The types of worldviews are very diverse, because pluralism now dominates in society, that is, "how many people - so many opinions." You don't have to be a philosopher to find yourself in life. The need for self-determination is necessary for any thinking individual, but it can be realized in different ways: on the basis of emotions, thoughts, upbringing or traditions. It is these factors that determine the types of worldviews. So what is it?
View of the world
The concept and types of worldview is a deep philosophical topic. First of all, we need to understand what we are dealing with. In general terms, a worldview is a search for the basis of vital human self-affirmation. The individual is aware of reality, his uniqueness, difference and unity with the rest of the world. Worldview, its types and forms - this determines a person's idea of himself and his environment, this is a set of concepts about his relationship with the world, about his place in this world and about his destiny. This is not just a set of knowledge, but an integral psychological, spiritual and intellectual education, since a person not only receives knowledge about certain world laws, but also evaluates them, “passes” through himself. This is a synthesis of a number of intellectual and spiritual formations: knowledge, desires, intuition, faith, values, attitudes, beliefs, principles, ideals, life norms, stereotypes, hope, motivation, goals, and more.
Typology
The types and types of worldviews are not just possible varieties. For classification, it is necessary to identify typical features. Based on this, different ideological views are already being developed. A person's worldview is a complex structure, and its typology, in comparison with the usual list, is much more capacious and logically justified as a way of getting acquainted with the goal of further, more detailed study.
Varieties of classifications
First of all, there is a classification by structure. The types of worldviews in this typology are as follows: fragmentary, contradictory, integral, internally consistent and inconsistent. There is also a division according to the degree of adequacy of the interpretation of reality: realistic, fantastic, distorted and adequate to reality. There is an interesting classification in relation to higher entities (their denial or recognition) - skeptical, agnostic, atheistic, religious (theistic). The types of worldview are also typified according to social characteristics, according to cultural and historical regions, and so on. In fact, any person who is interested in questions of philosophy can make their own adjustments to the classifications and even derive new types.
Functions
Worldview, its types and forms play a very important role in the life of any person. Functionally, this is such a form of spiritual knowledge that integrates a person into this world, gives life guidelines. Often, a worldview is formed spontaneously: a person is born, assimilates certain ideas and beliefs through his parents, environment, social connections, and so on. It is the development of one's vision that allows a person to become himself, to know his "I" - this is the main function.
Varieties
Worldview is a universal phenomenon, since it is characteristic of every person in a normal state. Roughly speaking, it may be absent in the mentally ill, in people with serious mental illness, in newborns. It is the character that is common to all people that predetermines a huge variety of different views, since individuals see themselves and the world as a whole in different ways. The type of worldview is a certain category, which combines a set of similar parameters and features. It also has a historical character and is clothed in socio-cultural forms. The main types of worldviews: mythological, everyday, scientific, philosophical, artistic and religious. They are arranged in this order not because there are some bad and good, higher or lower. The order is completely random. As we see, there is different types world view, table with brief characteristics which are presented below.
Ordinary
This type of worldview is a reflection of the circumstances of everyday life, awareness of the own characteristics of the existence of each individual separately and the uniqueness of people as a whole. These are the lessons of society and life itself, which is why they are so convincing and clear. Other types of human worldview are not so based on everyday experience. The social nature of the individual is expressed here most clearly, and carries the experience of generations, the traditions of the people. It is at this level that there ethnoscience, rituals and customs, folklore, which speaks of many values expressed and enshrined in national characteristics one ethnicity or another. The concept and types of worldview are largely based on the peculiarity of the ordinary subtype - common sense. It is he who is reflected and generalized in folk sayings and proverbs, but one must distinguish between prejudice and wisdom.
mythological
The types of worldviews of people affect not only the social aspect of life, but also the individual-spiritual one. The word "myth" is of Greek origin and means "tradition". The mythological worldview is one of the earliest forms of world description, which developed from a tribal primitive society. All civilizations had their own mythology - the Babylonians, the Greeks, the Egyptians, the Slavs, the Germans, the Celts, the Hindus, and so on. All the main types of worldview, speaking in general terms, "grew" from these religious and mystical ideas of our ancestors. All mythologies can be characterized by common features:
- they reflect the dependence of people's lives and their activities on the forces of nature and sacred objects;
- people personified natural phenomena, that is, endowed them with the properties of the human psyche (the ability to be upset and happy, sympathize and get angry, help, harm, forgive and take revenge), thus mastering these forces, understanding them better;
- the personification of the forces of nature and phenomena ended in polytheism (polytheism) - all mythologies included pagan beliefs as an important component.
What is reflected in this type of worldview? Mythology is a source of information about ancient peoples, it contains important scientific problems. It is she who is the source and arsenal of rich means for creativity. This is the richest and most powerful layer of human culture.
religious
Worldviews would be incomplete without religious overtones. Scientific atheism considered this term as a combination of belief in the presence of supernatural beings, primitive cults of primitive peoples, world religions (Muslim, Christianity and Buddhism), pagan beliefs. This definition was very convenient for criticism. In theology, there is a distinction between real (true) and imaginary (false) religion. Imaginary are, for example, pagan mythological beliefs. Theological terminology is vulnerable from the point of view of simple logic, but there are also correct thoughts. The term "religion" itself comes from a Latin word that means "conscientiousness". That is why the religious worldview is based not on belief in the supernatural, but on spiritual and moral values (pagan beliefs were deprived of them). For example, in Christianity, among the "commandments of beatitude" (the main spiritual qualities for any believer), one can single out conscience - "purity of heart." Similar moments can be found in other religions. In monotheism, God is presented as the sole creator of the whole world, and also as the bearer of all spiritual, moral, moral and ethical values and perfections.
Scientific
Such types of worldviews as scientific and atheistic were developed in the nineteenth century by Engels. He predicted that in the near future, dizzying successes in the knowledge of the laws of nature would allow the scientific view to dispense with natural philosophy, develop its own picture of the world, and then supplement and refine it. This is exactly what happened: revolutions in chemistry, biology, physics, the emergence of "smart technology" - cybernetics, space exploration, the ideas of Einstein, Tsiolkovsky, Sakharov, Vavilov, Vernadsky, Feynman and others significantly increased the potential of science in the worldview context. Now there is a purely scientific picture of the world - how it arose, how it developed, how it works on different levels(mega, micro and macro), what are the basic laws of its being and existence. Naturally, there are still many questions, and theories are often multivariate and hypothetical, but there are already a large number of objective patterns. The main value of the scientific worldview is the laws of nature, society, physics, chemistry. Such a person seeks to know everything and bring it under a logical justification - both his own view and other types of worldview. A table with mathematical data, a formula, a graph - all this is a kind of sacred symbol for this kind of people.
artistic
There are such types of artistic worldview: the artist's own vision of the surrounding reality, the realization of the credo of a creative person in works of art, the experiences and impressions of perceiving people. One feature of art - the ability to express the individuality of a person - was once exploited by existentialism. Creativity does not just copy individual characteristics, it expresses them as a manifestation of the aesthetically beautiful and meaningful in reality. It is thanks to art that a person is spiritually enriched, absorbs the idea and feeling of beauty. The beautiful is not always "bodily beautiful." It is the artistic worldview that considers life as an ideal of beauty and the most valuable thing that any person has. The life goals of a person with such views are far from ideological, commercial, political, advertising, educational, educational. However, it turns out that art can strongly influence a person's emotions, and elements of creativity are often used in the above areas of life.
Novosibirsk College of Electronics
Course "Social Studies"
Man's worldview
Fulfilled
student 122 groups
Prudnikov S.G.
Checked
Cherepanova E.V.
Novosibirsk 2003
Introduction ................................................ .............3
1.What is a worldview? .......................................four
2. What is the outlook? ................................four
3. Three main types of worldview .............................................. 5
3.1 Ordinary worldview……………………….5
3.2 Religious worldview……………………...6
3.3 Scientific outlook...............................................................7
4. Consciously formed worldview .............................. 8
5.Society and the formation of a worldview .............................. 8
5.2 Totalitarian society...............................................8
5.1 Democratic society...............................................9
6. Worldview of our era .............................................. 9
7. Conclusion………………………………………………..10
8. List of literature used .............................. 13
Introduction.
No two people in the world have the same skin patterns.
fingers, no two people have the same fate. Each person is individual and unique. No two people
with the same spiritual world. But does this mean that
nothing unites it with another?
Of course no. People are united by a lot: homeland,
place of residence, position in society, language, age.
But what unites - it also separates: people can
be a different place of residence, a different place in life
society, another language, age. The spiritual world also has
uniting and separating people: spiritual inte -
answers, life positions, value orientations, level
knowledge. Analysis of the monuments of spiritual culture of all stages
development of mankind, as well as the analysis of the spiritual world
of our contemporaries, shows that one of the most important -
The main element is the worldview.
1.What is a worldview?
In the simplest, most common sense
worldview is the totality of a person's views on
the world that surrounds him. There are other words that are close to the worldview: worldview, worldview. All of them
suggest, on the one hand, the world that surrounds
person, and on the other hand, what is associated with the activity
person: his sensations, contemplation, understanding, his
vision, view of the world.
The worldview is different from other elements of the spiritual
the world of man by the fact that it, firstly, represents co-
battle the views of man are not on any particular side
the world, namely the world as a whole. Secondly, outlook
represents the attitude of a person to the world around him: he is afraid, whether a person is afraid of this world, or he
lives in harmony, in harmony with him?
Thus, worldview is a complex phenomenon of spirits -
nogo world of man.
2. What is the outlook?
First of all, we note that the worldview of a person is but -
sits a historical character: each era of human is -
torii has its own level of knowledge, its own problems,
facing people, their approaches to their solution,
their spiritual values.
We can say: how many people, so many worldviews.
However, this would be incorrect. After all, we have already noted that
dey not only separates something, but also unites the community
homeland, language, culture, history of their people, property -
venous position. People are united by school, character
education, general level of knowledge, common values. Poe -
it is not surprising that people can have similar, about -
positions in the consideration of the world, in its understanding and evaluation -
The classification of worldview types can be time -
personal. Thus, in the history of philosophy, there are several approaches to the development of worldview attitudes. Some of them give priority to God (theocentrism) or nature (nature-centrism), others give priority to man (anthropocentrism), or society (sociocentrism), or knowledge, science (knowledge-centrism, science-centrism). Sometimes the worldview is divided into progressive and reactionary.
3. Three types of worldview
It is common to distinguish the following types of world carriers -
vision: everyday, religious, scientific.
3.1 Ordinary world view
Ordinary worldview arises in a person's life in
the process of his personal practical activity, therefore it is sometimes called worldly outlook. views
man in this case are not substantiated by religious arguments or scientific data. It is formed spontaneously
especially if a person was not interested in worldviews -
some questions in an educational institution, did not study independently -
philosophy, did not get acquainted with the content of religion -
oz teachings. Of course, one cannot completely exclude the influence of
knowledge of religions or the achievements of science, for a person is constant -
but communicates with different people; tangible and impact
public media. But the transformation
the everyday, everyday basis is fine. Ordinary world carrier -
vision is based on direct life experience
of a person - and this is its strength, but it makes little use of the experience
other people, the experience of science and culture, the experience of religious
consciousness as an element of world culture - this is its weakness -
Ordinary worldview is very widespread,
because the effort educational institutions and pastors of the church
often touch only the very surface of the sphere of spirits -
human life and do not always leave a noticeable
3.2 Religious outlook
Religious worldview - a worldview, the main of which is the religious teachings contained in
such monuments of world spiritual culture as the Bible,
Koran, holy books of Buddhists, Talmud and some others.
Recall that religion contains a certain picture.
world, the doctrine of the destiny of man, commandments, for example -
influencing the formation of his particular way of life,
for the salvation of the soul. Religious outlook is also
advantages and disadvantages. To his strengths can
attribute a close connection with the world cultural heritage,
focus on solving spiritual problems
human needs, the desire to give a person faith in
the possibility of achieving the set goals.
The weak sides of the religious worldview are -
there is intransigence towards other positions in life, not -
sufficient attention to the achievements of science, and sometimes their
ignoring. True, in recent times many gods
words express the idea that theology faces
the task of developing a new way of thinking,
“on proportionality
God to the changes given by science and technology.” But on -
yet theologians cannot say with certainty, “which
it is the type of consent that can be established between labo-
a stool and a church pew.”
3.3 Scientific outlook
Is the legal heir to that direction of the world
Philosophical thought, which in its development is constantly
Based on the achievements of science. It includes the scientific picture of the world, the generalized results of the achievement of human knowledge, the principles of relationship
human beings in natural and artificial environments.
The scientific worldview also has advantages and disadvantages -
stats. The advantages include its solid justification -
ness of the achievements of science, the reality contained in it
goals and ideals organic connection from production and
social practical activity of people. But you can't
turn a blind eye to the fact that a person has not yet taken pre-
having a place. Man, humanity, humanity
it is truly a global problem of the present and future.
The development of this triad is an inexhaustible task, but inexhaustible
the scooping of the task does not require removal from it, but us -
perseverance in solving it. This is the dominant owl -
belt science, designed to enrich the worldview.
Turn to man, humanity, humanity if he
becomes comprehensive, may become decisive
ennobling factor for all types of worldview -
nia; then their main common feature will be humanistic
orientation.
Such a worldview is most promising for the figure -
of people striving to carry out the development of society along the path of scientific, technical, social and environmental
no progress, but humanity is still in the very
on the way to a broad mastery of its fundamentals.
Consciously shaped mindset
In society, there has long been a conscious striving -
to develop a holistic and justified worldview,
within the framework of which the whole history of man would be comprehended -
quality, its cognitive and transformative activity -
ness, culture and value orientations. Mi development -
outlook usually follows a certain tradition,
based on one direction or another in philosophy. Consciousness -
striving to develop a holistic worldview
manifest different social groups of people, polit -
political parties, which see in it the basis not only of their own
spiritual unity, but also programs of concrete actions
for the transformation of society.
A worldview of this type can be built on the most
different philosophical foundations.
It can be both religious and non-religious, with -
than in the first case, its development is carried out with
swarm on theology. For example, they are radically different
from each other existentialist and positivist philo-
sophia, religious and atheistic philosophical concepts -
Society and worldview formation
Today, all sane people admit that everyone
a person should be free to choose his miepovoz -
vision. However, he cannot be free from social
relations, and therefore his choice depends not only on
himself, but also from the society in which he lives.
totalitarian society
In totalitarian social structures, a single world -
outlook lays the foundation for the entire educational system -
themes, culture, media. And man
under these conditions, it is very difficult to actually
free choice.
Democratic society
In a democratic society, the choice of worldview is -
is a personal matter of every citizen without any
restrictions.
The same applies to worldview.
the basis of program documents of public organizations
The state only ensures that they do not contain -
calls for violence, for the violent overthrow of
the existing building. At the same time, the state itself
responsibility to provide everyone with conditions for
mastering fundamental knowledge about nature, social
you, man, necessary for free and conscious
choice of a system of values, worldview positions.
Worldview of our era (XX century)
The scale of scientific technical progress and development
education in our time is simply incommensurable with the fact that
took place in the XVIII - XIX. We can say that the social world in which we live was created on the basis of science. Industry, agriculture, transport,
means of communication, information support, health care -
knowledge, culture, education, our way of life are simply unthinkable
without the use of scientific knowledge. Today science is everywhere
more than 5 million people are engaged in the world, while by the beginning of the 19th century. there were only about a thousand scientists.
Unprecedented scale of development of education in our
Even in the last century, the vast majority of people could not read and write. And by the end of the 20th century, more than
80 percent of the world's population has become literate. Today at
developed countries legislate universal
secondary education and about half of the graduates of Wednesdays -
of these schools continue their studies in higher educational institutions.
Continuing education is being actively implemented, accompanied by -
giving a person his whole life.
Modern ideas about the world have developed entirely on
The basis of the achievements of science of the XX century.
The theory of relativity has radically changed our pony -
mania of spatio-temporal relations, and quanto -
vay mechanics - causal relationships.
Modern cosmology has drawn an amazing story -
evolution of the Metagalaxy, which took place over 20 billion years, revealed the unity and integrity of the cosmos,
manifested primarily in the relationship of the foundation -
tal physical interactions.
biology revealed molecular bases life processes
activity, penetrated the secrets of the transmission of hereditary
information, skillfully combined the ideas of evolution and genetics
into a synthetic theory, on the basis of which it was possible to understand
mechanisms of formation and change of species of living organisms -
Synergetics has proved that self-organization processes can occur not only in the living world, but also in the non-living world.
Mathematics, chemistry, computer science, linguistics, psychology
and other sciences have also made a significant contribution to modern
scientific picture of the world.
We have every reason to say that in none of the past -
for centuries, man's understanding of the world has not undergone
such significant changes as a result of the development of science,
as in our 20th century.
No matter how diverse worldviews are today
orientation of people, there is still something very important in
modern culture, with which all sane people agree
inhabitants of the planet.
It is for our time that the universal recognition is characteristic -
the values of democracy and human rights, its economy -
political and political freedom, freedom of conscience and choice
worldview orientations.
The most important concern of every country today is the creation -
giving an efficient economy, receptive to scientific -
technological progress, quickly responding to the
inferior needs.
Now, it seems, many already understand that this task is
which country can only decide on the way to create a market,
which should become an organic part of the world market -
night economy.
Now everyone is aware of the enormous importance of science not only for the practical activities of society, but also for its
spiritual life, for the formation of the modern world -
views.
Education is of particular value in our time. The prospects for the development of society are associated with it, it is all in
take more into account when developing
various kinds of strategic social programs.
The most important characteristic of the spiritual culture of our
time is the awareness of the integrity of the modern world -
ra, the fundamental impossibility of any country once -
wiggle in isolation.
An integral part of the picture of the world are today
global problems expressing deep-seated counter-
speech modern stage single historical process.
Today, the vast majority of people have
allergic to any manifestations of dogmatism, reduced trust
to politicians.
A high appreciation of science is bizarrely combined with a wide
the spread of superstitions and modern myths, often
dressed in scientific clothes. eleven
As F. Tyutchev wrote, “no matter what life teaches us, but the heart believes in miracles.”
Our contemporaries are concerned about the growth of the spiritual
apathy and moral nihilism. No matter how parodok -
greasy, but in our dynamic, interconnected, us -
In a world full of information, a person often feels himself
lonely.
And finally, most people on the planet are covered by three -
wow for the future. This feeling causes first of all heads -
ny problems of our time:
How to reduce social injustice
in relations between people and nations?
Will their solution be found soon?
How can humanity survive?
Apparently, these problems will persist for a long time.
Bibliography:
1. I.P. Farman. “Theory of knowledge and philosophy of culture”. M., “Science”, 1986
2. N.K. Vakhromin. “The theory of scientific knowledge of Immanuel
Kant". M., "Science", 1986
3. S.V.Arutyunov, N.G.Bagdasariyam “Man and Society”
Since ancient times, people have been interested in the arrangement of the world around them, determined their place in it and their attitude both to each other and to themselves. Such a worldview or attitude determined the life position of a person, his behavior and aspirations. Learn more about what a worldview is in this article.
What is the human mindset?
Man is a rational being, capable of thinking and predicting the consequences of his actions, looking for means to achieve his goals. All this determines his world outlook. Natural instincts, experience, scientific and practical activities form a system of views, assessments and a figurative representation of the world. The functions of the worldview are in the organization, meaningfulness and purposefulness of the individual's activity. That is, the worldview is determined by beliefs, life position and moral and ethical values.
How is a worldview formed?
The general picture of the world is formed in the process of education, training and socialization in society. In general, the formation of a worldview is a very slow and stepwise process and depends on the quality of individual knowledge. Young people with insufficient experience and knowledge have an unstable worldview, which makes them an easy target for various manipulators - politicians, representatives of religion, etc. As they grow older, the system of life values is strengthened, determining the behavior of the individual and acting as a guide to action.
Worldview, its types and forms
There are certain components of worldview:
- Knowledge. They can be scientific, professional and practical. This is the first element of any worldview. The larger the circle of knowledge, the firmer the life position.
- The senses. The types of worldview manifest themselves in accordance with the subjective reaction of a person to external stimuli. Depending on the mental state, the reaction can be both positive, and associated with joy and pleasure, and negative, concluded in sadness, grief, fear. There is also a moral aspect - it is duty, responsibility.
- Values. The concept of worldview is closely related to values. They can be significant, useful and harmful, but they are perceived through the prism of one's own goals, interests and needs.
- deeds- positive and negative. So a person in practice shows his own views and ideas.
- Beliefs- firm, strong-willed. This is a combination of personal and public views, which are a kind of engine and the basis of life.
- Character- will, faith, doubt. Based on the ability for independent and conscious actions, trust in others and self-criticism, a worldview is formed and developed.
Philosophical worldview
It is defined as system-theoretical. It differs from the mythological worldview in the high role of reason: if the myth uses emotions and feelings as a support, then philosophy uses logic and evidence. This type of attitude studies the forces that rule the world. Philosophy and worldview arose simultaneously in ancient india, China and Greece. At the same time, a worldview can exist outside of philosophy, but philosophy itself forms a worldview. Philosophical knowledge is elitist and not available to everyone. Rare pundits are fond of him.
Religious worldview
It arose on the basis of the mythological and is based on the belief in supernatural forces. As religious movements developed, many mythological features went into oblivion, and rigid dogmatism and a system of moral precepts remained. Worldview types that include piety and holiness imply dependence on higher powers. At the heart of this worldview lies the fear of the unknown. A holistic religious outlook was formed when indisputable systems of dogmas appeared, commandments that determined the sinfulness and holiness of certain thoughts and actions.
Mythological worldview
This type was formed in the conditions of primitive society, when the figurative perception of the world was the basis. Mythology is closely connected with paganism and acts as a set of myths, spiritualizing material objects and phenomena. Such a worldview of a person is implicated in the sacred and profane, but faith is at the core. According to tradition, a follower of such a worldview is able to rise to the level of a god, and all the myths that have developed were useful from a practical point of view and were a guide to action.
Scientific outlook
This worldview arose as the opposite of the mythological and religious. The scientific picture of the world is based on the concepts of law and regularity. The main types of worldview - mythological and religious - are based on fictitious, arbitrary and supernatural reasons, and science develops in the course of complication of work, solving practical problems. Such a progressive worldview provides an opportunity to draw new knowledge from previously acquired knowledge. Rationality, transferred to religion and mythology, gave impetus to the development of philosophy.
Ordinary worldview
Such a worldview is formed by itself in each person and is the core of common sense. Features of the worldview are that partly its development depends on genetic heredity. In the course of parenting, communication with friends and relatives, contact with environment values, priorities and attitudes are formed, which, by puberty, acquire the features of a well-defined worldview. The most important in this process are the features of the native language and the degree of its assimilation, as well as labor and tool activities.
Historical outlook
In history, the types of worldview remain the same - these are mythological, religious and philosophical. For those who are interested in what kind of worldview there is, it is worth saying that the first was a myth - a fictitious plot, a fruit of the people's imagination. Religion is closely related to mythology: both of them presuppose the presence of a mythological system and provide for the basis of myths on faith. Philosophy is a special way of cognition, because what is a worldview is a theory or a science that studies the fundamental principles of being and cognition.
How to change the worldview?
The perception of the world is capable of undergoing changes in the course of a person growing up, acquiring new knowledge. It often happens that after some event people completely change their lives and views on it. Inveterate atheists become church-going people, while experienced businessmen drop everything and retire to some quiet place. The worldview of the individual can be improved, strive for moral ideals learning new things, communicating with different people, traveling. It is necessary to read a lot - psychological, philosophical literature.
The worldview of modern man
During the collapse of the USSR, an ideological crisis arose, which was the result of the collapse of ideals and new ones that did not have time to form. In the era of consumption, characteristic of the present, such moral guidelines as duty, honor, responsibility have lost their meaning. “You deserve it” - everyone hears from the TV screens and strives to match. The modern worldview in the era of globalization is to reduce the importance of national culture and the alienation of its values.
Man began to see the meaning of life in obtaining pleasure. The connection with the native land, ancestors is lost, relations in marriage, the principles of raising children have become different. At the same time, everything appears large quantity people who recognize the need for change. The worldview in psychology has become more humanistic. A person wants to be in nature and other people. There are a growing number of temples, charitable foundations and environmental organizations.
Books that change the worldview of a person
- Brazilian writer Paulo Coelho . Of particular interest are works titled "Alchemist", "Pilgrimage".
- Books that change the worldview are written by many experts in psychology. Among them Louise Hay, which helped many to survive negative emotions, change their thinking and even heal from some ailments, because what is a worldview is a system of values, and it can be changed if it worsens the quality of life.
- Another author - Alex Baihou. His labor "The Habit of Being Happy" is a short self-development course that teaches you how to manage your habits in order to achieve the goal of happiness.
- In his manuscript "White Book" Viktor Vasiliev cites psychological techniques that provide an opportunity to change oneself as a person, because what a worldview is is your “I”, but if you make only a few strokes to your own, you can change your outlook on life.
Conventionally, all types of worldview are divided into two groups: socio-historical types and existential-personal.
Already been described before. One has only to refresh the memory: a worldview is a set of concepts, beliefs, values about life, about the person himself, about his position in life.
Worldview types and life goals
From what worldview we use - we set the corresponding life ones (), and, accordingly, according to the type of our idea of \u200b\u200bthe world - we choose a way to realize such a goal.
Unhappy and unsuccessful people usually take the goal from one context of worldview, and the path to it from another. Happy and successful people- the goal and the path to it are in the same coordinate system (in the same context of their worldview).
Types of worldview, historical and social
Formed in chronological order. It is very good to understand what is the difference - knowing the history of all mankind. From the Stone Age to the present day. In each period of time, the principles that lay in each of these types of worldview were reflected.
Another curious fact: humanity has developed - and its thinking has developed, its worldview has changed. And exactly the same happens with the development of the child. That is, in fact, every person - growing up, develops his worldview by choosing the appropriate goals.
Archaic type of worldview
This is the early ideas of mankind about the world, about the man himself in it.
It is characterized by the fact that realism and fantasy are not separated from each other in it. These two concepts merged in the form of early beliefs: animism, fetishism, toteism. There is no clear division from one's "I" and the world around. As such an understanding of "Soul" does not exist at all. At the same time: all living things are endowed with life, like a person: from stone to the sun.
Life goals are not formed consciously: it is to please yourself and other animate beings (sacrifice, rituals, idols ....)
Mythological type of worldview
At this turn of history, there is a clear separation of "oneself" from the outside world. And if there is “I”, then there is “He”, whose actions, thoughts may not coincide with mine. From such views there is already a confrontation (confrontation).
This is the era of cults and pantheons of gods. Just as life itself is full of confrontation and competition for a place under the sun, myths are born about exactly the same confrontation between the gods.
Life goals are already acquiring a clearer structure and meaning: to be with the Powerful of this world, to have power ... to achieve the favor of a certain god or person ...
Religious
Even more 
her division of the world. What is this world and that world. The concepts of soul, spirit and body appear. to the God of God, to Caesar what is Caesar's.
The concept of faith appears - in the invisible, without a critical analysis of the latter. Ideas common to all religions: about the creation of the world by God, about the concepts of good and evil, about the consequences of not following certain rules of conduct.
Life goals - according to the concept of faith that a person professes - "correct" actions and thoughts in her understanding.
Philosophical type of outlook
With an increase in knowledge about the person himself and about the world around him, a collapse (critical mass) occurs when this knowledge needs to be rethought. This is how different schools of philosophy are formed.
If knowledge is rethought in the context of such a school, then it is believed that the philosophy is the same, but it develops... If the contradiction with the old school is obvious, a new philosophical trend is formed.
Life goals in this context are personal growth, self-development, self-actualization, the search for truth…
Exponential-personal types of worldview
It is formed according to the growing up of the person himself. From uncritical, not separating yourself from mom to teenage existential crisis… plus overlap external environment influence.
At the heart of every person's worldview lies collective image from many different worldviews. It can be either a harmonious combination of philosophy, faith and traditions, or various ideological laws are perceived as axioms without much criticism.
Take the previously described types - mix something from the bottom into a bunch, there you have it modern man such a person.
The goals will be different depending on which concept of the worldview dominates ... The most interesting thing happens: when the goals are in one plane, and the paths to them are in another ...
Dogmatic
Dogma is not critical, but conscious adherence to rules and laws, according to some worldview.
Following the goals - according to the dogmas and rules.
Reflex
Reflexes - subconscious adherence to some rules. If the mind still takes part in dogmas, in reflection it is following the principles and rules without the participation of consciousness, reflexively, impulsively.
In the whole position, reflection plays an inconspicuous but sometimes very significant role.
The right choice of goal, according to the type of worldview
Many of these types of concepts are firmly woven into our consciousness.
Some examples are before and now.
Archaic type: before - frank worship of idols (everything alive), now - baubles, beads, talismans .... bringing good luck, the concept of many New - "the universe is alive" ...
Mythological type of worldview: earlier - worship of the pantheon of gods: Zeves, Veles, Iris ..., now - from chelling (obtaining sacred knowledge from unearthly forms of being) to the influence of stars, the concepts of fate and karma, implicit and subtle worlds.
If a person doesn’t succeed, it’s impossible to achieve success, here is the answer why this happens:choosing a goal not from your type of worldview.
The fact is that changing your vision of the world is quite difficult, but choosing the right one corresponding to the type of worldview, the goal is quite simple. Only its purpose will bring! From other people's, not your own, goals, you will only be unhappy ...
Good luck to you, and the right goals!
Philosophy is the science of the most general laws of development of nature, society and human thinking. This is the doctrine of the world as a whole and of man's place in it.
The subject of philosophy- considers the most important connections in the "world-man" system.
Great difficulties are presented by the question of defining the subject matter of philosophy. This problem, which arose at the dawn of the existence of philosophy, causes controversy at the present time. Some authors considered philosophy as the love of wisdom, as the science of wisdom, while others as "the desire to comprehend many things" (Heraclitus). Historically, the subject of philosophy has changed, which was caused by social transformations, spiritual life, the level of scientific, including philosophical knowledge.
Purpose of philosophy- the search for the destiny of man, ensuring his existence in a bizarre world, and ultimately in the elevation of man, in ensuring his improvement. The general structure of philosophical knowledge consists of four main sections: ontology (the doctrine of being), epistemology (the doctrine of knowledge), man, society.
Throughout its history, philosophy has considered and resolved the following Problems:
the problem of the object and subject of philosophy. The object of philosophy is the world as a whole, which gives a general view of the world. The subject of philosophy is the laws, properties and forms of being, acting in all areas of the material and spiritual world.
2. The problem of the fundamental principle of the world. This is the problem of the material or spiritual, ideal fundamental principle of the world. 3. The problem of the development of the world. This problem is the formation of methods of cognition of the world, which approach the question of its development in different ways. 4. Problems of cognizability of the world. This is the definition of the object and subject of knowledge and the disclosure of their complex dialectical nature. 5. The problem of man and his place in the world. This is the study of man as a universe as a whole. The development of human culture in this case appears as a single, holistic process associated with the formation, functioning, storage, transition of cultural and historical values from one era to another, with the critical overcoming of outdated forms of cultural development and the emergence of new forms. Philosophy, thus, acts as the self-consciousness of the culture of a particular historical era.
2. Prerequisites for the emergence of philosophy: With the achievement of a certain time stage, there comes the need for a theoretical understanding of reality, which is facilitated by the separation of mental labor from physical labor (division of labor; inherent human creativity of the spirit (Edmknd Hussel believed that the reason for the emergence of philosophy is “human passion for knowing and contemplating the world, free from any practical interest "); economic development of society. Philosophy arose during the period of decomposition of the primitive communal system and the formation of a class society. Its prerequisites were mythology and religion. Its emergence was due to the fact that, as a person realizes his attitude to the world and to himself, mythological and religious ideas about the world and about man, formed on the basis of imagination, were not enough to comprehend the essence of the world, the essence of man. which a person could determine his attitude to the surrounding reality and to himself. This need was also due to the fact that rational consciousness, expressed in a logical conceptual form, was associated with the penetration of a person into the knowledge of the essence of objects and phenomena, which made it possible to move from the knowledge of phenomena to the knowledge of essence.
4. outlook It is a system of views of a person on the world and on his place in this world. The concept of "worldview" is wider in scope, in terms of the scope of the concept of "philosophy", since it is only the core, the typical basis of the worldview. The worldview is formed not only thanks to philosophy, but also due to the knowledge of ancient sciences and everyday practice. The worldview of any person is formed in a complex way. At first, a person accumulates knowledge about objects and phenomena of the surrounding world. Knowledge is the initial link-"cell" of the worldview. The acquired knowledge is then tested in real life, in practice, and if they are true, they turn into a person's conviction. Beliefs denote a person's firm belief in the truth of his knowledge. Further, a person is guided by the prevailing beliefs in his actions and activities.
Worldview types:
1. Mythological (it is based on fantasy, fiction) 2. Religious (the main feature is belief in supernatural power) 3. Scientific (this is, first of all, a conceptual worldview that strives for a deep and accurate knowledge of the world) 4. Ordinary (formed on on the basis of the simplest knowledge and ideas of a person about the world around).
5 . Philosophy as a type of worldview
Philosophy belongs to the reflexive type of outlook, i.e. one that contains reflections on one's own ideas about the world and a person's place in this world. A look at one's thinking, one's consciousness from the outside is one of the features of philosophical consciousness. By its nature, philosophy requires reflection, doubt, allows for criticism of ideas, rejection of belief in those dogmas and postulates that are approved by the mass practice of believers. Philosophy calls into question the ultimate foundations of being, including the very existence of the world, including such a question - how is the world possible? Philosophy was formed in the struggle with the religious-mythological consciousness, it rationally explained the world. The original types of worldview are preserved throughout history. "Pure" types of worldview are practically never found, in any case, they are rare and form complex and contradictory combinations in real life.
6 . There are the following types of worldview: myth, religion, philosophy. Historically, the first was the mythological view of the world.
Myth is:
1. public consciousness, a way of self-expression of the ancient society.
2. the earliest form of the spiritual culture of mankind, which combines the rudiments of knowledge, elements of beliefs, political views, various kinds art, philosophy itself.
3. a single, syncretic form of consciousness, expressing the worldview and worldview of the era of that time.
The mythological worldview is characterized by the following traits:
1.emotionally-shaped form,
2. humanization of nature,
3.lack of reflection,
4.utilitarian orientation.
The humanization of nature in myths was manifested in the transfer of human features to the surrounding world, in the personification and animation of the cosmos, natural forces. Mythology is characterized by non-rigid distinctions between the world of nature and man, thoughts and emotions, artistic images and scientific knowledge. In mythology, a system of values adopted in a given society was practically created, a search was made for common foundations of nature and man, nature and society.
Religion- (from Latin religio - piety, holiness) is a form of worldview, the foundation of which is the belief in the presence of certain supernatural forces that play a leading role in the world around us and specifically in the fate of each of us. Myth and religion are intertwined. Religion is based on a figurative-emotional, sensory-visual form of perception. A believer is a subject of religious consciousness. Such a person experiences in real emotions his vision of God, various pictures associated with the characteristics of a particular religious direction. The most important attributes of religion are faith and cult. Religion is not a reflective type of worldview.
Faith- this is a way of understanding the world by religious consciousness, special states of the subject's religious consciousness.
Within religious systems, religious consciousness great importance acquire ethical ideas, norms, ideals. In the religious consciousness, feelings of love of man for man, tolerance, compassion, conscience, mercy are cultivated. Religion forms the spiritual world of man. Despite the closeness of religion and philosophy, they are different - philosophical idealism is the theoretical basis of religion.
Philosophy refers to the reflexive type of outlook i.e. one that contains reflections on one's own ideas about the world and a person's place in this world. A look at one's thinking, one's consciousness from the outside is one of the features of philosophical consciousness. By its nature, philosophy requires reflection, doubt, allows for criticism of ideas, rejection of belief in those dogmas and postulates that are approved by the mass practice of believers. Philosophy calls into question the ultimate foundations of being, including the very existence of the world, including such a question - how is the world possible? Philosophy was formed in the struggle with the religious-mythological consciousness, it rationally explained the world.
7. materialism - one of the two main philosophical directions, which solves the main question of philosophy in favor of the primacy of matter, nature, being, physical, objective and considers consciousness, thinking as a property of matter, as opposed to idealism, which takes spirit, idea, consciousness, thinking, mental, subjective . The recognition of the primacy of matter means that it was not created by anyone, but exists forever, that space and time are objectively existing forms of the existence of matter, that thinking is inseparable from matter, which thinks that the unity of the world consists in its materiality. The materialistic solution of the second side of the main question of philosophy - about the cognizability of the world - means the belief in the adequacy of the reflection of reality in human consciousness, in the cognizability of the world and its laws. Idealism- the general designation of philosophical teachings, stating that the spirit, consciousness, thinking, mental - is primary, and matter, nature, physical - is secondary. The main forms of idealism are objective and subjective. The first asserts the existence of a spiritual principle independently of human consciousness, the second either denies the existence of any reality outside the consciousness of the subject, or considers it as something completely determined by his activity.
Historical forms of materialism: atomistic, mechanistic, anthropological, dialectical.
Atomistic materialism. The atomistic theory of Leucippus - Democritus was a natural result of the development of previous philosophical thought. In the atomistic system of Democritus one can find parts of the basic materialistic systems ancient greece and the ancient east. Even the most important principles - the principle of the preservation of being, the principle of the attraction of like to like, the very understanding of the physical world as arising from the combination of initial principles, the rudiments of ethical teaching - all this was already laid down in the philosophical systems that preceded atomism. mechanistic materialism. Mechanistic materialism is one of the stages and forms of development of materialistic philosophy. Mechanistic materialism tries to explain all natural phenomena with the help of the laws of mechanics and to reduce all qualitatively diverse processes and natural phenomena (chemical, biological, mental, etc.) to mechanical ones. Anthropological materialism. Anthropological materialism - materialism: - seeing in a person the main worldview category; and - asserting that only on its basis it is possible to develop a system of ideas about nature, society and thinking. Dialectical materialism. Dialectical materialism is a direction in philosophy in which the main attention is paid to the relationship between being and thinking and the most general laws of development of being and thinking. According to the main provisions of Marxist-Leninist philosophy, dialectical materialism affirms the ontological primacy of matter in relation to consciousness and the constant development of matter in time.
Historical Forms of Idealism: objective, subjective.
Objective idealism.
Objective idealism is a cumulative definition of philosophical schools that imply the existence of a non-material modality independent of the will and mind of the subject of reality. Objective idealism denies the existence of the world in the form of a set of results of the cognitive activity of the sense organs and judgments. At the same time, he recognizes their existence, but he also adds an objectively determined element of human existence to them. As the fundamental principle of the world in objective idealism, a universal supra-individual spiritual principle (“idea”, “world mind”, etc.) is usually considered. As a rule, objective idealism underlies many religious teachings (Abrahamic religions, Buddhism)
Subjective idealism
Subjective idealism is a group of trends in philosophy, whose representatives deny the existence of a reality independent of the will and consciousness of the subject. Philosophers of these trends either believe that the world in which the subject lives and acts is a set of sensations, experiences, moods, actions of this subject, or at least believe that this set is an integral part of the world. A radical form of subjective idealism is solipsism, in which only the thinking subject is recognized as real, and everything else is declared to exist only in his mind.
8. cumulative problems of ancient philosophy can be thematically defined as follows:
cosmology (natural philosophers) - in its context, the totality of the real was seen as "physiology" (nature) and as the cosmos (order), the main question, while: "How did the cosmos arise?";
morality (sophists) was a defining theme in the knowledge of man and his specific abilities;
metaphysics (Plato) declares the existence of an intelligible reality, claims that reality and being are heterogeneous, moreover, the world of ideas is higher than the sensual;
methodology (Plato, Aristotle) develops the problems of the genesis and nature of knowledge, while the method of rational search is understood as an expression of the rules of adequate thinking;
Aesthetics is developed as a sphere for solving the problem of art and beauty in itself; the problems of proto-Aristotelian philosophy can be grouped as a hierarchy of generalizing problems: physics (ontology-theology-physics-cosmology), logic (epistemology), ethics;
and at the end of the era of ancient philosophy, mystical and religious problems are formed, they are characteristic of the Christian period of Greek philosophy.
9. ontological function is connected with the consideration of the main issues of being, the creation in the human mind of a general picture of the world as a universal unity. The gnoseological function deals with the questions of the cognizability of the world and the objectivity of cognition.
Praxeological function associated with the material, sensual-objective, goal-setting human activity, which has as its content the development and transformation of nature and society.
10. Worldview functionphilosophy is considered one of the most important. It manifests the ability of philosophy to act as the basis of a worldview, which is an integral stable system of views about the world and the laws of its existence, about the phenomena and processes of nature and society that are important for maintaining the life of society and man. The worldview of the individual acts as a set of feelings, knowledge and beliefs.
Axiological function philosophy consists in evaluating things, phenomena of the surrounding world from the point of view of various values - moral, ethical, social, ideological, etc. .
11. epistemological- one of the fundamental functions of philosophy - aims at the correct and reliable knowledge of the surrounding reality (that is, the mechanism of knowledge).
12 . Methodological function is that philosophy develops the basic methods of cognition of the surrounding reality.
explanatory function is aimed at identifying cause-and-effect relationships and dependencies.
13. medieval philosophy- the historical stage in the development of Western philosophy, covering the period from the 5th to the 14th centuries. It is characterized by theocentric views and adherence to the ideas of creationism.
The Middle Ages is the dominance of a religious worldview, which is reflected in theology. Philosophy becomes the servant of theology. Its main function is the interpretation of Holy Scripture, the formulation of the dogmas of the Church and the proof of the existence of God. Along the way, logic developed, the concept of personality was developed (a dispute about the difference between hypostasis and essence) and a dispute about the priority of the individual or the general (realists and nominalists).
Features of the style of philosophical thinking of the Middle Ages:
1. If the ancient worldview was cosmocentric, then the medieval one was theocentric. The reality that determines everything that exists in the world, for Christianity is not nature, the cosmos, but God. God is a person who exists above this world.
2. The originality of the philosophical thinking of the Middle Ages was in its close connection with religion. Church dogma was the starting point and basis of philosophical thinking. The content of philosophical thought acquired a religious form.
3. The idea of the real existence of a supernatural principle (God) makes one look at the world, the meaning of history, human goals and values from a special angle. The basis of the medieval worldview is the idea of creation (the doctrine of the creation of the world by God from nothing - creationism).
4. Philosophical thinking of the Middle Ages was retrospective, turned to the past. For the medieval mind, "the older, the more authentic, the more authentic, the more true."
5. The style of philosophical thinking of the Middle Ages was distinguished by traditionalism. For a medieval philosopher, any form of innovation was considered a sign of pride, therefore, excluding subjectivity from the creative process as much as possible, he had to adhere to the established model, canon, tradition. It was not creativity and originality of thought that was valued, but erudition and adherence to traditions.
6. The philosophical thinking of the Middle Ages was authoritarian, relied on authorities. The most authoritative source is the Bible. The medieval philosopher turns to biblical authority for confirmation of his opinion.
7. The style of philosophical thinking of the Middle Ages is distinguished by the desire for impersonality. Many works of this era have come down to us anonymously. The medieval philosopher does not speak in his own name, he argues in the name of "Christian philosophy."
10. Didacticism (teaching, edification) was inherent in the philosophical thinking of the Middle Ages. Almost all the famous thinkers of that time were either preachers or teachers of theological schools. Hence, as a rule, the "teaching", edifying nature of philosophical systems.
medieval philosophy main problems
1. The problem of the existence of God and the knowledge of his essence. The roots of the philosophy of the Middle Ages go back to the religion of monotheism (monotheism). Judaism, Christianity and Islam belong to such religions, and it is with them that the development of both European and Arabic philosophy of the Middle Ages is connected. Medieval thinking is theocentric: God is the reality that determines all things. 2. The problem of the relationship between knowledge and faith. The first Christian philosophers believed that for the knowledge of God and the world created by him, the truths received on the basis of faith are quite enough. Scientific research, rational evidence, in their opinion, became redundant when the Bible and other sacred texts appeared: you only need to believe in their truths. Reason can only lead to doubt, delusion and mortal sin.
3. Correlation between the individual and the general in the debate between realism and nominalism. One of the important philosophical questions of the Middle Ages was the question of the relation of the general to the particular. The dispute over this is known as the dispute about universals, i.e. about the nature of general genera and concepts. There were two main solutions to this issue. Realism. According to him, common genera (universals) really exist, regardless of the person. True reality is possessed not by single things, but only by general concepts - universals that exist outside of consciousness, independently of it and the material world.
The opposite direction was associated with emphasizing the priority of the will over the mind and was called nominalism. According to nominalists, general concepts are only names; they do not have any independent existence and are formed by our mind by abstracting some features that are common to a number of things. Thus, according to the teaching of nominalists, universals exist not before things, but after things. Some nominalists even argued that general concepts are nothing more than the sounds of the human voice.
14. Humanism is a worldview centered on the idea of man as the highest value.
The growth of city-republics led to an increase in the influence of estates that did not participate in feudal relations: artisans and artisans, merchants, and bankers. All of them were alien to the hierarchical system of values created by medieval, in many respects church culture and its ascetic, humble spirit. This led to the emergence of humanism - a socio-philosophical movement that considered a person, his personality, his freedom, his active, creative activity as the highest value and criterion for evaluating social institutions.
Pantheism- a philosophical doctrine that identifies God and the world.
It has 4 main forms:
1. theomonistic - endows the existence of only God, depriving the world of independent existence.
2. physiomonistic - there is only the world, nature, which the supporters of this direction call God, thereby depriving God of independent existence.
3. transcendent (mystical)
4. immanent - transcendent - according to which God is realized in things.
15 . The prerequisites for the formation of the philosophy of modern times are associated with
the transfer of the interest of thinkers from the problems of scholasticism and theology to the problems
natural philosophy. In the 17th century, the interest of philosophers was directed to questions
knowledge - F. Bacon developed the doctrine of induction, R. Descartes - the concept of a method in
philosophy.
In the first place are the problems of epistemology. Two main directions:
empiricism- a direction in the theory of knowledge that recognizes sensory experience
as the only source of knowledge; and rationalism, which puts forward
the first plan is the logical foundation of science, recognizes reason as the source of knowledge
and the criterion of its truth.
16 . The European philosophy of modern times of the XVII-XIX centuries is usually called classical. At that time, original philosophical doctrines were created, distinguished by the novelty of the proposed solutions, rational clarity of argumentation, and the desire to acquire a scientific status.
The experimental study of nature and the mathematical understanding of its results, which originated in the previous era, became in modern times a powerful spiritual force that had a decisive influence on advanced philosophical thought.
Another factor that determined the direction of the philosophical teachings of this period was the process of revitalization of social life in European countries, caused by the intensifying struggle against the estate-feudal statehood and the church. This process was accompanied by the secularization of public life, and advanced philosophy, interested in the independence of scientific creativity from religious and ecclesiastical pressure and control, developed its own attitude towards religion. The philosophy of modern times, which expressed the essential features of this era, changed not only value orientations, but also the way of philosophizing.
17. German classical philosophy
A certain period in the development of German philosophical thought - from the middle of the 18th to the middle of the 19th century, represented by the teachings of Kant, Fichte, Hegel, Schelling. At the same time, N.K.F. - this is a special line, the highest, final link in the development of new European philosophical rationalism. With all the variety of ideas and concepts, N.K.F. represents a succession of systems of philosophical idealism, organically interconnected: each of the thinkers of this direction, starting to develop his own concept, was entirely based on the ideas of his predecessor. Moreover, the commitment of N.K.F. throughout the entire stage of its own development, a number of essential principles allows us to speak of it as a relatively holistic, unified spiritual formation. N.K.F. is also a critical philosophy, clearly aware of the range of cognitive forces and subjecting everything and everything to the judgment of reason.