Most recently, the 80th anniversary of the first pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin was celebrated. I will not talk about his biography, but will tell about the flight itself - how it went. So, as you remember, the event took place on April 12, 1961.
The rocket launch was scheduled for 09:07.
Landing - at 10 hours 55 minutes. The flight duration was 108 minutes.
The duration of the flight on the descent section was approximately 30 minutes.
Characteristics and flight parameters
During Gagarin's flight:
conducts a radio report and receives messages from the Earth;
records his impressions on a tape recorder;
controls the operation of the ship's onboard systems;
carries out trial manual control of the ship;
conducts observations through the portholes at its own discretion;
eats and drinks water;
conducts self-observation.
Before the flight, it was not yet known how the human psyche would behave in space, so special protection was provided so that the first astronaut, in a fit of insanity, would not try to control the flight of the spacecraft. To enable manual control, he had to open a sealed envelope, inside of which was a sheet with a code, by typing on the control panel it would be possible to unlock it. Gagarin constantly talked with Zorya, with designer Sergei Korolev about the operation of the rocket and his well-being, about how the Earth looks from space - he exclaimed: “How beautiful!”
The spacecraft carried out an orbit around the Earth with a landing at the beginning of the second orbit on the territory of the USSR. When creating the ship "Vostok", a number of not the best, but simple and quickly feasible solutions were chosen.
Some components were not created in time, as a result, we had to abandon:
1) emergency rescue systems at the start,
2) systems of soft landing of the ship.
In addition, a redundant braking system was removed from the construction of the Vostok-1 ship under construction. The latter decision was justified by the fact that when the ship was launched into a low 180-200 km orbit, it would, in any case, leave it within 10 days due to natural braking on the upper atmosphere and return to Earth. Life support systems were calculated for the same 10 days.
The Vostok booster worked without comment, but at the final stage the radio control system, which was supposed to turn off the 3rd stage engines, did not work. The engine shutdown occurred only after the backup mechanism (timer) was triggered, but the ship had already climbed into orbit, the highest point of which (apogee) turned out to be 100 km higher than the calculated one. Descent from such an orbit with the help of "aerodynamic braking" could take, according to various estimates, from 20 to 50 days, and air supplies would be enough for only 10 days. From the moment the braking propulsion system was turned on at 10:25 a.m., until landing, the spacecraft flew about 8,000 km.
The Vostok spacecraft moved in an elliptical orbit with the following parameters:
perigee height - 181 km;
apogee height - 327 km;
orbital inclination - 64.95o;
circulation period – 89.34 min.
The maximum speed of its flight was at perigee - 7843 m / s, i.e. 28.2. thousand kilometers per hour, the minimum flight speed for this orbit was 7671 m / s.
Return to Earth
The ship was equipped with a special catapult. At altitude, the hatch opened, and the powder charge "shot" the astronaut. At an altitude of 7 km, in accordance with the flight plan, Gagarin ejected, after which the capsule and the astronaut began to parachute separately (the other 5 ships from the Vostok series landed in the same way). After the ejection and disconnection of the air duct of the descent vehicle, the valve in Gagarin's airtight spacesuit did not immediately open, through which outside air should flow, so that Gagarin almost suffocated.
The last problem in this flight was the landing site - Gagarin could parachute into the icy water of the Volga. Yuri was helped by a good pre-flight preparation - controlling the lines, he took the parachute away from the river and landed 1.5-2 kilometers from the coast.
Due to a failure in the braking system, the descent vehicle with Gagarin landed not in the planned area 110 km from Stalingrad, but in the Saratov region near the village of Smelovka. The astronaut was wearing a bright orange spacesuit to make it easier to detect, because the fields were still covered with melted April snow.
The first people who met the astronaut after the flight were the forester's wife Anna Akimovna Takhtarova and her six-year-old granddaughter Rita.
[+] How was the first day of the space age of humanity
5.30. Climb.
6.50. Gagarin arrived at the launch pad.
7.10. Cedar (Gagarin). How do you hear me?
Dawn (Kamanin). I hear well. How do you hear me?
Cedar. I hear you well.
7.12. Dawn (Kamanin). Proceed to check the suit. How did you understand me?
Cedar. I understand you: start checking the spacesuit. In 3 minutes. Busy right now.
Dawn (Kamanin). I understood you.
7.18. Cedar. I finished checking the suit.
Dawn (Kamanin). I understood you. Check UKB connection.
7.21. Cedar. How can you hear me?
7.22. Dawn (Kamanin). I hear you perfectly. How can you hear me?
Cedar. I hear you very weakly, I have a light and sound transmission on the board. Obviously, there is a copying from the tape recorder. How was I understood?
Dawn (Kamanin). Understood, I hear you perfectly.
7.23. Cedar. I didn't understand you. Turn off the music, if possible.
Dawn (Kamanin). I understand you now. I hear you perfectly.
7.24. Dawn. How can you hear me? Transfer of music goes through the 2nd channel.
Cedar. Done. I hear you well.
Dawn. I understood you. On channel "2" reception is good, I can hear you well.
7.25. Cedar. I work at DEMSh (DEMSh - a dynamic electromagnetic tape recorder of a helmet). I give the score: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.
Dawn (Kamanin). I understand you perfectly, keep working.
Cedar. I understood you.
7.26. Cedar. Checking the connection. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. How do you hear?
Dawn (Kamanin). Understood you perfectly. I hear well. How can you hear me?
Cedar. I work on laryngophones. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.
Dawn (Kamanin). I understood you. I hear well.
7.27. Cedar. I hear you well. I work for DEMS. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. How did you understand?
Dawn (Kamanin). I can hear you perfectly. I understood you. Continue checking.
Cedar. I work on the microphone. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. How did you understand?
Dawn (Kamanin). I hear great. I understood you.
Cedar. Phone reception.
7.28. Dawn (Korolev). How do you feel, Yuri Alekseevich?
Cedar. I feel great. Checking phones and speakers went well, I turn to the phone.
Dawn (Korolev). Understood you. Things are going well for us, the car is preparing normally, everything is fine.
Cedar. Understood. I knew it.
Dawn (Korolev). I understood you well, everything is fine.
7.29. Cedar. I finished checking the connection. How did you understand? The initial position of the toggle switches on the control panel is predetermined. Globe at the place of separation, latitude north 63 degrees, longitude east 97 degrees, correction - figure 710, separation time - 9 hours 18 minutes 07 seconds; the mobile index PKRS (PKRS - a device for monitoring the descent mode) is in its original position, the first day, day. Cabin pressure - one, humidity - 65 percent, temperature - 19 degrees, pressure in the compartment - 1.2, pressure in the manual orientation system - 155, second automatic orientation - 157, pressure in the TDU cylinder (TDU - brake propulsion system) - 320 atmospheres. Feeling good, ready to start. How did you understand?
7.30. Dawn (Korolev). Understood you perfectly. I have received all your data, I confirm. Accepted readiness to start. Everything is going well for us.
7.32. Dawn (Korolev). How do you hear me? I need to convey to you.
Cedar. I hear you well.
Dawn (Korolev). Yuri Alekseevich, I just want to remind you that after a minute of readiness, about six minutes will pass before the flight begins. So don't worry.
Cedar. I understood you. Completely calm.
Dawn (Korolev). Well, great, great. After a minute of readiness, six minutes will be, so to speak, all sorts of things. I hand the phone to the chairman.
7.33. Dawn (Chairman). Yuri Alekseevich, how are you feeling, what's new with you?
Cedar. I'm alright. I check the systems. How did you understand?
Dawn (Korolev). Understood you well. The chairman heard you. Everything is going well with us.
7.34. Dawn (Popovich). Yura, how are you?
Cedar. As taught (laughter).
Dawn (Popovich). Well, okay, okay, come on. Do you understand who is talking to you?
Cedar. Understood: “Lily of the valley” (laughter. Cosmonaut Popovich P.R. is called “Lily of the valley”).
Dawn (Popovich). Now they will talk to you.
Dawn. I ask you, if you have time, to connect the "2" transmitters and talk, count down to about 20. If you have time, if you are not busy, let me know.
7.35. Cedar. I understand you. Now I will complete your task.
7.36. Dawn. When separating the toggle switch, take over.
Cedar. Understood you.
Dawn (Popovich). Understood you. That's right, Yura.
7.37. Dawn (Popovich). How do you hear?
Dawn (Popovich). I hear you perfectly. Yura, are you busy now?
Cedar. I am not very busy with work.
Dawn (Popovich). Found a continuation of "Lilies of the Valley". Understood?
Cedar. Got it, got it, keep going.
Dawn (Popovich). Let's sing tonight.
7.44. Dawn (Korolev). Everything is going great for us. How do you feel?
Cedar. I understood you. Everything is going well with me too, I feel good, now they will close hatch No. 1.
7.47. Dawn. How do you hear? I'm checking communications from the bunker.
Cedar. I hear you well. Speak a little quieter. How did you understand?
Dawn. You are understood.
7.50. Dawn. Pass it on. Did you work with one or both buttons?
Cedar. Worked with a button on the remote control. Now I work with the button on the control handle. Worked with both buttons. Do you hear well? How did you understand?
Dawn. Understand you. I can hear you both well.
7.52. Dawn. Check the usability of the memo. How did you understand?
Cedar. I understand you correctly, I'll check.
Cedar. I checked the use of the memo and the ability to read signals, everything is fine.
Dawn. Understood you. Well, great, well done!
7.54. Dawn (Popovich). Yura, you have a collective hello from all the guys. Now they had. How did you understand?
Cedar. Understood you. Thanks a lot. Give them my warmest regards.
Dawn (Popovich). Good.
7.55. Dawn. How can you hear me?
Cedar. I hear you well. Like me?
Dawn. I hear you well. Product preparation is going well. Everything is fine, Yura.
Cedar. Understood. Product preparation is ok. Me too. The state of health and mood is normal, ready for the start.
Dawn. Understood.
7.56. Dawn (Korolev). Yuri Alekseevich, how do you hear me?
Cedar. I hear you well, I know who I'm talking to.
Dawn (Korolev). Yuri Alekseevich, I want to remind you that I will not give the word “seconds”, but simply give numbers, approximately 50, 100, 150 and beyond. Understandably?
Cedar. Got it, thought so.
Dawn (Korolev). Good.
7.57. Cedar. I ask you to get in touch on the 20th (the 20th - Korolev).
Dawn (Korolev). 20th in touch.
Cedar. With a reliable connection on the active site, I ask you to report the time later or earlier up to the second of the start, if any.
Dawn (Korolev). Got you, got you. Your request will be fulfilled, Yuri Alekseevich.
7.58. Dawn (Korolev). Yuri Alekseevich, it happened to us: after closing the hatch, one contact didn’t seem to show that he was pressed, so we will probably remove the hatch now and then put it back on. How did you understand me?
Cedar. Understood you correctly. The hatch is open, the signaling devices are checked.
Dawn (Korolev). Well, great, good.
8.05. Dawn (Kamanin). The readiness of the hour has been announced. Continue to inspect the equipment. How did you understand?
Cedar. I understood you. An hour readiness has been declared. Everything is fine, I feel good, my mood is cheerful, I'm ready to start.
Dawn (Popovich). Got you perfectly, Yura.
8.06. Dawn (Popovich). Are you currently working at laring or DEMS?
Cedar. I work for DEMS.
Dawn (Popovich). Understand you.
Dawn (Kamanin). I'm checking the connection. How do you hear?
Cedar. I hear you well. Like me?
Dawn (Kamanin). I can hear you perfectly.
8.08. Dawn (Kamanin). Now the railroad cars are leaving. I wonder: do you hear or not?
Cedar. I don’t hear these cars leaving, it hurts a lot, I only hear you.
Dawn (Kamanin). Okay, I understand you.
8.10. Dawn (Kamanin). 50-minute readiness announced.
Cedar. I understand you: 50-minute readiness has been announced.
8.13. Dawn (Korolev). How do you hear me? Has the lid been put on yet?
Cedar. I hear you well. The lid is already, obviously, finished wrapping.
Dawn (Korolev). Understood you. We are fine.
Cedar. I'm fine too. Feeling good, cheerful mood.
Dawn (Korolev). Well, very well. Just inquired from Moscow about your well-being. We told them that everything is fine.
Cedar. Understood you. Transferred correctly.
8.14. Dawn (Popovich). Yura, don't you get bored there?
Cedar. If there is music, you can let it go a little.
Dawn (Popovich). One minute.
8.15. Dawn (Korolev). You can probably hear the noise now. It lowers the service platforms. All work on the farms is over. How did you understand?
Cedar. I understand you: they lower the service platforms, but I don’t hear the noise. I feel some fluctuations.
Dawn (Korolev). Understandable, understandable. Everything is fine. Station "Zarya", fulfill the request of "Cedar". Give him music, give him music!
Dawn (Popovich). You heard?
“Dawn” answers: I will try to fulfill your request. Let's have some music, otherwise it's boring.
8.17. Dawn (Popovich). Well, how? Is there music?
Cedar. There is no music yet, but I hope there will be now.
Dawn (Popovich). Well, did you hear the promise?
Dawn (Korolev). Well, they gave you music, no?
Cedar. Until they gave it.
8.19. Dawn (Korolev). Clearly, these are musicians: while there, while there, things are not done so quickly, as a fairy tale affects, Yuri Alekseevich.
Cedar. Dali about love.
Dawn (Korolev). Did you give music about love? This is sensible, Yuri Alekseevich, I think.
Dawn (Popovich). Yura, well, did they give music?
Cedar. Music was given, everything is fine.
Dawn (Popovich). Well, good, then you will not be so bored.
8.20. Dawn (Popovich). Yura, the guys are all very pleased that everything is fine with you and everything is fine. Understood?
Cedar. Understood. Hearty greetings to them. I listen to Utesov.
Dawn (Popovich). Come on, come on, listen.
8.25. Dawn (Korolev). Tightness checked - everything is normal, in perfect order. How did you understand? Cedar. You understand: tightness is in order. I hear and observe: the tightness was checked. They are rattling around a bit.
Dawn (Korolev). Well, that's great, all is well.
8.27. Dawn (Korolev). We just watched you on television - everything is fine, your appearance pleased us: peppy. How do you hear me?
Cedar. I hear you well. Feeling good, cheerful mood, ready to start.
Dawn (Korolev). Well, fine, fine. Everything is going well for us.
8.30. Dawn (Popovich). Yura, are you bored now?
Cedar. Good. They sing about love there.
Dawn (Popovich). How are you, Yura? We're fine, we're getting ready. It goes well here, without any hesitation, without anything. The guys are now going to Zarya.
Cedar. I understood you. Everything is fine with me too: calm, feeling good. Hello guys. All the time I feel their good friendly support. They are with me.
Dawn (Popovich). Well, good, good, Yura.
8.32. Dawn (Popovich). Yura, everyone here wishes you, everyone comes up and says to give you everything, a happy journey and everything, everything. Got it? Good luck. Everyone only wants the best for you.
Cedar. Understood. Thank you very much, thank you very much.
Dawn. Moscow was interested in your health and well-being. They said that you feel good, and that means you are ready for further business.
Cedar. Reported correctly. Feeling good, cheerful mood, ready for further work.
Dawn. Understood you.
8.33. Dawn (Kamanin). Take a starting position for registration of physiological functions.
Cedar. Starting position for registration of physiological functions took.
Dawn (Kamanin). I understood you.
8.35. Dawn (Kamanin). Now the installer will be removed. How did you understand?
Cedar. You understood: the installer will take away.
8.37. Dawn (Kamanin). The installer came out fine. How did you understand?
Cedar. Understood you. The installer came out fine.
8.40. Dawn (Korolev). Yuri Alekseevich, we are now moving this negotiation point from here, from the start to the bunker. So you will have a five-minute pause, and Nikolai Petrovich and Pavel Romanovich (Cosmonaut Captain Popovich P.R.) are moving into the bunker. I'll stay here until five minutes ready. But they will broadcast what I will say to them. Got me?
Cedar. I understand you: now from the start they go to the bunker, a five-minute break, then you will transfer through them.
Dawn (Korolev). Well, everything is fine: now we are setting aside farms, everything is going according to schedule, everything is going well on the machine.
Cedar. Everything is excellent too. How, according to medical data, does the heart beat?
8.41. Dawn (Kamanin). How can you hear me?
Cedar. Can I hear you well, how can I?
Dawn (Kamanin). I can hear you perfectly. Your pulse is 64, your breathing is 24. Everything is going well.
Cedar. Understood. So the heart is beating.
8.45. Cedar. What is the readiness now?
Dawn (Kamanin). 15 minute readiness. Reminder: wear gloves. How did you understand?
Cedar. I understand you: 15-minute readiness, put on gloves. I do.
Cedar. I put on gloves, everything is fine.
8.46. Dawn (Kamanin). I understood you.
8.48. Kedr. The tape recorder does not work for automatic and manual recording: obviously, the tape has run out. Please rewind.
Dawn (Kamanin). I understand you, I will pass the command. The tape is being rewound. Do you have a light bulb on?
8.50. Cedar. I understand you, there is a rewind. Let them rewind the whole tape.
Dawn (Kamanin). Got it, it's all right.
8.55. Dawn (Kamanin). Declared 10-minute readiness. How is your pressure helmet, is it closed? Close the pressure helmet, report back.
Cedar. I understand you: a 10-minute readiness has been announced. The helmet closed. Everything is fine, I feel good, I'm ready to start.
Dawn (Kamanin). I understood you.
8.56. Dawn (Kamanin). Readiness - 5 minutes. Set the volume to full. Full volume.
Cedar. I understand you: a 5-minute readiness has been announced, turn the volume up to full. Enter full volume.
8.58. Dawn (Kamanin). So far, so good. Take a starting position for registration of physiological functions.
Cedar. I understood you. Everything is going well, take a starting position for registration of physiological functions. He took the position.
9.00. Dawn (Korolev). We're fine. Before the start of our operations, there are still a couple of minutes before the minute readiness. How do you hear me?
Cedar. I hear you well. I understand you: there are still a couple of minutes left before the start of the operation. Feeling good, cheerful mood, ready to start, everything is fine.
Dawn (Korolev). Understood you, understood well.
9.02. Dawn (Korolev). Minute readiness, how do you hear?
Cedar. You understood: minute readiness. He occupied the starting position, took it, so he was somewhat delayed with the answer.
Dawn (Korolev). Understood you.
9.03. Dawn (Korolev). During the launch, you can not answer me. Reply when you get a chance, because I'll broadcast the details.
Cedar. I understood you.
Dawn (Korolev). Key to start! Purge is given.
Cedar. Understood you.
9.04. Dawn (Korolev). The key is on the drain.
Cedar. Understood you.
9.05. Dawn (Korolev). Everything is fine with us: the drain valves have closed.
Cedar. Understood you. Cheerful mood, good health, ready to start.
Dawn (Korolev). Fine.
9.06. Dawn (Korolev). There are pressurizations, the cable mast has moved away, everything is fine.
Cedar. Understood you, felt: I hear the operation of the valves.
Dawn (Korolev). Got you, okay.
9.07. Dawn (Korolev). Ignition is given, “Cedar”.
Cedar. Understood: ignition is given.
Dawn (Korolev). Preliminary… Intermediate… Main… Rise!
Cedar. Go! Noise in the cab is barely audible. Everything is going well, I feel good, my mood is cheerful, everything is fine.
Dawn (Korolev). We all wish you a good flight, everything is fine.
Cedar. Goodbye, see you soon, dear friends!
Dawn (Korolev). Goodbye! Until next time.
Cedar. The vibration becomes more frequent, the noise grows a little, the state of health is good, the overload grows further.
9.08. Dawn (Korolev). Time - 70 (70 seconds from the start).
Cedar. Understood you. 70. I feel great, I continue the flight, G-loads are growing, everything is fine.
Dawn (Korolev). 100. “Kedr”, how do you feel?
Cedar. Feeling good.
Dawn. (Korolev). In terms of speed and time, everything is fine. How do you feel? Cedar. I feel good. Vibration, overloads are normal. I continue flying. Everything is great.
Dawn (Korolev). Everything is in order, the car is running well.
Cedar. Finished the first step. Slept overload, vibration. The flight continues normally. I hear you well. Felt separation. The second step is working. Everything is fine.
9.10. Dawn (Korolev). Dropped the cone, everything is fine. How are you feeling?
Cedar. The head fairing has been reset. In the “Vzor” I see the Earth. The Earth is clearly visible. The overload is growing a little, the state of health is excellent, the mood is cheerful.
9.11. Dawn (Korolev). Well done, excellent! Everything goes well.
Cedar. Understood you. I see rivers. The folds of the terrain are well distinguished. Visibility is good. Everything is perfectly visible in the “Vzor”. Visibility is excellent. Good visibility. Feeling great. I continue flying. The overload, vibration grows a little. I'm getting through everything just fine. The state of health is excellent, the mood is cheerful. I observe the Earth through the Vzor window. I distinguish the folds of the terrain, snow, forest. Feeling great. How are you doing? I observe clouds above the Earth: small cumulus, and shadows from them. Beautiful. The beauty! How do you hear?
Dawn (Kamanin). We hear you perfectly, keep flying.
Cedar. The flight continues well. The g-forces are growing, the rotation is slow, everything is well tolerated, the g-forces are small, the state of health is excellent. In the window “Vzor” I observe the Earth: more and more it is covered with clouds.
Dawn (Kamanin). So far, so good. We understand you, we hear you perfectly.
9.12. Cedar. There was a shutdown of the second stage.
Dawn (Korolev). What is needed works. Final stage. Everything is fine.
Cedar. I understood you. I heard the inclusion, I feel the work. Feeling great. Visibility is good.
Dawn. I understood you.
Cedar. The flight continues well. The third step is working. TV is on. The state of health is excellent, the mood is cheerful. Everything is going well. I see the earth. I see the horizon in Vzor. The horizon is slightly shifted to the feet.
Dawn (Korolev). Understood you.
9.13. Dawn (Kamanin). Everything goes well. How do you hear? How are you feeling?
Cedar. I hear you perfectly. Feeling great, the flight continues well. I observe the Earth, visibility is good, everything can be distinguished, some space is covered with cumulus clouds, the flight continues, everything is fine.
Dawn (Kamanin). Got you, well done! Keep in touch very well. Continue in the same spirit.
9.14. Cedar. Everything works great, everything works great. Move on.
9.15. Dawn (Korolev). How are you feeling?
Cedar. I hear you very weakly, my mood is cheerful, I feel good, I continue the flight, everything is going well, the car is working normally. Right now the Earth is covered with more and more clouds. Cumulus clouds are covered with nimbostratus clouds. Such a film over the Earth, even the earth's surface becomes practically invisible. Interesting. Yes, now the folds of mountains, forests have opened up ...
9.21. Dawn. How are you feeling?
Cedar. Feeling great, continue the flight. The machine works great. Through the windows I observe the Earth, the sky, the horizon. The flight is going well. How did you understand me?
Dawn. Understood you.
Cedar. There was a separation, there was a state of weightlessness. In cylinders TDU-320 atmospheres. Feeling good. The mood is upbeat. I continue flying. I feel, I don't feel - I observe some rotation of the ship around the axes. Now the Earth has left the Vzor porthole. Feeling great. The feeling of weightlessness has a positive effect. It does not cause any such phenomena. Right now, the Sun is passing through the “Vzor” porthole, its light is a little harsh. The sun is leaving the mirror. The sky, the sky is black, the sky is black, but the stars are not visible in the sky. Maybe the lighting is interfering. I switch the lighting to work. TV light interferes. You can't see anything because of it.
9.25. Cedar. "Spring" - get in touch! How can you hear me? Zarya, can you hear me? “Spring” I don’t hear, I don’t hear “Spring” ...
Dawn. I understand you, I hear you satisfactorily.
Cedar. “Dawn”, I am “Cedar”, “Dawn”, I am “Cedar”, “Spring”, I am “Cedar”, “Spring”, I am “Cedar”. There was a separation with the carrier at 9 hours 18 minutes 07 seconds according to the task. Feeling good. “Descent-1” turned on. The moving index of the PCRS is moving to the second position. All windows of the PCRS are lit. Feeling good. The mood is upbeat. Cabin parameters: pressure - one, humidity - 65. Temperature - 20 degrees. The pressure in the compartment is one. In the manual system - 155. In the first automatic - 155, the second automatic - 157. In the TDU cylinder - 320 atmospheres. The feeling of weightlessness is well tolerated, pleasant. I continue flying in orbit. How did you understand?
9.26. Cedar. The flight is successful. The feeling of weightlessness is normal. Feeling good. All devices, the whole system works well. Here the object continues to rotate. The rotation of an object can be determined from the earth's surface. The earth's surface is moving to the left. The object rotates slightly to the right. Well! The beauty! Feeling good. I continue flying. Everything is going great. Everything is going great. There is no connection for “Dawn”, for “Spring”, for “Spring”. There is no connection with "Spring". What can you tell me?
Dawn. I can hear you well, the devices are working normally, I feel normal.
Cedar. I can hear you perfectly. The feeling of weightlessness is interesting. Everything floats. Everything floats. The beauty! Interesting! “Spring” I don’t hear, I don’t hear “Spring”. Feeling good, cheerful mood. Everything is fine. I continue the flight. Weightlessness is going well. In general, the whole flight is going well. The flight is going great. The feeling of weightlessness is normal. Feeling good. All devices, all systems work well. What can you tell me? I hear everything perfectly. What can you say about the flight? Dawn. There are no instructions from the 20th (Queen), the flight is proceeding normally.
9.27. Cedar. I understand you, no instructions are received from the 20th. Submit your flight details! Hello Blonde! (Astronaut senior lieutenant Leonov A.A. is named blonde)
Dawn. How do you hear me?
Cedar. I hear you well. Like me? Opened the porthole "Vzor". I see the earth's horizon. Comes up. But there are no stars in the sky. The earth's surface is visible. The earth's surface is visible through the window. The sky is black. And along the edge of the Earth, along the edge of the horizon, such a beautiful blue halo, which darkens with distance from the Earth.
9.30. Cedar. Can you provide your flight details?
Dawn. How can you hear me?
The Zarya connection was terminated, and the Vesna long-range radio communication system was put into operation.
9.47. Cedar. "Spring", how do you hear? The next reporting message was transmitted: 9 hours 48 minutes, the flight is successful, “Descent-1” is working normally. The mobile index PKRS is moving. The pressure in the cabin is one, the humidity is 65, the temperature is 20, the pressure in the compartment is 1.2. The pressure in manual - 150, the first automatic - 155, the second automatic - 155, in TDU cylinders - 320 atmospheres. Feeling good, cheerful mood.
9.49. Cedar. I don’t hear the earth. I am in the shade.
9.51. Cedar. Solar orientation turned on. Spring. I understood you.
9.53. Spring. The flight is proceeding normally, the orbit is calculated.
9.55. Cedar. I understand you, the flight is proceeding normally, the orbit is calculated.
9.57. Cedar. The mood is cheerful, I continue the flight, I am over America.
Spring. I understand you, you are over America.
10.04. Kedr. 10 hours 04 minutes. I am in the shadow of the Earth. I'm sending you another report. I'm at my peak. Works "Descent-1". Solar orientation works. Cabin pressure unit. Humidity - 65 percent. The temperature is 20 degrees. The pressure in the compartment is 1.2. In manual orientation - 155. The first automatic - 150. The second automatic - 155. In the TDU cylinder - 320 atmospheres. Feeling good, cheerful mood. The flight is successful. How did you understand me? Spring. I understood you.
10.06. Cedar. Attention! I see the earth's horizon. Such a beautiful halo. First, a rainbow from the very surface of the Earth and down. Very beautiful. Everything went through the right porthole. I see the stars through the Vzor, as the stars pass by. A very beautiful sight. The flight continues in the shadow of the Earth. In the right porthole I am now observing a star. She passes from left to right along the porthole. The asterisk is gone. He's leaving, he's leaving.
10.09. Cedar. Attention, attention! 10 hours 09 minutes 15 seconds. Came out of the shadow of the Earth. Through the right porthole "Vzor" you can see how the Sun appeared, the object rotates. Obviously, the solar orientation system is working. Right now I am observing the Earth in the “Vzor”. Watching the Earth. I'm flying over the sea. It is quite possible to determine the direction of movement over the sea. Now I'm moving on the right side. The direction over the sea can be determined. It is quite possible to orient the object.
Spring. I understood you.
10.18. Cedar. “Spring”, I am “Cedar”, “Spring”, I am “Cedar”. 10 hours 18 minutes. The second team is gone. The pressure in the orientation system is 120 atmospheres. The pressure in the TDU cylinder is 320 atmospheres. Feeling good, the flight is going well. How did you understand? Reception. All systems work well.
Spring. I understood you. The second command passed, everything is fine.
10.24. Cedar. “Spring”, I am “Cedar”. The flight is successful. Feeling great. All systems work well. At 10:23 the pressure in the cabin is one. Humidity - 65. Temperature - 20 degrees. The pressure in the compartment is 1.2. In the manual system - 150. In the first automatic - 110. In the second automatic - 115. In the TDU cylinder - 320 atmospheres. Feeling good. I continue flying. How did you understand?
10.30. The brake propulsion system was turned on, and the ship went downhill.
10.55. Cosmonaut Yu.A. Gagarin landed near the village of Smelovka, Saratov region.
10.59. A group of specialist surveyors arrived at the landing site. At the landing site, a post was erected with the inscription “Do not touch! April 12, 1961, 10:55 Moscow time.
11.06. By car Yu.A. Gagarin went to the location of the summer camp of specialists and immediately called Moscow, reporting a safe landing.
14.30. The appeal of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and the Government of the Soviet Union to the Communist Party and the peoples of the Soviet Union was broadcast on the radio! To the peoples and governments of all countries! To all progressive mankind!
began long before man was there. Many people remember those times when seeing the planet Earth or visiting the moon was something from the fantasy world. Today, every student knows the date April 12, 1961 - flight of the first man into space. This event, which was watched by the whole world, is connected with the name of the Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, his flight lasted 108 minutes.
It was a colossal success for Soviet scientists, the beginning of the history of the development of the territory of weightlessness, the whole country was waiting for Gagarin's triumphant return home. After all, no matter how well the astronaut was prepared, no one knew exactly what was happening outside our planet. Year of the first space flight knows the whole world, and April 12 has been an official holiday ever since.
The history of the study of outer space is the most striking example of the triumph of the human mind over the once recalcitrant matter. The first object that was able to fly into the Earth's orbit was created 50 years by the standards of the historical chronicle, this is quite a bit. Until made the first flight into space Yuri Gagarin, the textbook Belka and Strelka have already been there, whose return no one expected. But it took place, and the shaggy ones returned home.
The flight took place in August 1960 on the fifth satellite, during the day the animals managed to fly around the planet 17 times. It was no coincidence that white dogs were chosen - the image on the screens was black and white, so contrast was required in order to observe the behavior of Belka and Strelka. They developed a special system for training dogs, they had to get used to wearing a vest and calmly respond to surveillance sensors. Most of all, scientists were worried about how the state of weightlessness would affect the body, and it was impossible to answer this question while on Earth. This honorable task faced the shaggy astronauts.
8 months later it happened first manned flight into space. Directly before Gagarin, in March, a dog named Zvezdochka flew there. There were also future cosmonauts at the launch of the ship to make sure that the object was completely ready for a successful human flight. Senior Lieutenant Gagarin also studied the technique. After it took place first manned flight into space new discoveries were made every year.
I must say that Belka with Strelka and Yuri Gagarin are far from the first living creatures to conquer the territory of weightlessness. Before that, the dog Laika had been there, the flight of which was being prepared for 10 years and ended sadly - she died. Flying into space and turtles, mice, monkeys. The brightest flights, and there were only three of them, were made by a dog named Zhulka. Twice she launched on high-altitude rockets, the third - on a ship that turned out to be not so perfect and gave technical failures. The vessel was unable to reach orbit, and the decision to destroy it was considered.
But again there are malfunctions in the system, and the ship returns home ahead of schedule by falling. The satellite was discovered in Siberia. No one hoped for a successful outcome of the search, not to mention the dog. But having survived a terrible accident, hunger and thirst, Zhulka escaped and lived another 14 years after the fall.
Gagarin in space. How it was
Day 12 April 1961 - began first space flights man, he became a frontier and divided the history of the development of weightless space into two periods - when a person only dreamed of the stars and the time of conquering the "dark" territory. Gagarin started as a senior lieutenant, landed in the new rank of major. Baikonur Cosmodrome, launch pad No. 1, at exactly 9:07 Moscow time, the Vostok-1 spacecraft set off with the first person on board. It took 90 minutes to fly around the planet Earth and cover 41 thousand km.
Yuri Gagarin's first space flight took place, he landed near Saratov and since then he has become one of the most revered and famous people on the planet. It must be said that the astronaut had to experience a lot in flight, he was well prepared, but even the most approximate conditions at home during training cannot be compared with what actually happened. The ship tumbled repeatedly, had to endure a lot of overloads, there were failures in the system, but everything ended well. Thus, the Soviet Union won the space race with the United States.
The first manned flight into space: the most interesting
A simple Soviet guy, Yuri Gagarin, did a real feat, it was he who accomplished first flight into space this one brought real success to the young man, now he will remain forever in the hearts of people with his famous "Let's go!" and a wide, kind smile. Do we all know about this flight? There are many facts that were carefully hidden from the Soviet public until recently.
- Valentin Bondarenko could have become the first cosmonaut, but literally two weeks before the launch of the ship, he died during a fire in the pressure chamber.
- Before entering the Earth's atmosphere, there was a failure in the automation responsible for separating the compartments, so the ship tumbled for 10 minutes.
- Landing in the Saratov region was not planned, Gagarin missed by 2800 km. The first who met the astronaut were the wife and daughter of a local forester.
- When selecting dogs for flight into space, preference was given exclusively to females, since they did not raise their legs during a small need.
- Gagarin's first flight into space could end tragically, so he wrote a farewell letter to his wife, in case he did not return. Therefore, it was given not in 1961, but in 1968 after a plane crash in which the astronaut died.
German Titov was physically better prepared for the flight, but the competitor's charisma played a key role here. Despite the fact that the Americans did their best to assign the title of discoverer to themselves and disputed year of the first manned space flight arguing that they used to be there, all their judgments are unfounded.
”collected 26 amazing facts about astronautics that you most likely did not know.
1. The fathers of modern cosmonautics are an "enemy of the people" and an SS man.
Wernher von Braun is a German, and since the late 1940s, an American designer of rocket and space technology. In the US, he is considered the "father" of the American space program. He surrendered to American troops in 1945 in Germany, after which he began working for the United States. In Nazi Germany, he was a member of the National Socialist Party and an SS Sturmbannführer.
Sergei Korolev is a Soviet scientist, designer, chief organizer of the production of rocket and space technology and rocket weapons of the USSR and the founder of practical astronautics.
In 1938 he was arrested on charges of sabotage. According to some reports, he was tortured - both his jaws were broken. On September 27, 1938, Korolev was sentenced by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR to 10 years in labor camps and 5 years of disqualification. In 1940, the term was reduced to 8 years in labor camp (Sevzheldorlag), and in 1944 Korolev was released. The father of Russian cosmonautics was fully rehabilitated only in 1957.
2. The Chinese cosmonautics was also created by the "repressed".
The father of Chinese astronautics, Qian Xuesen, received his higher education in the United States and returned to his homeland only because of the "witch hunt" unfolding in American society and the subsequent disgrace.
3. The first monument to manned cosmonautics.
At the landing site of Yuri Gagarin near the village of Smelovka in the Saratov region on April 12, 1961, the arriving military set up a sign. More precisely, they dug in a pillar with a sign, where it was written: “Do not touch! 12.04.61 10:55 Moscow time time".
Astronauts have many rituals necessary for a successful launch into space and return to Earth. In particular, it is imperative to pee on the wheel of the bus carrying them to the launch pad.
It is believed that the founder of the tradition was Yuri Gagarin, who asked to stop the car in the Kazakh steppe on the way to Baikonur. By the way, female astronauts also honor this tradition - they take a jar of urine with them, which they splash onto the wheel.
5. Why astronauts watch "White Sun of the Desert" before the flight.
Soviet and Russian cosmonauts have another interesting tradition - before departure, they watch the film "White Sun of the Desert". It turns out that this tradition has a logical justification. It was this movie that was shown to the cosmonauts as a standard of camera work - by its example they were explained how to work with the camera and make a plan.
Another version: after the death of three Soyuz-11 cosmonauts, the Soyuz-12 crew was reduced to two people. Before the start, they watched the film "White Sun of the Desert", and after a successful mission, they said that Comrade Sukhov became an invisible third member of the crew and helped them in difficult times. Since then, viewing this tape has become a tradition for all Soviet and then Russian cosmonauts. By the way, astronauts from other countries are also forced to watch this film before launch from Baikonur.
6. Gagarin's shoelace was not untied.
Newsreel footage captured the meeting of Yuri Gagarin after the first space flight in Moscow, and most of all, his untied shoelace was remembered by many.
In fact, it was not a lace, but a sock puller. Previously, socks were made without elastic bands and braces were worn on the calves so that the socks did not slip. Gagarin's rubber band came loose on one leg, and the iron buckle hit his leg very painfully. This was told by the son of Nikita Khrushchev Sergei in an interview with the BBC.
7. On the cathedral of the XII century there is a figure of an astronaut.
In the carving of the cathedral of the Spanish city of Salamanca, built in the 12th century, you can find the figure of an astronaut in a spacesuit. There is no mysticism here: the figure was added in 1992 during the restoration by one of the masters as a signature. He chose the astronaut as a symbol of the twentieth century.
8. An American woman has been waiting for a space flight for 22 years.
Barbara Morgan was selected to participate in the NASA Teacher in Space program in 1985, but did not make her first space flight until 2007.
9. People don't snore in space.
In 2001, an experiment was conducted that showed that snorers on Earth do not snore in space.
If you cry in space, tears will remain in your eyes and face.
Georgy Ivanov (Kakalov)
The names of the astronauts, which seemed discordant to the Soviet authorities, were changed. The first Bulgarian cosmonaut Georgy Kakalov had to become Ivanov, and the Pole Hermashevsky - Germashevsky. The understudy of the Mongolian cosmonaut Zhugderdemidiin Gurragcha initially bore the surname Ganhuyag, but at the insistence of the Soviet side he changed it to Ganzorig.
12. There is a monument on the moon.
The only monument on the Moon is the Fallen Astronaut. This is an aluminum sculpture depicting an astronaut in a spacesuit, lying prone. The figurine is located in the Hadley-Apennines region on the Moon, at the landing site of the crew of the Apollo 15 spacecraft on the southeastern outskirts of the Sea of Rains. Installed on August 1, 1971 by Apollo 15 commander David Scott.
Next to it, a plaque is stuck into the ground, perpetuating the names of eight US astronauts and six USSR cosmonauts, who by that time had died or died. The author of the sculpture is the Belgian artist and engraver Paul van Heydonk. Since then, the Fallen Astronaut remains the only art installation on the Moon.
13. Some even took their wife into space.
American astronauts Jan Davis and Mark Lee are the only married couple to have flown into space together. They were part of the crew of the Space Shuttle Endeavor, which flew in September 1992.
14. People in space grow 5 cm.
NASA astronaut Scott Kelly (pictured), who returned in early March 2016 from the ISS to Earth, as it turned out, grew more than five centimeters in 340 days spent in space.
But not only Kelly, but in general all people in weightlessness grow by about three to five centimeters. On Earth, gravity presses on the spine, but in space this does not happen, and it straightens out to its full length. A person on board the ISS, as a rule, grows by three percent.
15. The wife does not let her husband into space.
Charles Simonyi became the first two-time space tourist, having flown to the ISS in 2007 and 2009. He recently got married, and his marriage contract, among other things, contains a ban on flying into space for the third time.
16. Astronauts learn to go to the space toilet on Earth. Because it's hard.
To use the space toilet, you need to sit on it exactly in the center. The correct technique is practiced on a special layout with a camera.
17. Instead of a dog, likes in space proposed to send blacks?
The book The Third Side of the Dollar by A. Laurinciukas, a correspondent of the Rural Life newspaper in the USA, published in 1968, tells the following story.
“The dog Laika was sent into space, knowing in advance that she would die. After that, a letter came to the UN from a group of women from Mississippi. They demanded to condemn the inhuman treatment of dogs in the USSR and put forward a proposal: if for the development of science it is necessary to send living beings into space, in our city there are as many Negroes as you want for this.
This story is most likely a propaganda fiction, but it is still widely cited as a well-known fact, usually without reference to the book of the Rural Life journalist.
18. You can't take a bath in space.
In space, it is impossible to take a bath; for hygiene, wet sponges and napkins are used. It is also problematic to brush your teeth - you just have to swallow the foam from the toothpaste.
19. A Russian got married while in space.
Cosmonaut Yuri Malenchenko, shortly before flying to the ISS in 2003, proposed to Ekaterina Dmitrieva, an American of Russian origin, whose mother worked at NASA.
While at the station, he received a notification from Mission Control that his mission was being extended by several months. The newlyweds decided not to wait for the groom to return and had a wedding, looking at each other through the monitors. Roscosmos did not approve such an act, since Malenchenko, who had access to state secrets, had to obtain permission to marry a citizen of another state in the prescribed manner on Earth, but subsequently he participated in space expeditions more than once.
20. The filmmakers invented the countdown.
The countdown that invariably accompanies the launch of space rockets was not invented by scientists or astronauts, but by filmmakers. The countdown was first shown in the 1929 German film Woman in the Moon to build up tension. Subsequently, when launching real rockets, the designers simply adopted this technique.
21. There is a bell on the ISS.
There is a bell on the International Space Station. He gets hit every time there is a change of commander.
22. The first Belgian astronaut received a title of nobility.
51-year-old Dirk Freemouth made his only flight into space on March 24 - April 2, 1992 aboard the shuttle Atlantis (STS-45) as one of two payload specialists. After the space flight, Freemouth was granted the title of viscount.
Portraits of the pioneers of Soviet cosmonautics were placed on the walls of the first Soviet space station Mir, and then on the ISS.
After some time, the portraits of Gagarin and Korolev, according to this photo, were either moved to another place or removed altogether. Apparently, there was not enough space for the icons.
24. The most expensive hyphen in history cost $135 million.
In 1962, the Americans launched the first spacecraft to study Venus, Mariner 1, which crashed a few minutes after launch. First, the antenna on the device failed, which received a signal from the guidance system from the Earth, after which the on-board computer took control.
He, too, could not correct the deviation from the course, since the program loaded into it contained a single error - when transferring instructions to the code for punched cards, in one of the equations a dash was missing above the letter, the absence of which radically changed the mathematical meaning of the equation. Journalists soon dubbed this dash "the most expensive hyphen in history." In terms of today, the cost of the lost device is $ 135 million.
25. Hero of the Soviet Union, the only Syrian cosmonaut - Assad's opponent.
The first and only Syrian cosmonaut Mohammed Ahmed Faris made an eight-day flight on the Soyuz spacecraft in 1987.
On August 4, 2012, the Hero of the Soviet Union fled to Turkey and joined the opposition, supporting the Free Syrian Army, which is waging war against President Bashar al-Assad. In February 2016, he accused Russia of killing 2,000 Syrian civilians.
One of his sons is named Mir (Mir) in honor of the Soviet orbital station.
26. Size names for space urinals had to be changed.
American astronauts on the Apollo spacecraft peed in containers, wearing them like condoms. These pieces came in a variety of sizes, originally named "small", "medium", and "large". However, after the astronauts, regardless of their anatomy, chose only the large size, the labeling was changed to "large", "giant" and "incredible".
On April 12, 1961, an event took place that will remain in the memory of all subsequent generations of people. It was on April 12, 1961 that a man made the first flight into space in history. This flight was performed by Yuri Gagarin. It became possible only thanks to the selfless work of Soviet scientists and engineers. Yuri Gagarin's flight into space was made on the Vostok spacecraft, whose weight was 4730 kg. Vostok was launched into space using a three-stage launch vehicle. The maximum distance of the ship's orbit from the Earth's surface was 327 km.
The question is often asked about how long Gagarin's flight lasted. It did not last long - only 108 minutes. However, the air and food supplies on board the Vostok would allow spending 10 days in space. During this flight, some of the most important tasks were resolved:
- testing of all ship systems;
- study of the impact of weightlessness on the human body;
- study of the impact of flight on the psychological and physiological state of a person.
During the flight, many difficult situations arose. There was a failure on the communication line, the tightness sensor did not work, the aggregate compartment did not separate for a long time, the spacesuit jammed. The only stage of the flight that went as planned was the ejection of the cosmonaut and his subsequent successful landing at a short distance from the spacecraft.
Gagarin landed near the village of Smelovka, search services found him just 1 hour later. At the end of the flight, the first man in space was awarded the rank of major.
In Moscow, Gagarin was waiting for a solemn meeting, however, it was not originally planned. Initiated it personally. Gagarin was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union and Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR. After the solemn meeting, the first cosmonaut attended a press conference with foreign journalists. Gagarin made many foreign trips. He visited Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Finland, England, Poland, Egypt, France.
Yuri Gagarin passed away early, at the age of 34. The last flight of Gagarin, made together with Seregin on March 27, 1968, ended tragically. The reason for the death of Gagarin and Seregin, according to the official version, was a sharp maneuver to evade the Charzond. But there are many alternative versions, such as bad weather, design flaws in the aircraft, and a deliberate imitation of a disaster by the pilot.
Gagarin's first flight into space was made in the conditions of a tough confrontation between the USSR and the USA, socialism and capitalism. He confirmed the superiority of Soviet science and technology, thereby demonstrating the power of the Soviet Union. The flight of the "Vostok" is an impetus for the development of many scientific and technical industries. It was hailed by the world community as the greatest accomplishment in human history.