1. What is punctuation?!
Punctuation (from lat. dot - punctum cf. lat. - punctuatio) is a system of punctuation marks that is available in the writing of any language, as well as a set of rules for their placement in writing.
Punctuation contributes to the visibility of the syntactic and intonational structure of speech, highlights both the members of sentences and individual sentences, thereby facilitating oral reading.
Punctuation system in Russian
The Russian modern punctuation system has been formed since the 18th century. on the basis of achievements in the theory of grammar, including the theory of syntax. The punctuation system has some flexibility: along with mandatory norms, it contains indications that are not strict and allow options that are related both to the meaning of the written text and to the peculiarities of its style.
Historically, in Russian punctuation, among the questions about its purpose and foundations, 3 main areas stood out: intonational, syntactic and logical.
Intonation direction in the theory of punctuation
Adherents of the intonation theory believe that punctuation marks are needed to indicate the melody and rhythm of the phrase (Shcherba L.V.), which mainly reflects not the grammatical division of speech, but only the declamatory-psychological one (Peshkovsky A.M.).
Although representatives of different directions have a strong divergence of positions, they all recognize that punctuation, which is an important means of designing a written language, has its communicative function. With the help of punctuation marks, the division of speech according to meaning is indicated. So, the dot indicates the completeness of the sentence, as the writer understands it; the placement of commas between homogeneous members in a sentence indicates the syntactic equality of these elements of the sentence, which express equal concepts, etc.
logical direction
Buslaev F.I. belongs to the theorists of the semantic, or logical direction, who said that “... punctuation marks have a double meaning: they contribute to clarity in the presentation of thoughts, separating one sentence from another or one part of it from another, and express the sensations of the speaker’s face and his relationship to the listener. The first requirement is satisfied by: comma (,), semicolon (;), colon (:) and period (.); the second - signs: exclamation (!) And interrogative (?), ellipsis (...) and dash (-) ".
In modern writing, the semantic understanding of the basis of Russian punctuation (German punctuation is close to it, but English and French diverge from it) was expressed in the works of Abakumov S.I. and Shapiro A.B. The first of them notes that the main purpose of punctuation is that it indicates the division of speech into separate parts that play a role in expressing thoughts during writing. Although he goes on to say that for the most part the use of punctuation marks in Russian writing is regulated by grammatical (syntactic) rules. But he believes that "the rules are still based on the meaning of the statement."
Shapiro A.B. argues that the main role of punctuation is the designation of a series of semantic shades and relationships that, due to their importance for understanding a written text, cannot be expressed by syntactic and lexical means.
2. Why do we need punctuation in Russian?
Understanding why punctuation is needed contributes to competent writing and ease of expression. Punctuation is needed to facilitate the reading of the text, with its help, sentences and their parts are separated from each other, which allows you to highlight a specific thought.
Considering punctuation marks, one cannot ignore their function in the Russian language.
Having started a conversation about why punctuation is needed, it is necessary to clarify what punctuation marks exist, since there are many of them and each plays its role. Punctuation can be used in the text - both for the purpose of separating several different sentences, and within one sentence.
A dot - separates sentences and symbolizes a neutral intonation: "Tomorrow I will go to the theater." Used in abbreviations: “i.e. - that is".
Exclamation mark - serves to express emotions of admiration, surprise, fear, etc., separates sentences from each other: "Hurry up, you must be in time!". Also, an exclamation point is highlighted within the sentence of the appeal itself, the intonation is accentuated: “Guys! Please don't be late for class."
Question mark - expresses a question or doubt, one sentence separates from another: “Are you sure that you did everything right?”
Within a sentence, punctuation also plays a prominent role. But without understanding why punctuation is needed, we will not be able to clearly express our thoughts and write an essay, because without the correct selection of parts, the meaning will be lost.
The following punctuation marks are used within sentences:
Comma - divides the sentence into parts, serves to highlight individual thoughts or appeals, separates into complex sentence its components are simple from each other. “I don’t really care what you think about it” is a complex sentence. “For dinner, they served cabbage soup, mashed potatoes with chop, salad and tea with lemon” - homogeneous members in a sentence.
Dash - they denote pauses, replace missing words, also denote direct speech. " healthy eating- a guarantee of longevity "- here the dash replaces the word" this ". “What time can you come tomorrow? the cashier asked. “About three,” Natalya answered her. - direct speech.
Colon - used to focus on what follows; delimits parts of one sentence, explaining each other, interconnected; direct speech separates from the words of the author, or the beginning of the enumeration is indicated in this way. “The buffet sold delicious pies with different fillings: with apples, with potatoes, with cabbage, with cheese, with boiled condensed milk and jam.” - enumeration. Direct speech: "Without looking into her eyes, he said:" Do not hope, I will never return to you "and quickly walked away."
Semicolon - used in sentences that have a complex structure, in which there is already little comma to separate parts. “It was a feeling of warmth and light that brought happiness and peace, made the world a better place, filling the soul with joy; the first time these feelings visited me here many years ago and since then I always strive back to experience them again and again.
Understanding why punctuation is needed, you will be able to competently and clearly express your thoughts when writing, emphasize what needs to be emphasized, and by doing this in accordance with the rules, you will show the readers of your writings that you are a literate person.
Knowledge of punctuation rules is carefully checked when passing the GIA exams (state final certification), because this knowledge cannot be dispensed with. And indeed, only the correct use of punctuation will allow you to understand you correctly in any correspondence.
3. Principles of Russian punctuation
The principles of Russian punctuation are the foundations of modern punctuation rules that govern the use of punctuation marks. It must be remembered that the purpose of punctuation marks is to help transfer sounding speech to a letter in such a way that it can be understood and reproduced unambiguously. Signs reflect the semantic and structural articulation of speech, as well as its rhythmic and intonational structure.
It is impossible to build all the rules on one principle - semantic, formal or intonational. For example, the desire to reflect all the structural components of intonation would greatly complicate punctuation, all pauses would have to be marked with signs: My father // was a poor peasant; Over the forest // the moon has risen; Grandfather asked Vanya // to chop and bring firewood, etc. The absence of signs in such positions does not make it difficult to read texts, reproduce their intonation. The formal structure of the sentence is not reflected by signs with full sequence; for example, homogeneous writing series with a single and: Signs are associated with everything: with the color of the sky, with dew and fog, with the cry of birds and the brightness of starlight (Paust.).
Modern punctuation relies on meaning, structure, and rhythmic-intonational articulation in their interaction.
4. Punctuation marks in Russian
punctuation punctuation Russian writing
Punctuation marks are graphic (written) signs needed in order to divide the text into sentences, to convey in writing the structural features of sentences and their intonation.
Russian punctuation marks include: 1) a period, a question mark, an exclamation point - these are the signs of the end of a sentence; 2) a comma, a dash, a colon, a semicolon - these are signs for separating parts of a sentence; 3) brackets, quotation marks ("double" signs) highlight individual words or parts of a sentence, for the same, a comma and a dash are used as paired characters; if the highlighted construction is at the beginning or at the end of the sentence, one comma or dash is used: I was bored in the village like a locked up puppy (T.); In addition to rivers, there are many canals in the Meshchersky region (Paust.); - Hey, where are you, mother? - And there, - home, son (Tv.); 4) special sign ellipsis, "semantic"; it can be placed at the end of a sentence to indicate the special significance of what was said, or in the middle to convey confused, difficult or excited speech: - What is dinner? Prose. Here is the moon, the stars ... (Ostr.); - Father, don't cry. I will also say ... well, yes! You're right... But your truth is narrow to us... - Well, yes! You... you! How did ... you formed ... and I'm a fool! And you ... (M.G.).
Combinations of signs convey a special, complex meaning. Thus, the use of interrogative and exclamatory marks together forms a rhetorical question (i.e., a reinforced affirmation or denial) with an emotional overtone: Who among us has not thought about war?! Of course, everyone thought (Sim.); Scoundrel and thief, in a word. And marry such a person? Live with him?! I'm surprised! (Ch.). Compound different values can be achieved by a combination of a comma and a dash as a single sign: A black rider rode, swinging in the saddle - horseshoes carved two blue sparks from a stone (M.G.); Above the forest, the sky cleared up - the pale sun poured down on the gray bell towers of Beloomut (Paust.) - grammatical uniformity, the enumeration is transmitted by a comma, and with the help of a dash the significance of the consequence-result is emphasized. More often they can be placed side by side, each according to its own rule, for example, a dash in a non-union complex sentence after a comma that conveys isolation: cf. particle-bundle is)”, and the invocation is separated by commas.
Variants of the use of punctuation marks are provided for by punctuation rules. If different signs are allowed, then usually one of them is the main one, i.e. he is given an advantage. So, plug-in constructions are distinguished, as a rule, by brackets: A few days later, the four of us (not counting the all-seeing and ubiquitous boys) became so friends that the four of us went almost everywhere (Paust.). It is allowed to highlight the insert with the help of two dashes: And in the middle of May there was a thunderstorm and such a downpour that along the street - it was not even, but sloping - a whole river of yellow water rolled rapidly (S.-Ts.). For brackets, this use is the main one, and for a dash, it is one of many and secondary.
Variants of the use of signs are provided for by the rules for the design of complex non-union sentences, for example, when explaining or motivating, a dash is used instead of the main colon sign: Separation is illusory - we will be together soon (Ahm.). When separating definitions and applications, along with commas, dashes can be used: The sea - gray, winter, inexpressibly gloomy - roared and rushed behind thin sides, like Niagara (Paust.); Colored autumn - the evening of the year - smiles lightly at me (March.). It is possible to single out separate definitions and applications with two signs - a comma and a dash - at the same time: A calm, courageous whistle flew - ocean, in three tones (Paust.). Variants of setting signs are also allowed by some other rules (in particular, a comma and a semicolon in a complex non-union sentence, a comma and an exclamation mark when addressing, an exclamation mark and an interrogative with an exclamation point in a rhetorical question, etc.).
Variation also appears in the possibility of using or not using signs in some other cases, for example, some introductory words are inconsistently highlighted: indeed, in fact, first of all, predominantly; they can be distinguished together with the attached noun.
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What are punctuation marks? These are the characters that are used in the text to design it. The functions of these signs are so important, because they determine the meaning of each phrase, and also separate thoughts from one another. In addition, they emotionally color the sentence, which makes it clear how it ended: interrogatively, affirmatively, or with an exclamation. Without them, all thoughts are confused, and confusion can result.
The period is used to complete a sentence and separate it from another, as well as to shorten a word. A comma is used when talking about enumeration or in order to connect parts of a complex sentence. An ellipsis is used to indicate a thought that has not ended or a pause.
A question mark is placed at the end of a sentence, it immediately becomes clear that this is a question and an answer is expected. An exclamation mark is also placed at the end of a complete thought, conveys excitement, joy or surprise, and besides, it can be put when referring to someone, this will emphasize individuality. The colon sign is used within a sentence at the moment when you need to list words, and is also used in direct speech. The dash is considered a substitute sign for the word "this", in direct speech it directly takes part.
These are the most basic signs that are used in writing. There are many others, and their importance is important. They make the text lively, it immediately acquires a certain meaning, it is easily perceived by the reader. Therefore, the complete absence of these signs can lead to the fact that the text can be understood not as it should be or it will seem unclear. You can easily say that punctuation marks are needed like air, because stopping in speech during a conversation is the same punctuation marks, only in an invisible form.
Message Why do we need punctuation marks Grade 6, 8, 9
"Execution cannot be pardoned." A phrase that is probably familiar to everyone. When in the cartoon the boy had to remember spelling in order to stay alive. This, of course, is a bit exaggerated, but the importance of punctuation is still important in the life of a literate and social person.
In order to clearly explain your thoughts to the interlocutor, we even in oral speech put pauses in the conversation. What can we say about the letter. When writing, it is important to highlight particularly important information, to focus on the desired concept or phrase. Even to express your opinion, punctuation marks are necessary. Having written a dialogue and not highlighting it with punctuation marks, you get a confusion and an incomprehensible set of words. Used to highlight phrases in dialogue. various signs. Direct speech can be distinguished in two ways.
- With help quotation marks. The narration is followed by a colon and quotation marks. Double quotation marks enclose the dialogue phrase and close the quotation marks. If the narration continues after direct speech, then a comma, a hyphen is put and the speech continues.
- With help hyphen. Direct speech begins with a new line and begins with a dash. After the dialogue speech, if after it there is a narration, a dash is put again, thereby being a separation of direct and narrative speech. So the reader will be able to read the dialogue or quote with the necessary intonation.
The most common punctuation mark is a comma. It is used in almost every sentence. Serves as a separator for single-root words or whole sentences. Separates participial and adverbial phrases. Addressing a person is also separated by commas. When listing any items or qualities, you can not do without the help of a comma. Even the smallest children know the comma. In various cartoons about punctuation marks for children, the main characters are the comma girl and the dot boy.
When the sentence is complex in construction, then when listing, it may be worth using semicolon. It can also serve as a separator if the enumerated parts have their own subordinate parts, separated by commas.
When the thought ends, then at the end of the sentence appropriate to point. It marks the end of one thought and the beginning of the next.
But sometimes it happens that you want Ask a Question in a sentence. In this case, to change the sentence from declarative to interrogative, put a question mark at the end of the sentence.
To make the proposal more emotional an exclamation mark is used. He is an invaluable assistant in greeting cards or wishes. When referring to a person, it is also possible to use an exclamation mark.
Using correct and appropriate punctuation marks you can prove yourself as an educated, intelligent and socially adapted person. Therefore, it is worth remembering that punctuation is necessary not only in studies, but also plays an important role throughout life.
Composition in Russian Why do we need punctuation marks Grade 4
6th, 7th, 8th, 9th grade
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This question is asked mostly by students, for whom the study of punctuation is not always easy. But if you try to read the text without punctuation marks, their role immediately becomes transparent and clear. Each of these unpretentious signs has its purpose and role in the text.
Why do we need punctuation marks in sentences
Firstly, they perform a separating function, help to recognize a sentence and its parts as a whole in writing. Without them, we will not be able to understand where the beginning and end are, there are problems with logical perception. Secondly, punctuation marks allow you to give emotional coloring text. Without a question mark or an exclamation mark, we would not be able to understand the feelings that the author put into this or that sentence. And, thirdly, without punctuation marks, the text would look like a meaningless jumble of words. If you try to read it out loud, no one will understand the mess. When you read a text with correct punctuation, you perfectly understand where you need to pause, which part of the sentence should be emphasized intonation, and which should be read without unnecessary stops.
Direct speech on paper
Direct speech helps many writers to add dynamics and liveliness to the text. Punctuation marks are placed in a special way. Using a certain set of rules, direct speech must be separated from the entire text so that it does not merge with the words of the author - that's why punctuation marks are needed.
In the school course of the Russian language, punctuation is not studied in depth, so if you want to understand this issue in more detail, you should not completely rely on school knowledge. In a typical program, two options for using direct speech are considered:
It can end with any of the punctuation marks, except for a comma.
In order to get an A in school for this topic, it’s enough not to get confused where direct speech is written, to place punctuation marks correctly, and to understand which of the parts to start with a lowercase letter and which part with a capital letter. To be more careful and not get confused where and which sign can be used, practical work and reading classical literature will also help you.
Commas in a sentence. The problem of our days
Correct handling of punctuation is a sign of a person's literacy, which is especially appreciated in our time, when most people prefer to trust online editors or the Word program. Nobody argues with the fact that the programs are equipped with a base and can cope with spelling at a certain level, but most of them have problems with punctuation.
Although why do we need punctuation marks - commas, dashes or colons, when their use is due to such large quantity subtleties, and if you can get by with simpler and more monosyllabic sentences? Therein lies the problem. People are afraid of punctuation marks because they don't know how to use them. Most people completely forget the rules of the Russian language a few years after graduation, especially if their occupation is far from philology. Someone does not put the right amount, and someone uses them too much. After this, I want the commas to disappear altogether, but their presence in the text plays a special role that no other punctuation mark can replace.
Arrangement of commas. How to help yourself?
If you are puzzled by the question of your own literacy, and really want to raise your level of knowledge or at least refresh the rules in your memory a little, we can offer several ways. The first and most obvious method is to look into the textbook and revise the rules written in it. In the age of the Internet, you can easily find a grammar guide on the net. The second method is no less effective - reading. Take a book from the library, re-read something from the classics. This is not only a storehouse of grammatically correct constructions, but also a piggy bank of words, and expanding the vocabulary will also have a beneficial effect on the level of erudition.
And the last one is practice. It’s not enough just to look at the rules and close the textbook, so they will be forgotten pretty quickly, they will be replaced by other information. At least a few written sentences a day are enough. Surely everyone has at least half an hour a day to save and strengthen their knowledge.
Features of studying punctuation in grade 5
AT primary school As you know, children receive only the basics of rich Russian grammar, learn about the subject and predicate, how a sentence is built, what a word consists of, what punctuation marks are. Grade 5 becomes the second step. Having climbed it, the child will have to get acquainted with grammar and punctuation, vocabulary and morphology, syntax and spelling in more depth.
In the middle grades, children are explained in more detail why punctuation marks are needed, indicate their role in the text, and offer a set of rules that they can use to correctly place them. It is important at this age to explain to the child how important punctuation is, what importance is attached to people who know the art of a literate word. If you instill in your child love and interest in mother tongue, he himself will reach out to him, the study will not seem like hard labor or punishment, because success in mastering the language is largely determined by the desire of the student himself to comprehend the intricacies of writing.
Punctuation.
Punctuation is a set of rules about punctuation marks. The purpose of punctuation is to provide the reader with a correct understanding of the meaning of what is written. The basis of punctuation is the semantic articulation of speech. Often semantic division corresponds to its grammatical division, and in oral speech and its intonational division; in other words, semantic articulation is expressed grammatically and intonationally. In this case, we can talk about the coincidence of the semantic, grammatical and intonation bases for punctuation marks, or about the structural and semantic basis of punctuation.
However, there are cases when the three indicated bases: semantic, grammatical and intonation - may not coincide. So, often the semantic and grammatical articulation of speech does not coincide with its intonational articulation. Often the main and subordinate parts with the union "what" do not divide intonation: They say that he will arrive soon. And on the contrary, sentences that are integral from a semantic and grammatical point of view are often divided intotonation; for example, there is almost always a pause between the fairly common subject and predicate (Two-story merchant houses of the middle of the last century ll despondently stretched along the entire embankment) and between the prepositive fairly common circumstance and the rest of the sentence (At six o'clock on a clear May morning ll Maya went out into the garden) and other sub. In all such cases, as the above examples show, punctuation marks are put (or not put) depending on the semantic and grammatical articulation (or its absence) and regardless of the intonation articulation (or its absence).
On the other hand, there are also frequent cases when the semantic articulation does not find support in the grammatical, i.e. gram. division is not expressed in special forms. In these cases, the only reason for punctuation is the semantic articulation; the corresponding grammatical and intonational articulation suggests punctuation marks. So, for example, the segment of speech “the sun is shining, the birds are singing” can be grammatically and intonationally represented as two independent sentences (The sun is shining. The birds are singing) and as a complex sentence (The sun is shining, the birds are singing). Thus, the grammatical and intonation division of a given segment of speech depends on its semantic interpretation, expressed by punctuation marks. An exception is a recording of oral speech from a voice - a dictation - when intonation can tell the writer the semantic articulation of speech. Ultimately, both homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions differ in meaning, sometimes introductory words and sentence members (He may be at school and He may be at school) and other constructions.
Finally, there are cases where the semantic (and intonational) articulation contradicts the grammatical one. For example: She reminded me to take a basin and a shaving brush. And shoe polish. And a brush. From the point of view of the grammatical combination “both cream for boots and a brush” are homogeneous additions, however, the author singles them out in meaning and intonation into independent sentences and expresses this punctuationally.
Thus, in all the cases considered, the basis for punctuation marks is precisely the semantic division of speech, which may coincide with grammatical and intonation divisions, but may not coincide with one of them and even contradict it.
Punctuation marks and their functions.
The following punctuation marks are used in Russian punctuation: dot, question mark, exclamation mark, ellipsis, comma, semicolon, colon, dash, brackets, quotation marks. The function of a punctuation mark is also performed by a paragraph indent, or a red line.
Punctuation marks perform two main functions: 1) separation, 2) selection. Some of the punctuation marks serve only for separation (separating punctuation marks) - these are single punctuation marks: period, semicolon, exclamation and question marks, ellipsis, colon; this also applies to paragraph indentation. With the help of these signs, sentences, predicative parts of some complex sentences, sometimes homogeneous members and other constructions are separated from each other.
Other punctuation marks serve only for emphasis (highlighting punctuation marks) - these are double characters: brackets and quotation marks. With the help of these signs, introductory and intercalary phrases and sentences (brackets) and direct speech (quotation marks) are distinguished.
The third punctuation marks (comma and dash) are multifunctional, i.e. can act both as separating and as distinguishing, depending on the specific conditions in which they are used.
So, with the help of a comma, both parts of a complex sentence and homogeneous members can be separated from each other; with the help of a dash, in a number of cases, parts of complex sentences, homogeneous members from a generalizing word, some members of a sentence from others in some incomplete sentences and in other constructions are separated.
With the help of commas, various isolated turns, appeals, introductory words are distinguished; with the help of a dash, introductory and interstitial sentences can be distinguished.
In some cases, as, for example, in sentences with direct speech, complex combinations of distinguishing and separating signs are used.
These basic functions of punctuation marks are often complicated by more private, meaningful functions. Thus, the signs of the end of a sentence not only separate one sentence from another, but also express what the given sentence is in terms of the purpose of the utterance or in terms of the degree of emotionality: He will not come. He will not come? He will not come! Indicative in this respect is the use of punctuation marks in non-union sentences, in which punctuation marks also carry a semantic load, signaling the grammatical meaning of non-union sentences. So, for example, in the sentence "He does not come, she is waiting" the enumeration relations are expressed, and in the sentence "He does not come - she is waiting" - the relations are opposite.
The main functions of all punctuation marks, as well as their semantic functions, are described in the set of rules of Russian punctuation.
Ways of transmitting someone else's speech
In the process of communication, it often becomes necessary to convey someone else's speech (this term usually refers to both the speech of another person and one's own speech delivered earlier). At the same time, in some cases it is important to convey not only the content, but also the very form of someone else's speech (its exact lexical composition and grammatical organization), and in others - only the content; therefore, in some cases, the exact reproduction of someone else's speech is necessary, while in others it is not necessary.
In accordance with these tasks, special ways of transmitting someone else's speech have been developed in the language: 1) forms of direct transmission (direct speech); 2) forms of indirect transmission (indirect speech). Sentences with direct speech are specifically designed to accurately reproduce someone else's speech (its content and form), and sentences with indirect speech - only to convey the content of someone else's speech. These are the most common forms of transmission of someone else's speech.
In addition to them, there are other forms intended to convey only the topic, the subject of someone else's speech, to include elements of someone else's speech in the author's speech and to solve other, expressive-stylistic tasks. Thus, we can talk about a whole system of forms of transmission of someone else's speech.
Direct speech.
Sentences with direct speech are an union-free (intonational and semantic) combination of parts, in one of which - the author's words - the very fact of someone else's speech is established and its source is called, and in the other - direct speech - someone else's speech itself is reproduced. For example: Kirov replied: "Astrakhan will not be surrendered."
In addition to words indicating the very fact of someone else's speech and its source, the author's words may include words indicating the addressee of direct speech, various circumstances accompanying it, as well as words characterizing the person pronouncing it, the manner of pronunciation, etc. For example: - What it is? Sokolovich asked sternly and even anxiously, stopping.
Words that introduce direct speech can accurately denote processes of thought or speech (said, ordered, thought, asked, etc.). Such words usually require mandatory dissemination; the part containing direct speech makes up for their semantic insufficiency. The connection between the author's words and direct speech in such sentences is closer.
In other cases, the words that introduce direct speech do not denote the processes of speech and thought themselves, but the actions or feelings that accompany them (grin, stand up, wink; be happy, upset, horrified, etc.). Such words usually do not need to be distributed by the part containing direct speech; therefore, the connection between the author's words and direct speech in these cases is less close. This way of transmitting someone else's speech is close to the direct inclusion of someone else's speech in the author's narration.
1) When prepositioning the author's words, the sentence can be divided: a) into two parts (author's words - direct speech) or b) into three parts (author's words - direct speech - continuation of the author's narration). In these cases, direct speech explains, reveals the content of the word in front of it with the meaning of speech or thought. When the author's words are prepositioned, the order of the main members in them, as a rule, is direct: the subject is in the first place, and the predicate is in the second.
2) With the postposition of the author's words, the sentence is divided into two parts: PR - AC. In this case, direct speech is explained by the author's words, which are less independent here than with preposition. With the postposition AS, the order of the main members in them is reversed: the predicate is in the first place, the subject is in the second.
3) With the interposition of the AC, the sentence is divided into three parts: PR - AC - continuation of the PR. With the interposition of the AC, they are close in their role to the introductory sentences. The order of principal terms in this case is reversed. In interpositive AS, there can be two verbs with the meaning of speech or thought, the first of which refers to direct speech before the words of the author, the second - after the words of the author. Such cases are a mixture of the positional types discussed above.
Direct speech is designed to accurately reproduce someone else's speech. It may include one or more sentences, different in structure, intonation, modality, temporal plan. In PR, any constructions of a living colloquial speech, including those that include interjections, appeals, introductory words and other elements. In PR, pronouns are used not from the point of view of the author who conveys someone else's speech, but from the point of view of the one to whom it belongs.
Indirect speech.
Sentences with indirect speech are NGN with subordinate explanatory-objective: Petya asked me not to be late.
Sentences with CR do not reproduce someone else's speech, but convey its content. Many forms of live colloquial speech cannot be included in the CG, for example, appeals, interjections, many modal words and particles, imperative mood forms, a number of infinitive constructions, etc.
In CR, the intonational originality of someone else's speech cannot be expressed. Pronouns and personal forms of verbs in CR are used not from the point of view of the person who owns someone else's speech, but from the point of view of the author who conveys the content of someone else's speech.
In the main part of such sentences, the same information is given as in the words of the author in the PR. The subordinate clause containing the RC refers to one of the main words that needs to be disseminated. Therefore, the circle of words that introduce CR is much narrower than the circle of words that introduce PR: CR is introduced only with words that directly indicate speech or thought (says, said, thought, asked, asked, ordered, question, thought, etc.).
In sentences with CR, the part that conveys the content of someone else's speech is more often in postposition.
Sentences with various conjunctions are intended to convey the content of different types of foreign speech in their modality. Proposals with the union " what" convey the content of declarative sentences with an affirmative or negative modality. Sentences with conjunctions “as if, as if” also convey the content of declarative sentences, but with a touch of uncertainty, presumption. Sentences with the union "to" convey the content of the incentive sentences of someone else's speech.
Sentences with various allied words (interrogative-relative pronouns) convey the content of interrogative sentences of someone else's speech (indirect question). If a question in someone else's speech is framed only intonation or with the help of interrogative particles, then in an indirect question the particle-conjunction "whether" or the combination "whether ... or" is used: I was asked if I would agree to give another lecture.
Improperly direct speech.
In this case, someone else's speech, as it were, merges with the author's, not delimiting directly from it either by words indicating the fact of uttering someone else's speech and its source (with PR and CR), or by changing the pronominal plan (with PR and direct inclusion of someone else's speech in the narrative) , nor a special form of a subordinate clause (with KR). In such cases, the author, as it were, reincarnates in his characters and, talking about their thoughts, conveying their speech, resorts to those grammatical, lexical and phraseological means that his characters would resort to in the situation depicted. Such a transfer of someone else's speech (NPR) is a literary technique with which the writer can introduce the specific speech of the characters into the author's narrative, thereby characterizing his characters.
NPR has no special syntactic forms. It is brought closer to CR by the use of pronouns, and to PR by comparative freedom in conveying the features of someone else's speech. Much more freely than in the indirect, various phraseological turns and non-free syntactic models, characteristic of live colloquial speech, are transferred to the NPR.
NPR is usually an independent sentence or a series of sentences that are directly included in the author's narration, or continue one of the ways to convey someone else's speech, or follow the mention of the subject, topic of someone else's speech, developing this topic. For example: “She was surprised that time went so slowly, and was horrified that there were still six hours left until midnight. Where to kill these six hours? What phrases to say? How to behave with your husband? Here, the description of the thoughts and feelings of the heroine is replaced by NPR.
In the form of NPR, the unspoken thoughts of the hero are more often conveyed. Therefore, in the previous sentences, verbs such as “think, remember, feel, regret, worry” are often (but not always) used.
The transfer of the subject, the theme of someone else's speech.
The subject of someone else's speech can be expressed in a simple sentence with the help of additions to verbs with the meaning of speech or thought. The topic, the subject of someone else's speech can be indicated in the subordinate explanatory part, if in the main it corresponds to demonstrative words with the prepositions "about, about" (about that, about that). For example: And mother told about the elephant and how the girl asked about his legs.
Citation.
A quotation is a verbatim excerpt from some essay that the author of another essay cites to confirm or clarify his thought. Along with this, it can also play an emotionally expressive role - to reinforce what was said earlier, to give it a particularly expressive character. Also, a quote can be a source, a starting point for reasoning, especially if the work from which it is taken is the subject of special consideration.
By its structure, a quotation can be a sentence, a combination of sentences, a phrase and words that are key to a given text.
1. Sentences with a quote are two-part (the words of the author are a quote) and in their structure and punctuation are no different from sentences with direct speech. If the sentence, which is a quotation, is not given in full, then an ellipsis is put in place of the omitted members of the sentence.
2. Quotations can be included in the text as relatively independent parts of it, without the words of the author.
3. Citations can be entered in the BR. In this case, the quotation usually follows the explanatory conjunction and begins with a lowercase letter.
4. When quoting, special introductory words and sentences can also indicate the source.
To include quotes in the text, the forms of quoted words, such as nouns, verbs, etc., can be changed.
Punctuation marks are symbols used to decorate text. Why are punctuation marks needed? They perform the functions of separating and highlighting semantic parts, sentences, phrases and words in a written text, and also indicate the relationship between text elements, their completeness, emotional coloring and intonation. Punctuation marks make text clearer and easier to read.
Without a correct understanding of why punctuation marks are needed, you cannot write an essay, all thoughts in it will get mixed up, and you will get a real incoherent verbal mess. Let's talk about each sign separately. So why do we need punctuation marks?
Dot
In writing, it is used to complete sentences and separate one sentence from another “It's raining outside. I decided to stay at home today.", and for the abbreviation of the words "etc. - and so on".
ellipsis
Used to indicate a pause or an unfinished thought: “Yes, I keep thinking about how everything could have turned out, what would happen to us ... Why did you ask me about this right now?”. It is also used when marking pauses, with a sharp transition from one action to another: “He silently listened ... Suddenly he jumped up sharply and began to say that he did not agree and would never do what he was told.”
Exclamation point
It completes the sentence and denotes emotional coloring - excitement, surprise, anger, great joy, and much more, depending on the context of the sentence itself: “Hurry! Otherwise, we'll be late!" An exclamation mark can be placed not only at the end of a sentence, they can be used to highlight appeals: “Gentlemen! We'll be starting soon" or after an interjection: "Ah! I'm extremely sorry!"
Question mark
It is usually placed at the end of a sentence and expresses a question or doubt: “Why do we need GIA (state final certification) punctuation marks? They are an essential attribute of the right writing or a formality? The answer to this question is, of course, correct use punctuation marks are impossible to write correctly.
Comma
Used inside a sentence to separate its parts from each other (homogeneous sentence members, participial and adverbial phrases, simple sentences in complex ones, and much more. “The sun shone so brightly that even insects hurried to hide from it” - a complex sentence. “Only having reached before work, I remembered that I had left all the documents at home ”- an adverbial turnover and a complex sentence.
Colon
It is placed inside the sentence and means that the part before it is connected with the part after it. A colon is placed when listing after the generalizing word “And how many flowers there were: irises, daffodils, chrysanthemums, gerberas, lilies and roses!”. A colon separates the words of the author and direct speech: “I thought:“ What if something goes wrong? Also, a colon is used in a complex sentence if one of the parts complements or explains the second: "He made this decision quickly, without hesitation, he had reasons for it: he knew that it was right."
Dash
Used within a sentence and often replaces missing words or conjunctions. "A loving family is real happiness", subject and predicate are nouns, a dash is used instead of the missing word "it". Dash is also used to indicate direct speech: - That's what I wanted to tell you, - she said and, after a pause, added, - but you never listened to me.
Semicolon
It is put in the sentence, if it has a lot of components and commas, to separate the parts: “The glare of the sun jumped everywhere, reflected from the water surface; who would have thought that such weather could be in the middle of autumn.
That's why punctuation marks are needed - they help to structure the sentence and highlight its individual parts. Why are punctuation marks needed? They help to formulate an idea and draw the reader's attention to the very moment that he considers the most important, even if such an arrangement of signs is impossible according to the rules.