In this category of equipment are presented:,. Wood aging is carried out by brushing various wood blanks. The machines are designed to process wooden board, lining, parquet boards, window frames in order to highlight the wood structure.
Specialized machines most often used in the furniture industry. With their help, you can highlight the structure of wood for the production of parquet, lining, wooden boards or window frames. Devices of this category also allow high-quality metalworking of copper, steel and aluminum profiles.
A specialized machine is suitable for processing any materials made from wood. Moreover, it can also be used to work with some types of plastics.
There are several types of specialized machines:
- Wood aging equipment. The principle of operation of devices of this type is quite simple - artificial aging of the array occurs as a result of processing its surface with abrasive brushes. Depending on the model, the machine can be equipped with 1-4 working heads for fine / rough processing of products.
- Laser copying equipment. A 3D laser scanner is used to obtain three-dimensional models by scanning a prototype with a laser beam. Moreover, the prototype can be made from different materials, including wood, metal, plasticine, clay, plaster and foam. This type of technique can be used to create copies of products self made or details of interior items, designed according to an individual sketch. Laser copiers work by reading information from a reflected laser beam. The resulting code allows you to create a three-dimensional model, an exact copy of the original.
- Defect cutting and optimization machines are commonly used in joinery sawmills. Specialized machines are designed for cross cutting, trimming and sampling of defects that have appeared on the splicing lines. Such installations are characterized by a lot of advantages, the main of which are high productivity, affordable cost and modern design. The advanced design of the clamp of a specialized machine prevents the formation of chips on the workpiece.
Specialized machines from NEVASTANKOMASH
The NEVASTANKOMASH company offers specialized machines in a wide range. We have high-quality woodworking equipment from the world's best manufacturers.
Buy specialized machines from NEVASTANKOMASH for effective modernization of your production.
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- R2 / 300 - Wood aging machine (GRIGGIO, Italy) (Width and height of processing, 300 mm)
- The rest 13
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One of the signs of the classification of machine tools is the degree of their versatility. It characterizes the variety of parts and operations for which the machine is suitable. The greater this diversity, the wider the technological capabilities of the machine.
From this point of view, all machines are divided into 4 groups:
General purpose machines(wide-universal) - screw-cutting turning, vertical and horizontal milling, vertical and radial drilling, cylindrical grinding, etc.
General purpose machines with increased productivity- turret-turning, automatic and semi-automatic lathes, longitudinal and carousel-milling, centerless grinding, etc. (less versatile, have a smaller range of rotational speeds and feeds).
Machine tools for a specific purpose (specialized)- gear cutting, gear hobbing, turning and copying, etc. (for operations of one name, a certain type of parts).
Special machines- to perform only one operation in one technological process. Special machines are divided into two types: ordinary special and modular.
Aggregation is most widely used for machine tools of drilling and boring groups.
In some cases, a special machine is created by upgrading a machine of another group, then they are called specialized. For example, it turns a lathe into a copy-milling one (for processing the feather of a GTE blade), etc.
ENIMS developed a modern classification of machine tools. Detailed and target specialization, as well as the degree of equipment automation, are taken as the determining parameters of the classification.
When describing the detailed specialization of systems, it is considered appropriate to use the above terminology. According to the degree of automation, machines are divided into automatic, automated and non-automated.
In addition, machines are also divided into single-purpose and multi-purpose (this term appeared along with CNC machines).
The following classification feature is the accuracy of machine tools:
N - machines of normal accuracy - 16K20.
P - machines of increased accuracy, which is ensured by an increase in the quality of manufacture and assembly of machines of normal accuracy - 16K40P, 53A30P.
B - high-precision machines (special design of individual units and high requirements for the manufacture, assembly and regulation of the machine) - 3U10V.
A - machines of especially high accuracy (higher manufacturing requirements than in class B) - 16B16A, 3U10A.
C - especially precise machines - master machines (designed for the manufacture of parts for machines of classes A and B) - 2421C - coordinate boring.
Machines of classes B, A, C are operated in rooms with a constant temperature and humidity.
Technological processes are developed both in the design of new workshops and factories, and for existing workshops. In the first case, they are guided by the latest models of machines. In the second, a technological process is developed taking into account the available equipment.
When choosing equipment, you must be guided by the following:
- Technological purpose of machines - compliance with a specific operation.
- The dimensions of the machine, its power and the range of modes of its operation.
- The accuracy of the machine tool and the required precision in the manufacture of the part.
- The volume of output of products - the productivity of the machine.
- Equipment cost.
The nomenclature of machine tool quality indicators is described more fully in GOST 4.93-83.
Metal cutting machines depending on the type of processing , are divided into nine groups, and each group - into ten types (subgroups), characterizing the purpose of the machines, their layout, the degree of automation or the type of tool used. Group 4 is intended for electroerosive, ultrasonic and other machines.
The designation of the machine model consists of a combination of three or four numbers and letters. The first digit means the group number, the second number of the subgroup (machine type), and the last one or two digits are the most characteristic technological parameters of the machine.
For example:
- 1E116 means a single-spindle turret turning machine with the largest diameter of the processed bar 16 mm;
- 2H125 means vertical drilling machine with the largest conditional diameter drilling 25 mm.
The letter after the first digit indicates different versions and upgrades of the main base model of the machine. The letter at the end of the digital part means a modification of the base model, the accuracy class of the machine or its features.
The following indexing of CNC machine models has been adopted:
C - with cycle control;
F1 - with digital position indexing, as well as with a preliminary set of coordinates;
F2 - with positional CNC system,
FZ - with contour CNC system; F4 - with a combined CNC system.
For example:
- 16D20P - high precision screw-cutting lathe;
- 6R13K-1 - vertical milling console machine with a copier;
- 1G340PTs - turret lathe with a horizontal head, increased accuracy, with cyclic program control;
- 2R135F2 - vertical drilling machine with a turret, a cross table and a positional numerical control system;
- 16K20FZ - lathe with a contour numerical control system;
- 2202VMF4 is a multi-purpose (drilling-milling-boring) high-precision horizontal machine with a tool magazine and a combined CNC system (the letter M means that the machine has a tool magazine).
Special and specialized machines are designated by a letter index (of one or two letters) assigned to each plant, with the model number of the machine. For example mod. MSH-245 - high-precision lath grinding semi-automatic machine of the Moscow plant of grinding machines.
A metal-cutting machine (or more generally, a machine) is a technological machine on which, by removing chips from a workpiece, a part is obtained with given dimensions, shape, relative position and surface roughness. On machines, workpieces are processed not only from metal, but also from other materials, so the term “metal-cutting machines” becomes obsolete and becomes conditional. A blank is an object of labor, from which a part is made by changing the shape, size and properties of the surface. The latter is a product of labor - a product intended for sale (in the main production) or for the enterprise's own needs (in auxiliary production).
Machine tools can be classified according to different criteria, the main ones are discussed below.
According to the degree of versatility, universal, specialized and special machines are distinguished.
Universal machines(or general-purpose machines) are used to process parts of a wide range, limited only by the maximum dimensions, a set of tools and technological operations.
Specialized machines used for processing the same type of parts (pipes, couplings, crankshafts and fasteners) in a certain size range.
Special machines used to process one specific part, less often - several parts of the same type.
Specialized and special machines are mainly used in large-scale and mass production.
According to the degree of processing accuracy, machine tools are divided into five classes:
- normal accuracy(H); most universal machines belong to this class;
- increased accuracy(P); in the manufacture of machines of this class based on machines of normal accuracy, they place increased demands on the accuracy of processing critical parts, the quality of assembly and adjustment of the machine;
- high precision(B) achieved due to the special design of individual units, high requirements for the accuracy of parts manufacturing, assembly quality and adjustment of the machine as a whole;
- especially high precision(A), in the manufacture of which they impose even more stringent requirements than in the manufacture of class B machines;
- especially precise(C) machine tools, or master machines.
To ensure the accuracy of the machines of classes B, A and C, it is necessary to maintain constant, automatically controlled values of temperature and humidity in production rooms.
According to the degree of automation, mechanized and automated machines (automatic and semi-automatic) are distinguished.
mechanized machine has one automated operation, such as workpiece clamping or tool feed.
Machine, carrying out processing, produces all the working and auxiliary movements of the cycle technological operation and repeats them without the participation of the worker, who only observes the operation of the machine, controls the quality of processing and, if necessary, adjusts the machine, that is, adjusts it to restore the accuracy of the relative position of the tool and workpiece achieved during adjustment, the quality of the workpiece. (The cycle is understood as the period of time from the beginning to the end of a periodically repeating technological operation, regardless of the number of simultaneously manufactured parts.)
semi-automatic- a machine that operates with an automatic cycle, the repetition of which requires the intervention of a worker. For example, a worker must remove a part and install new blank, and then turn on the machine for automatic work in the next cycle.
According to the location of the spindle, the machines are divided into horizontal, vertical, inclined and combined.
Depending on the mass, light (up to 1 t), medium (up to 10 t) and heavy (over 10 t) machines are distinguished, among which one can single out especially heavy, or unique (more than 100 t).
The totality of all types and sizes of manufactured machines is called a type. To designate a mass-produced machine model, a classification developed by the Experimental Research Institute of Metal-cutting Machine Tools (ENIMS) was adopted, according to which all machines are divided into nine groups. Each group, in turn, is divided into nine types that characterize the purpose of the machine, its layout and other features.
The model of the machine is indicated by three or four digits, with the addition of letters in some cases. Thus, the designation of the screw-cutting lathe model 16K20P should be deciphered as follows: screw-cutting lathe (first two digits) with a center height (half of the largest processing diameter) of 200 mm, increased accuracy P and the next modification K. When designating machine tools with numerical control (CNC) add more letters and numbers, for example 16K20PFZ (FZ - numerical control of three coordinate movements).
To designate special and specialized machines, each machine tool plant is assigned an index of one or two letters, followed by the registration number of the machine. For example, the Moscow machine-tool building OJSC Krasny Proletary has an MK index.
test questions
- What is a metal cutting machine?
- How are metal-cutting machines classified according to the degree of versatility, accuracy, automation?
- Can you tell me the name of the machine model?
Special machines are created to process certain parts or even to perform only certain operations and are mainly used in mass and large-scale production. When designing a special machine, it is necessary:
a) to reduce to a minimum the main technological time, which is achieved by using the most advantageous designs of cutting tools, optimal cutting conditions, multi-tool processing;
b) reduce auxiliary time to a minimum - this is achieved by full automation of machine control;
c) to minimize the time spent on re-adjustment, which is achieved by using quick-change interchangeable tools and automation of re-adjustment.
Adjustment and adjustment of special stacks is carried out using interchangeable gears, interchangeable cams or copiers, which simplifies the design of the drive compared to a universal machine.
Special machines are made in one copy or in a small series, so the designer, in relation to single-piece and small-scale production, can more widely use welded structures instead of cast ones, processing of machine parts according to marking, etc.
Since special machines are used for the processing of specific parts, we must strive to create them reconfigurable using in their design units of already mastered machines.
Specialized machines occupy an intermediate position between universal and special machines. These machines with the help of interchangeable devices and fixtures in a relatively short term they can be changed to process another part of the same name, but with different sizes. Therefore, specialized stacks are special machines with the possibility of readjustment; they can also be attributed to universal machines of a simplified design.
When designing a specialized machine, it is necessary to take into account the design features of both universal and special machines. Specialized machines should be created on the basis of normal series of general-purpose machines with maximum unification of the main components and details.
In recent years, the requirements for accuracy and quality of the surface parts of most modern machines and instruments have sharply increased. Such high requirements can only be met by manufacturing parts on high-quality precision machines. Increasing the accuracy of machine tools is achieved by improving the design of individual elements and assemblies, increasing rigidity and vibration resistance, reducing thermal deformations, increasing the accuracy of manufacturing parts and the quality of assembling machine tools.
To increase the rigidity of the machines, you should:
a) create closed frame structures of machines;
b) use one-piece cast beds having a box-shaped shape with embedded partitions and diagonal ribs;
c) reduce the number of joints and improve the quality of their processing;
d) correctly design units in terms of rational distribution of loads in machines;
e) apply preload (preload) in mates and supports (especially spindle supports);
f) use roller guides with pre-pull:
g) increase the diameter of the spindle, reduce the length of its console;
h) use ball and hydrostatic screw pairs in the feed drive;
i) reduce the number of links in kinematic chains;
j) increase the rigidity of fastening tools;
k) use reliable fastening of moving parts during processing.
To improve the vibration resistance of machines, you should:
a) improve their static and dynamic characteristics;
b) to carry out the insulation of machine tools in order to reduce the influence of external disturbances transmitted through the base;
c) use various damping devices;
d) remove vibration sources from the machine - electric motors; pumps for hydraulic systems, lubrication and cooling systems, etc.;
e) use an adjustable electric drive to reduce the number of gears that can be sources of disturbances; especially good result!.! gives a thyristor drive having a low noise level;
e) use a split drive;
g) use high-precision bearings in the spindle bearings;
h) use helical gears instead of spur gears;
i) improve the accuracy of manufacturing gears and belt pulleys; use high quality endless belts in belt drives;
j) choose rational processing modes and tool geometry;
k) to balance the rapidly rotating parts of the machine and the electric motor;
l) improve the accuracy of manufacturing parts and the quality of assembly of machine tools, etc.
To reduce thermal deformations of machine tools, the following measures are taken:
a) create thermosymmetric designs of machine units;
b) use structures that provide compensation for temperature deformations;
c) remove sources of heat release from the flock (electrical equipment, hydraulic system tanks, emulsions and lubricants);
d) use intensive cooling of built-in drives;
e) reduce the loss of fluff in the drives;
e) select materials for mating with similar or identical coefficients of linear expansion, and also use materials with low coefficients of linear expansion;
g) place the table drive cylinder (or other assembly) next to the machine, and not under the table;
h) provide devices for cooling the oil of the hydraulic system;
i) artificially equalize the temperature zone of the stack by heating or cooling its individual parts, etc.
The accuracy and quality of the machine, in addition, are provided by:
a) the choice of a rational layout of the machine;
b) the right choice of materials and heat treatment for critical parts of the stack;
c) the use of rolling guides and hydrostatic guides;
d) use in feed chains and other units of gears with a device for selecting gaps;
e) the use of devices for the protection of steam;
c) the use of devices for fine cleaning of the coolant in order to increase the purity of processing;
g) the use of suction devices to remove dust from the zone of grinding and wheel dressing;
h) the use of wheel wear compensation mechanisms;
i) the use of digital size indication devices;
j) the use of means of automatic control of the dimensions of parts in the process of processing with automatic adjustment and size;
l) high-quality aging of the basic parts of the machine;
l) hardening and grinding of guides;
m) the use of more advanced methods of fine shabrepia guides;
n) raising the general culture of production.
The accuracy and roughness of surfaces processed on precision machine tools largely depend on the accuracy of the spindle bearings. Multi-carrier plain bearings are used in spindle assemblies of precision machine tools.
Rice. 90. Methods for creating a preload (dashed lines show angular contact ball bearings)
oil wedges (see figs. 77 and 78), hydro- and aerostatic bearings and special rolling bearings.
Rolling bearings. To eliminate the gaps between the rolling elements and the bearing rings and to increase the rigidity of the supports, a reciprocating preload is also used. To do this, bearing- I ^
This is a technological machine that is designed for cutting materials. The purpose of the machine is to obtain parts of a given shape and size (with the required accuracy and quality of the machined surface). On machines, workpieces are processed not only from metal, but also from other materials, so the term "metal cutting machine" is conditional.
According to the type of work performed, metal-cutting machines are divided into groups, each of which is divided into types, united by common technological features and design features.
Models of machine tools that are mass-produced are assigned a digital or alphanumeric designation. As a rule, the designation consists of three or four numbers and one or two letters. The first digit is the number of the group to which the machine belongs, the second is the number of the type of machine, the third and fourth characterize one of the main parameters of the machine or the part processed on it (for example, the height of the centers, the diameter of the bar, table dimensions, etc.).
The letter after the first or second digit indicates that the machine has been upgraded, the letter after the numbers indicates a modification (modification) of the basic model of the machine. If the letter is at the end of the model designation, then it indicates the accuracy class of the machine.
According to the degree of versatility, machines are divided into universal, specialized and special.
Universal machines are designed for processing a wide range of parts in individual and small-scale production. These machines are characterized by a wide range of speed and feed control. Universal machines include lathes, screw-cutting lathes, turret lathes, drilling, milling, planing, etc. (both manual and CNC).
Specialized machines are used to process parts of the same name, but different sizes. These include machines for processing pipes, couplings, crankshafts, as well as gear and thread processing, turning and backing, etc.
For specialized machines, a quick changeover of interchangeable devices and fixtures is characteristic; they are used in serial and large-scale production.
Special machines are used to process parts of the same name and size; they are used in large-scale and mass production.
In the designation of specialized and special machines, the manufacturer's index of one or two letters is entered before the model number.
According to the degree of processing accuracy, machine tools are divided into five classes:
H - normal accuracy; most universal machines belong to this class;
P - increased accuracy; machines of this class are manufactured on the basis of machines of normal accuracy, but the requirements for the accuracy of processing the critical parts of the machine, the quality of assembly and regulation are much higher;
B - high accuracy achieved through the use of a special design of individual components, high requirements for the accuracy of manufacturing parts, the quality of assembly and regulation of the machine as a whole;
A - especially high accuracy; for these machines, even more stringent requirements are imposed than for class B machines;
C - especially accurate, they produce parts for machine tools of accuracy classes B and A.
Machine tools of accuracy classes A, B and C are called precision (from French precision - accuracy). These machines are best used in temperature-controlled workshops, where temperature and humidity are controlled automatically.