.

Article 105

1. Federal laws are adopted by the State Duma.

2. Federal laws are adopted by a majority vote of the total number of deputies of the State Duma, unless otherwise provided by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

3. Federal laws adopted by the State Duma are submitted to the Federation Council for consideration within five days.

4. A federal law is considered approved by the Federation Council if more than half of the total number of members of this chamber voted for it, or if it has not been considered by the Federation Council within fourteen days. If a federal law is rejected by the Federation Council, the chambers may create a conciliation commission to overcome the disagreements that have arisen, after which the federal law subject to reconsideration by the State Duma.

5. If the State Duma does not agree with the decision of the Federation Council, a federal law shall be considered adopted if at least two-thirds of the total number of deputies of the State Duma voted for it in the repeated voting.

Article 106

Federal laws adopted by the State Duma on the following issues are subject to mandatory consideration in the Federation Council:

a) the federal budget;

b) federal taxes and fees;

c) financial, currency, credit, customs regulation, money issue;

d) ratification and denunciation of international treaties of the Russian Federation;

e) the status and protection of the state border of the Russian Federation;

e) war and peace.

Article 107

1. The adopted federal law is sent to the President of the Russian Federation within five days for signing and promulgation.

2. The President of the Russian Federation within fourteen days signs the federal law and promulgates it.

3. If the President of the Russian Federation rejects it within fourteen days from the date of receipt of the federal law, then the State Duma and the Federation Council, in accordance with the procedure established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, reconsider this law. If, upon reconsideration, the federal law is approved in the previously adopted version by a majority of at least two-thirds of the total number of members of the Federation Council and deputies of the State Duma, it must be signed by the President of the Russian Federation within seven days and promulgated.

Article 108

1. Federal constitutional laws are adopted on issues provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

2. A federal constitutional law is considered adopted if it is approved by a majority of at least three-quarters of the total number of members of the Federation Council and at least two-thirds of the total number of deputies of the State Duma. The adopted federal constitutional law is subject to signing by the President of the Russian Federation and promulgation within fourteen days.

Article 109

1. The State Duma may be dissolved by the President of the Russian Federation in the cases provided for by Articles 111 and 117 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

2. In the event of the dissolution of the State Duma, the President of the Russian Federation sets a date for the election so that the newly elected State Duma meets no later than four months after the date of dissolution.

3. The State Duma cannot be dissolved on the grounds provided for by Article 117 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation within a year after its election.

4. The State Duma cannot be dissolved from the moment it brings charges against the President of the Russian Federation until the appropriate decision is made by the Federation Council.

5. The State Duma cannot be dissolved during the period of martial law or state of emergency throughout the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as within six months before the expiration of the term of office of the President of the Russian Federation.

What does it do? What are its functions and responsibilities? The answers to these questions will be given in the article.

State Duma of the Russian Federation: general characteristics

The State Duma is the Lower Russian Federation, or the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. The State Duma, like the Federation Council, is legislative. The creation of the body in question took place in 1993. According to the decree of Boris N. Yeltsin "On the constitutional reform of the Russian Federation", a body for 450 deputies appeared. Half of this number is elected in one round and directly. Voting takes place in single-member districts. The other half should be formed with political parties Russian Federation, overcoming the 5 percent border.

The fifth chapter of the Constitution of the Russian Federation is dedicated to the Russian State Duma. It is in it that the structure of the body is briefly described, as well as what the State Duma of the Russian Federation does. What is this chapter from the basic law of the land?

Chapter 5 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation

The fifth chapter of the country's basic law tells about the Russian parliament - the Federal Assembly. The chapter briefly spells out all the main points concerning the two chambers of parliament: the Federation Council and the State Duma. Article 103 most fully reveals what the deputies of the State Duma do and what powers they have. It is this, as well as some other articles of the Russian Constitution that will need to be analyzed in order to have the most complete idea of ​​the duties and professional functions of the lower house of Parliament - the State Duma.

However, it is worth starting with the most general points. Thus, Article 94 establishes the status of the Federal Assembly; This body is representative, belonging to the legislative branch of government. Part 5 of Article 95 enshrines the fact that the State Duma consists of 450 persons who are deputies. Art. 96 tells about the period of election of the body, which today is exactly 5 years. What the State Duma is doing will be discussed later.

State Duma and Government

Despite the fact that everyone in Russia is equal in relation to each other, it is worth noting some points that indicate a significant influence of one branch of government on another. In particular, it is necessary to pay attention to part 1 of Article 114 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. According to this article, the Government is obliged to submit reports to the State Duma in a timely manner. Such a system always indicates the degree of democratic development of the state. In particular, the commentary to article 114 refers to the need to enhance the role of representative bodies in public and political life. Unfortunately, only political scientists can decide whether such a scheme violates the system of checks and balances. We also have to guess whether the Federal Assembly will give estimates to the Government in the near future.

It is worthwhile, however, to return to what the State Duma is doing and what are its functions in relation to the Government. Thus, paragraph B of Article 103 secures for the State Duma the opportunity to decide on the issue of confidence in the executive authority. In fact, this is another proof of the significant influence of the representative branch of government on the executive.

State Duma and the Central Bank of the Russian Federation

What does the State Duma of the Russian Federation do in relation to higher financial authorities? Clause D of Article 83 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation provides the State Duma with the ability to appoint and remove the head of the Central Bank of Russia. The term of office of a representative of the Central Bank is determined in accordance with the Federal Law "On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation". It is also worth noting that both appointment and removal from office are considered final if voted for by most of deputies of the State Duma.

The same applies to the Accounts Chamber. The State Duma is able to appoint both the chairman of this body and the composition of its auditors. At the same time, the issue of removal or appointment is decided in accordance with the available budget, taxation, etc.

Appointment of amnesty

It is worth finally turning to Article 103 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. It is this article that fixes all the main duties and functions that are under the jurisdiction of the lower house of the legislature. What can be highlighted here? What does the State Duma do? (Grade 4, as well as some steps higher in school curriculum often involve the analysis of these issues; an adult, all the more, should know all the most important things about the structure of government bodies).

The lower house of the legislature has the power to appoint a human rights ombudsman, as well as to dismiss him. It is also worth noting that deputies are able to nominate the necessary candidates.

A separate topic worth mentioning is the ability of the State Duma to resolve amnesty issues. What is the position of the Lower Chamber in this case, what is the State Duma doing? Briefly and clearly characterizes paragraph G of Article 103 of the Constitution. According to it, the decision to accept the amnesty is made by gaining a majority of parliamentary votes. Signs a decree on amnesty Chairman of the State Duma. The official publication of the order must occur within three days.

State Duma and President

Relations between the head of state and the State Duma are built in Russia in a very special way. Thus, according to article 103 of the Constitution (paragraph 3), the lower house of the legislature is able to bring accusations and claims against the president. An accusation can be made only if 2/3 of the deputies' votes were received for it. It is also worth noting that the prosecution must have specific references to the crimes or offenses committed by the head of state.

The State Duma sends the accusation to the Supreme Court for consideration. If the court finds corpus delicti, the question of removing the head of state from office is raised.

The procedure for passing laws

Since the branch of power in question is called the legislative branch, questions about what the State Duma and the Federation Council are doing immediately become closed. These bodies issue and edit laws, and this is their main purpose. How is the legislative process going? This will be discussed further.

The procedure for the adoption and execution of bills is carried out in three readings. The first reading involves discussion of the main provisions of the drafts. The initiator of the law reads out the report, the listeners have the opportunity to express their comments and debates. If the law is approved, the second stage begins. It involves amendments and minor changes to the law. After that, the third stage takes place, at which the deputies cast their vote for or against the adoption of the law. The final project can only be adopted if the majority voted for it.

The procedure for considering federal laws

What does the State Duma do? Executes laws, adopts laws, is engaged in their editing and execution. All these functions are performed by the lower chamber at three special readings. In order to have a broader understanding of the legislative process, it is also necessary to talk about the procedure for considering projects by the Federation Council.

Within five days, the laws developed by the State Duma must be considered by the highest chamber of parliament. Part 4 of Article 105 of the Russian Constitution enshrines the provision that the Federation Council is obliged to arrange a vote for or against the adoption of the bill. Thus, if approved by half of the members of the House, the law enters into force. There is another way to make the law work. To do this, the Federation Council must ignore the sent draft within 14 days (we are talking about the failed vote for or against the bill). If the draft is rejected, the State Duma creates a conciliation commission, where it tries to overcome the veto of the Supreme Chamber.

Article 106 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation

What laws should be subject to mandatory review by the highest house of the legislature? Article 106 of the Russian Constitution enshrines the following projects:


Thus, the question of what the State Duma is doing becomes relatively closed. Approves or rejects laws, appoints or dismisses certain persons, deals with amnesty issues - all these and many other functions are performed by the Lower House of Parliament in Russia. Next, it is worth considering the questions of when and in what cases the State Duma can be dissolved.

On the dissolution of the State Duma

The State Duma can be dissolved in certain cases, which are discussed in articles of the Constitution 109, 111 and 117. The first thing to note is that only the President has the right to dissolve the Lower House of Parliament. However, according to paragraph 3 of Article 92, a person replacing the President, or temporarily acting in his capacity, cannot have such a right.

It is also worth talking about why the procedure for dissolving the State Duma is necessary in the Russian Federation. In fact, such a scheme is an extreme way to overcome disagreements between the executive and legislative branches of government. So, in order to avoid conflicts that can significantly hinder the development of the political and social life of the country, it is necessary to make a kind of "reset" of relations. The President promptly, in accordance with all constitutional norms, dissolves either the Government or the State Duma, thereby allowing conflict situation and opening the way for further development by finding compromises.

Criteria for the dissolution of the State Duma

As mentioned above, the criteria and conditions for the dissolution of the lower house of parliament are enshrined in Articles 111 and 117 of the Russian Constitution. Thus, part 4 of article 111 tells that the State Duma of the Russian Federation can be dissolved if it has expressed no confidence in candidates for the post of Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation three times in a row. It is in this case that the head of state is able to dissolve the current composition of the State Duma, independently appoint a prime minister and announce new elections to the Lower House of Parliament.

The second case is enshrined in constitutional article 117. According to paragraph 3, the State Duma is dissolved by the president in the event of repeated expressions of no confidence in the Government. There is also a clear deadline - three months. The State Duma has exactly that much time to think about accepting the current government composition.

When the State Duma cannot be dissolved?

There are several circumstances that deny the possibility of dissolving the State Duma. All of them are given in Article 109 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. What exactly are we talking about? The State Duma cannot be dissolved if:

  • at least one year has not passed since the beginning of its work;
  • if the State Duma has brought charges against the current head of state (however, this circumstance ends with the adoption of an appropriate decision by the Federation Council);
  • a state of emergency or martial law has been introduced in the Russian Federation;
  • six months or less left before the end of the presidential term.

Composition of the State Duma

What does the State Duma do? The answer to this question has been given. However, another important problem remained unresolved: the composition and structure of the Lower House of Parliament.

On September 18, 2016, elections of deputies to the State Duma were held in Russia. On October 5, the final composition of the seventh convocation was formed. Vyacheslav Viktorovich Volodin, a member of the United Russia (ER) faction and a first-class state adviser to the Russian Federation, became its chairman. 343 seats were taken by the deputies of the United Russia, 42 by persons from the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, 39 deputies from the Liberal Democratic Party and 23 from A Just Russia.

Thus, the article provided answers to questions about the structure of the lower house of the Parliament, what its composition is, and what the State Duma does. Grade 4 (answers and questions from the Olympiads, social science textbooks) and higher school classes suggest questions about the political structure of the Russian Federation. If adults do not know anything about this, the level of political culture in society will begin to fall rapidly. This will lead to all sorts of problems. In order to have the most general idea of ​​the state structure, it will be enough to read the Constitution alone.

The State Duma of the Russian Federation consists of 450 deputies (Article 95 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation), of which 225 receive deputy mandates based on the number of votes cast for the party list, which includes the candidate, in proportion to the number of votes cast for the party.

Parties for which at least 5% of the voters who took part in the elections voted are allowed to distribute deputy mandates. The remaining 225 seats are filled directly by those candidates who received the majority of votes in a single-mandate constituency. Deputies of the State Duma work on a professional basis and cannot hold public office, engage in other paid activities, except for teaching, scientific and other creative activities.

Structure of the State Duma of the Russian Federation:

  1. Chairman of the State Duma, his first deputies and deputies (elected from among the deputies of the State Duma at its first meeting);
  2. Council of the State Duma (performs the main current work);
  3. deputy associations (fractions and deputy groups);
  4. committees and commissions (created to solve individual problems).

Chairman of the State Duma:

  1. presides over the meetings of the chamber;
  2. is in charge of the internal regulations of the chamber;
  3. organizes the work of the State Duma;
  4. represents the chamber in relations with the Russian Federation, foreign states, state bodies and officials;
  5. exercise other organizational powers.

The Chairman of the State Duma and his deputies are members of the Council of the State Duma and have the right of a decisive vote in the adoption of a decision by the Council.

The Council of the State Duma carries out preliminary preparation and consideration of organizational issues of the activities of the chamber, and also prepares draft laws for discussion at a meeting of the chamber.

All deputy associations have equal rights. They are created in order to defend the interests of the party and, as a rule, are represented by its members. Deputies' associations have the right to make decisions on the issues under discussion at their meetings, deputies inform the Chairman and the Council of the State Duma about these decisions. Such decisions are advisory in nature. Deputy associations (each of them includes 50 people) are subject to state registration in accordance with the procedure established by federal laws.

The main function of the State Duma of the Russian Federation– discussion and adoption of federal constitutional and federal laws.

Other powers of the State Duma include (Article 103 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation):

  1. submission by the Duma or its deputies of bills for discussion by the chamber;
  2. consideration of the candidacy of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation proposed by the President of the Russian Federation;
  3. resolving the issue of confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation;
  4. appointment and dismissal of the Chairman of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, the Chairman of the Accounts Chamber and half of its auditors, the Commissioner for Human Rights;
  5. amnesty declaration;
  6. bringing charges against the President of the Russian Federation to remove him from office.

The procedure for the activities of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation is determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal constitutional and federal laws and the Regulations of the Chamber.

Basic principles for organizing the activities of the State Duma:

  • political diversity of deputy groups and multi-party system;
  • free discussion and collective resolution of tasks.

The State Duma works during the periods of sessions:

  1. spring (from January 12 to June 20);
  2. autumn (from September 1 to December 25).

Session of the State Duma- this is the period during which the work of the lower house of the Federal Assembly is carried out, meetings of the chamber, committees of the State Duma, its Council are convened, parliamentary hearings are held, parliamentary factions, committees, working groups work. The State Duma of the new convocation gathers for the first session on the 30th day after the elections. The President of the Russian Federation may convene the deputies for the first meeting before this date. The first meeting is always opened by the oldest of the deputies. According to the Regulations of the State Duma, subsequent meetings of the chamber are opened by the Chairman of the State Duma. At their first meeting, the deputies elect the bodies of the chamber:

  1. Chairman of the State Duma;
  2. Counting commission;
  3. the Interim Commission on the Rules and Organization of the State Duma;
  4. Interim Secretariat.

These decisions of the State Duma are formalized by resolutions.

Sessions of the lower house of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation are held openly and are covered in the mass media, except for the cases established by the Rules of Procedure of the State Duma, or in the event of a decision to hold a closed session by a majority of votes from the number of deputies present at the session. The President of the Russian Federation, the Chairman and members of the Federation Council, the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation and its members, as well as other persons listed in the Rules of Procedure of the State Duma, may attend closed meetings. Meetings of the State Duma are held separately from meetings of the upper house of the Federal Assembly, however, members of the Federation Council may attend meetings of the State Duma.

Decisions at meetings of the State Duma are made by voting (open or secret) at the rate of one vote per deputy. Voting can be secret and open (by direct voting). Each deputy votes independently, the governing bodies of political parties cannot force their members to vote for this or that decision. A session of the lower house of the Federal Assembly is competent if it is attended by a majority of the total number of deputies (226 deputies or more). At meetings of the State Duma are conducted:

  1. minutes (signed by the chairperson of the meeting);
  2. transcripts (subject to official publication, with the exception of transcripts of closed meetings).

The regulations of the State Duma establish periods for the work of deputies with voters, namely: every last week of the month.

The activity of the State Duma ends from the moment the work of the State Duma of a new convocation begins (its first meeting).

The Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation includes two representatives from each constituent entity of the Russian Federation, so the total number of members of the Federation Council should be 178, but this number is not fixed by law. The Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation is formed on the principle of parity representation of the subjects of the Russian Federation, according to which representation in the Federation Council is the right of each subject of the Russian Federation, none of them can be deprived of this right. The Federation Council consists of one representative each from the legislative (representative) and executive bodies of state power of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation. A representative of the legislative (representative) body of state power of a subject of the Russian Federation may be elected by the relevant body of state power of a subject of the Russian Federation for the term of office of this body, and if the legislative (representative) body of state power of a subject of the Russian Federation is bicameral, then elected in turn from each chamber for half the term powers of the relevant chamber.

The decision of the legislative (representative) body of state power of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation to elect a representative to the Federation Council is taken by secret ballot and formalized by a resolution of the relevant body. It takes effect immediately.

A representative of the executive body of state power of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation is a person appointed by the highest official of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation (head of the highest executive body of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation) for the term of his powers. The decision of the highest official of the subject of the Russian Federation on the appointment of a representative from the executive body of state power of the subject of the Russian Federation is formalized by a decree (decree) of the highest official of the subject of the Russian Federation, which must be sent within three days to the legislative (representative) body of state power of the subject of the Russian Federation. The decree of the highest official of the subject of the Russian Federation on the appointment of a representative in the Federation Council from the executive body of state power of the subject of the Russian Federation enters into force after approval by the legislative (representative) body of state power of the corresponding subject of the Russian Federation, if at its meeting on the consideration of this decree, it did not vote against its approval 2 /3 or more of the total number of deputies.

In accordance with Federal Law No. 113-FZ of August 5, 2000 “On the Procedure for Forming the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation”, a citizen of the Russian Federation at least 30 years of age who, in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, has the right to elect and be elected to public authorities, i.e., persons recognized as incompetent cannot be members of the Federation Council; engaged in any other activity, except for service in a government body; serving a criminal sentence in the form of imprisonment.

The decision of the legislative (representative) body of state power of a subject of the Russian Federation on the election and the decree of the highest official of the subject of the Russian Federation (the head of the highest executive body of power of the subject of the Russian Federation) on the appointment of representatives of the subject of the Russian Federation in the Federation Council shall be sent to the Federation Council by the bodies that adopted them no later than five days after entry into the Federation Council. the force of those decisions.

The term of office of representatives of the subjects of the Russian Federation in the Federal Assembly is not established by law, they are constantly reappointed by the highest officials of the relevant subjects of the Russian Federation, therefore, this period, as a rule, is equal to the term of office of the head of the represented subject of the Russian Federation. Since the Federation Council does not have a clearly defined number of members, the composition of the Federation Council is flexible, and new representatives of the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are constantly appointed.

The State Duma is a legislative body, which is one of the two chambers of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. The procedure for elections to it is established by federal law. And what is the State Duma? You will learn this from the article. So, let's begin.

General information

This is the legislative body, which everyone used to call abbreviated. Its full name is the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.

The work of this body is regulated by the Constitution of our country and federal laws. According to these documents, the Duma can adopt the following resolutions:

  1. On the approval of the bill.
  2. That the President agrees to the choice and appointment of the Chairman of the Government.
  3. On the dismissal or appointment of the Chairman of the Accounts Chamber, as well as half of the staff of auditors, the Commissioner for Human Rights and the Central Bank.
  4. About trust or distrust to the Government of our country.
  5. About the announcement of amnesty.
  6. About the accusations against the President of our country.
  7. Concerning the parliamentary inquiry.
  8. On sending representatives of the State Duma to the Constitutional Court.

But the Duma does not make its own decisions. She has a large number of institutions in her assistants, which provide invaluable assistance.

How Laws Are Considered

Since the State Duma is a legislative body of power, it is logical to assume that laws are also adopted by it. Who makes proposals for the adoption of laws? In the Duma, these may be deputies or members of the Federation Council. Laws can be submitted for consideration by the president of the country, the Supreme or Arbitration Court, commissions of the State Duma and its committees.

All submitted proposals and bills are considered by the State Duma. This also explains the fact that they process and accept documents in different ways.

It is important to know that an ordinary person cannot directly submit a law to the Duma for consideration. But it is quite possible to do this through an intermediary. The mediator is a deputy who is assigned to a particular territory of residence. An ordinary citizen should turn to that servant of the people who is in his area. If the problem is narrowly focused, then you can seek help from the committee on this issue.

Review procedure

The State Duma of the Russian Federation has its own review procedure, however, like any state body. The draft resolution must be submitted with the text of the request, statement or appeal. It is submitted to the Council, while it has a three-day supply. If, for example, a document ends up in the Duma on Tuesday, it will be considered only on Friday. During these three days, each deputy of the State Duma is obliged to familiarize himself with the document.

There are also many nuances that come from the principle of separation of powers. For example, consideration and decision-making on candidates for the post of Prime Minister. First, the president proposes a candidate, after which the Duma examines him from all sides. The State Duma has the right to reject a candidate, but the rejection cannot be indefinite, so there is a limit on refusals. If the candidate is not approved, then the president has the right to make a decision himself. Most likely, such a decision will be followed by the dissolution of the Duma and new elections.

The work of the Duma

The State Duma of the Russian Federation has limited functions and powers. But this is offset by the fact that the legislature has a great influence on the executive. For example, the State Duma has the right to express dissatisfaction with the government of the country. For this, a fifth of the deputies will be enough to express a certain point of view. After such a vote, discussion begins, during this period they try to find answers to all questions. This event takes place with the participation of the government chairman.

When everything is passed, the deputies begin to vote, voting can be secret or open. If the majority voted "for", then the decision is made, which was discussed at the meeting. When the decision was approved by vote, the next step is expected from the president. He needs to choose from two options - to refuse the decision of the Duma or to dissolve the government. If the president decides to challenge the Duma's decision, the latter has three months to vote again. In this case, the president is obliged to choose whom to dismiss - the legislative or executive branch.

Interaction between the President and the State Duma

A deputy of the State Duma has little powers, but for some reason it seems to the majority that the president has many times more powers. This is not true. The President also has limitations in actions. For example, in order to dismiss the Government, he must wait for the appropriate resolution from the State Duma - he cannot do this on his own. The same goes for reports. The government of our country does not contact directly with the president, all reports are held before the State Duma.

From the outside it seems that this is a rather complicated way of power, but, in fact, it is the only true one. Otherwise, society will come to totalitarian power, and no one knows how it will end.

In addition, the State Duma has the power to expedite the resignation of the president.

Functions

One of the functions of the State Duma is to influence the management of the Central Bank. But it is the Central Bank that influences the financial situation in the country. The State Duma decides who will be the chairman and who will be on the board of directors.

Periodically, the State Duma holds hearings during which the Central Bank reports on its actions. After that, the information is passed on to the government and the president.

Since the Central Bank is independent, the procedure for appointing or dismissing a position is complicated.

Summing up, we can say that the State Duma decides on personnel appointments and controls the quality of the work performed. As soon as the State Duma decides that people cannot cope with their work, it immediately removes them from their posts.

Elections

Elections to the State Duma are held every five years. This process is regulated by the Constitution of our country, or rather, the ninety-fifth and ninety-sixth articles. Elections are held under a mixed system and by secret ballot. In total, there are four hundred and fifty deputies in the State Duma, two hundred and twenty-five of whom are elected from single-mandate constituencies. The other half are elected by electoral federal district. Elections to the State Duma are held on a mandatory basis and do not have the right to cancel them.

Normally, the President announces elections four or five months in advance. If the State Duma was dissolved, then the head of the country on the same day sets the date for the elections to the Duma. When the president, for some reason, misses the date of the election, the Central Election Commission does it for him.

Who can be an MP

A capable person who is already twenty-one years old can become a deputy. In addition, persons located in places not so remote cannot apply for deputy, even if all other requirements are met.

A candidate for deputies can nominate himself, with the help of voters of some constituency or on behalf of electoral blocs and associations. Federal lists of candidates are put forward only by electoral blocs and electoral associations. Candidates do not have the right to use their official or official position, since during elections everyone should have equal rights.

A candidate can run only in one federal list and one constituency. To register a voter from a single-mandate constituency, you must have at least a percentage of signatures from the entire constituency. If we are talking about the federal list of candidates, then there should be at least two hundred thousand signatures. It is important that for the federal list, the candidate should not have more than fourteen thousand signatures from one subject of our country. Instead of a certain number of signatures, an electoral deposit can be paid.

Before registering, the candidate must provide information about his property and income. If all requirements are met, the Central Election Commission decides that the candidate must be registered in the federal list of candidates.

Registered candidates have equal rights and obligations and campaign on the same basis. Funds are allocated from the federal budget for holding and preparing elections. Any candidates, electoral blocs or associations must create electoral funds in order to finance the election campaign.

If the federal law is violated significantly, then the Central Election Commission may not accept the candidate or cancel the earlier registration. During the voting, the candidate has two ballots, one of them for the federal district, and the other for the single-mandate one.

Election results

Deputies of the State Duma of the Russian Federation are not considered elected if the majority of voters voted against all in a single-mandate constituency. And according to the federal one, when none of the candidates won five percent of the votes. If all electoral lists do not receive fifty percent, then the elections are also considered invalid. The Central Election Commission establishes the results of the elections no later than two weeks from the moment of voting.

When an election is declared invalid, its results are annulled and repeated elections are held. But the repeated procedure is not carried out if the deputy cannot be elected for more than a year before the expiration of the powers of the State Duma of the Russian Federation.

President elections

Another function of the State Duma. It adopts not only the legislation that determines the elections, but also forms the Central Electoral Commission. The commission should have fifteen members, and five of them are representatives of the State Duma. The next five are determined by the Federal Council, and the last five are determined by the president himself.

Thus, all branches of power are monitoring the election procedure at once, and they also prevent fraud by politicians who do not disdain anything.

Interaction with other authorities

The Federation Council of the State Duma is the upper house of the Federal Assembly. The activity of the Federal Council has certain peculiarities. It is very different from the activities of the State Duma. But their interaction leads to fruitful results.

So, we present to you below the functions of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly:

  1. The State Duma resolves issues related to trust in the executive body.
  2. Gives refusal or consent to the appointment of a person to the position of the Government Chairman of our country.
  3. Independently appoints the chairmen of the Accounts Chamber and the Central Bank.
  4. Announces amnesty.
  5. Becomes the initiator of the impeachment proceedings.

In the meantime, the Federal Council performs the following functions:

  1. Approves changes in the territorial boundaries of some subjects of the country.
  2. Declares military or state of emergency.
  3. Decides whether to use the army of our country outside of it.
  4. Calls for new presidential elections and his dismissal.
  5. Appoints judges at the Constitutional Court.

It would seem that they are completely different functions, but nevertheless they fruitfully work together. So, together happens:

  1. Making adjustments and discussing the adopted bills.
  2. Adoption and discussion of the budget for next year.
  3. Installation of taxation and the amount of tax and other fees.
  4. Ratification of documents of international level and solution of issues of peace and war.
  5. Decision on the status and position of the borders of the state.

As you can see, working together brings good results.

Structure of the State Duma

The Russian State Duma has its own structure. At the head is the Chairman of the State Duma. He is elected among all the deputies of the Duma by secret ballot. The chairman is elected if more than half of the deputies vote for him. Elections of the first deputy and deputy take place in the same way. This procedure is regulated by the Regulations of the State Duma. This document establishes that all three positions should be occupied by representatives of different parties and deputy groups.

The powers of the Chairman are very similar to those of the same position in the Federal Council.

The Council of the State Duma is a collegiate body that constantly operates. It was created in order to preliminarily prepare and consider organizational issues related to the activities of the chamber. The Council includes the Chairman of the State Duma, heads of deputy associations. The latter have a casting vote. Two Deputy Chairmen of the State Duma and chairmen of State Duma committees have an advisory vote.

The Council of the State Duma has the following powers:

  1. To form a draft draft program of bills for the State Duma for the session that is going on this moment.
  2. To form a draft calendar for the consideration of issues for the next month.
  3. Form a draft of the work of the State Duma for the next meeting.

Deputy associations

Deputies factions are formed in the State Duma. A faction is an association of deputies who were elected from the federal candidate list. This list should be admitted to the distribution of mandates of deputies in the State Duma.

Deputies who are not included in factions can create their own deputy groups. At the same time, it is necessary to register only those groups where there are at least thirty-five deputies.

And deputy groups and deputy factions have equal rights. It is important that a deputy can only be a member of one organization.

Commissions and Committees

This is the main structural formation of the State Duma. The committees consider preliminary bills that are within their competence. They are also preparing these projects for consideration in the State Duma. The committees are created for the period when the State Duma is working, that is, for five years.

Commissions are created in order to fulfill some specific task or for a certain period of time. After the need for them disappears, they bloom.

Both groups include deputies who will represent all factions in equal numbers. How many deputies will be included in this or that group is determined by the State Duma. However, even it has its limitations. For example, their number should not be less than twelve and more than thirty-five people.

All deputies, except for the top leadership (deputies and chairman) must be members of some committee of the chamber. Only one committee membership is allowed. The committees hold meetings, which must be held at least twice a month.

Conclusion

The article provided information about what the State Duma is and how it works. Of course, from the outside, everything seems very complicated, but if you set a goal, then you can figure it out.

Now, if you want to become an MP, you know what to do. First, you must be law-abiding and fully capable. Secondly, get ready for the fact that your property and income will be subjected to the most thorough scrutiny. How else, because the state must be confident in those people who pass laws. Thirdly, get ready for constant work. All these points are an integral part of the work of the deputy and they have to be considered.

If you want to live in a civilized state, and you want to, then start with yourself. As one said smart man: "It's not clean where they clean it, but where they don't litter." And indeed it is. After all, if every citizen obeys the law, then there will be much more order in the country. Therefore, if you want to participate in the life of the country, then run with pure thoughts and noble desires. There are enough dishonest people everywhere, but we really want to be surrounded only by people devoted to the state. Therefore, do not be afraid of anything and lead people, pass laws, but only from a pure heart and a sincere desire to help the country.