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Safety in the production of concrete and reinforced concrete works
Safety measures are provided for in the projects for the production of work and technological maps for individual processes (formwork, reinforcing, concrete laying, etc.).
General safety requirements are the issues of labor protection of workers involved in the production of concrete and reinforced concrete works.
Only formworkers who have attended a safety briefing course and passed the relevant exam may be allowed to work. Engineering and technical personnel must be well acquainted with the formwork project, and in particular with the special requirements and conditions for the production of work, and during the construction process, seek their mandatory implementation.
Concrete workers working with vibrators must first undergo a medical examination, which is periodically repeated. Vibrator handles must be equipped with shock absorbers adjusted so that the vibration amplitude of the handles does not exceed the standards for a hand tool.
The wires from the switchboard to the vibrators must be enclosed in rubber hoses, and the body of the electric vibrator must be grounded. Devices for turning on vibrators must be of a closed type. To avoid breaking the wire and shocking concrete workers, it is not allowed to drag the vibrator by the hose wire or cable. Every 30-35 minutes, the vibrator must be turned off for 5-7 minutes to cool down.
If any malfunctions appear in the vibrator, work with it should be stopped. Vibrators are not allowed to be washed with water, but after work they are cleaned and wiped dry. When carrying the pneumatic vibrator, do not hold it by the hose. To avoid possible fall of the external vibrator when the vise is loosened, external electric and pneumatic vibrators are suspended on a rope or rope.
Each concrete worker working with an electric hand-held machine (vibrator, trowel) must know safe working methods, protection against electric shock and be able to provide first aid to the victim. Without this knowledge, the concrete worker should not be allowed to work with electric hand machines. Concrete workers working with vibrators are provided with overalls - rubber boots and gloves. When working with pneumatic vibrators and when repairing a hose break, when blowing it out and during other similar work, the eyes of the concrete worker must be protected by goggles.
Basic safety requirements for the construction of high-rise structures. A fenced exclusion zone is created around the structure being erected in a sliding formwork below, with inscriptions warning of the danger of approaching. The width of the restricted zone depends on local conditions and is taken equal to 20% of the height of the building being constructed, but not less than 5 m.
Inside the building under construction, as well as near it, where people systematically work or pass, protective sheds are arranged. These places are fenced off, and a canopy is made at the entrance to the building under construction, which should protrude beyond the restricted area.
To protect workers working on suspended scaffolds, visors are arranged along the outer perimeter of the sliding formwork, which are subsequently used as formwork for the eaves of the structure.
The working floor railings should be at least 1.2 m high, and the suspended scaffold railings should be at least 1.5 m. It is recommended that the railing handrails be made of boards, and the railing should have side boards with a height of at least 150 mm installed on the deck.
In the span between the marches, diaphragms are made of nets or boards every 6-8 m. It is forbidden to arrange stairs, and it is also not recommended to use steel grades higher than St3 for metal suspensions.
Before starting the operation of the sliding formwork and suspended scaffolds, they are subjected to a thorough inspection and verification by the technical management (chief engineer, senior foreman) of the construction; special attention is paid to the quality and reliability of welded and bolted connections of structural elements and, in particular, fastenings of the working floor and suspended scaffolds.
When carrying out work, the placement of stocks of materials on the working floor, as well as bunkers and other devices, must comply with the project for the production of work. If materials are transported to the formwork using a tower crane, then a signalman must be on the working floor to regulate the path of the load.
The rise of the formwork should exclude the engagement of its elements with fixed structures (hooks of the suspended formwork of the ceiling, connections of the bracing racks, etc.).
On the working floor of the formwork, smoking areas are provided, equipped with fire extinguishers. Meetings and study tours are not permitted on the formwork floor.
Safety in the production of reinforcing work
The reinforcing elements to be installed must be fixed; it is not allowed to leave them loose. Knitting or welding reinforcement while standing on tied or welded collars or rods is prohibited.
When installing the reinforcement of columns, walls and other vertical structures with a height of more than 3 m, it is necessary to arrange scaffolds with a decking at least 1 m wide and a fence at least 0.8 m high every 2 m along the height.
When hanging the top of the finished column frame and unfastening it, props and boards are used. During knitting and welding of vertical installed frames, it is forbidden to stand on their rods.
It is impossible to be on the reinforcing-formwork blocks until they are completely installed and fixed.
Walking on the reinforced floor is allowed only along the passages 0.3 and 0.4 m wide, installed on the trestles.
It is forbidden to store stocks of reinforcement on scaffolds. When installing fittings near live electrical wires, measures should be taken to prevent the fittings from touching the wires.
Metal scale, dust, dirt from rods and welded joints are removed manually or mechanized way; this work is carried out in goggles and thick gloves.
Before starting electric welding work, it is necessary to check:
- - serviceability of the electric welding machine and insulation of the body of the machine, welding wire and electric motor (for machines with remote control);
- - availability and correct grounding of the welding machine; absence near the place of welding (at a distance of at least 5 m from it) of flammable substances.
Welding machines and units installed in an open area are protected from precipitation (canopies or tarpaulins) and mechanical damage.
Perform electro welding work outdoors during rain and thunderstorms is prohibited. The length of the wire between the mains supply and the mobile welding unit for manual arc welding must be more than 15 m. To avoid mechanical damage, the wires are placed in a rubber sleeve. Do not use wires with damaged braid and insulation.
It is allowed to carry out welding work at height from scaffolds, scaffolds and cradles only after the reliability of these devices has been checked by the work manager, and measures have been taken to prevent the fire of the flooring and the fall of molten metal on people working below.
Welders working at height should have electrode canisters or bags and cinder boxes. Throwing cinders is prohibited.
When working with an open electric arc, electric welders need to protect their faces and eyes with a helmet-mask or a shield with protective glasses-light filters. Light filters are protected from splashes of molten metal or contamination with simple glass.
Workers helping the electric welder are also provided with shields and goggles, depending on the conditions.
When servicing automatic submerged arc welding machines, scaly-framed goggles with blue light filters must be used.
Safety precautions in the production of formwork
Work on the installation and dismantling of formwork at the construction site is carried out in strict accordance with SNiP 12-04-2002 “Labor safety in construction. Part 2. Construction production.
Only those employees who have attended an instructive course on safety precautions and passed the relevant exams are allowed to work.
Engineering and technical personnel must be well acquainted with the formwork project, in particular with the special requirements and conditions for the production of work, and during the construction process, seek their mandatory implementation. Workers of integrated teams need to know the safe practices for the production of all work performed by this team. I Workplaces should be free of materials, debris, production waste, well lit. For formwork work, the illumination rate is 25 lux. It is forbidden to work in unlit places.
Simultaneous work in two or more tiers along one vertical without appropriate protective "devices (flooring, canopies, etc.) is not allowed.
When working at a height of more than 1.5 m (if it is impossible to arrange fences), workers are provided with safety belts with carabiners and indicate the places where the chain or rope of the safety belt is securely fastened.
The formwork and the scaffolding supporting it must be strong and stable, for which they must be carried out in full accordance with the project. Permissible loads on the decks are determined by calculation. The total weight of materials, people and vehicles must not exceed the permissible loads. The accumulation of people on the scaffolding decks and ceiling formwork is not allowed.
The installation of a collapsible formwork at a height of 5.5 m from the ground or the underlying floor can be carried out from ladders or skew stepladders with a platform with a fence at the top, and at a height of up to 8 m from mobile carts. At a higher height for the work of the formworkers on the scaffolding, decking is arranged.
The decks of scaffolds, scaffolds and step-ladders located above 1.1 m from the ground level or ceiling are equipped with a railing at least 1 m high, consisting of a planed handrail, one horizontal element and a side board with a height of at least 150 mm. The side boards should be placed on the flooring, and the railing elements should be attached to the posts from the inside. The height of the passages on the scaffolding is left at least] 1.8 m. The installed formwork of the slabs must have a fence around the entire perimeter.
The condition of all structures of scaffolding and scaffolding, including connections, fastenings and fences, requires systematic monitoring. The condition of scaffolding and scaffolding must be checked daily before the start of the shift by the foreman in charge of the relevant work area at this facility.
It is possible to install large-panel panels, formwork and reinforcement-formwork blocks and panels assembled from inventory panels by cranes if the elements make up a rigid system. It is allowed to release the installed element from the hook of the lifting mechanism after fixing it with permanent or temporary connections (according to the project) and checking the reliability of fixing.
Dismantling of the formwork is started only with the permission of the foreman or foreman, and in especially serious cases (for example, with the construction of large spans, thin-walled structures, etc.) - with the permission of the responsible construction manager. Before dismantling the formwork of load-bearing structures (columns, beams, slabs, etc.), the construction laboratory must check the strength of the concrete. By inspection and tapping, you need to make sure that there are no cracks and other defects that could lead to unacceptable deflections or collapse of the structure when removing the formwork.
Scaffolding is disassembled, starting from the upper tiers, and the components are lowered using cranes or simple mechanical devices. It is forbidden to cut scaffolding, as well as to dump individual elements from them. During a thunderstorm and with a wind force of more than 6 points, work from scaffolding, as well as their installation and dismantling, should be stopped,
The preparation and application of any lubricants on the surface of the formwork must be carried out with the obligatory observance of all sanitary and safety requirements, since many lubricants based on petrolatum, nigrol, autol, solar oil cause irritation of the mucous membranes of the nose and mouth, have a harmful effect on the skin hands
Safety in the production of concrete work
The territory of the concrete plant or mixing plant must be kept clean, have an asphalt surface, a flat surface without ruts and holes, and proper electric lighting. For internal inspection of equipment, hand lamps with a voltage of 12 V are used. In accordance with safety regulations, walkways, driveways, stairs, overpasses are arranged. Passages must be fenced. With regard to a specific technology at the plant (or installation), a safety instruction is drawn up for the operation of motors, electric lighting, ventilation systems (dust removal) and steam supply, which is introduced to all employees.
When servicing equipment by several operators, communication is established between them using light or sound signals of the corresponding workplaces, instructions are posted on the procedure for starting and stopping engines and posters with the designation of signals. Signal switches are located directly at the workplaces.
If the concrete mixture during unloading does not flow out of the drum (bowl) of the mixer fast enough, then it is unacceptable to help on the move with any devices (in this case, the mixer must be temporarily stopped). While the drum is rotating, do not touch it with your hands.
Do not clean the drums and bowls of mixing machines with shovels or other hand tools during their rotation. You should stop the machine and disconnect it from the mains, removing the fuses and locking the starting device with a padlock.
It is forbidden for workers to stay under a raised and unsecured loading bucket of mixers. The bucket can be cleaned only after it is securely fixed in the raised position.
Preparation in winter conditions of concrete mixtures with chemical additives is carried out in compliance with special precautions. On containers in which an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite is prepared, stored or transferred, there should be an inscription: "Poison - do not drink!". Sodium nitrite tanks are hermetically sealed and locked.
Devices for heating water and aggregates with steam in winter and methods of their operation must comply with the safety requirements for steam supply systems.
Descent for repair or other needs into bunkers heated with live steam is permissible only after they have completely cooled down and in the absence of materials in them. Pipelines for steam and hot water, in order to avoid burns of workers, are located at least 2.5 m from the level of the iol.
When transporting a concrete mixture by concrete trucks and dump trucks, it is unacceptable: to be in the back of a dump truck when it is loaded; do not drive up to its edge closer than 1 m when unloading the concrete mixture into the pit; unload the body of a dump truck on the move (in cases where it is advisable under the conditions of production technology, the operation is performed with the car moving slowly under the supervision of a foreman or foreman). The most expedient is the use of special concrete trucks unloaded through a folding tray. Overpasses and bridges are equipped with bars and fences; a passage of at least 0.6 m is left between them. Dead-end overpasses are supplied with transverse fenders. Vehicle speed must not exceed 3 km/h.
Electric wires on belt conveyors are concluded. in rubber sleeves; the conveyor frame is grounded.
Cleaning of the belt, rollers and other parts of the conveyor is carried out only during its stop.
To go over the conveyors located in the working area, arrange bridges with railings.
The operator of the mine hoist must be able to see where the mixture is loaded at the bottom and unloaded at the top. If this requirement is not feasible, an alarm system (call, telephone, etc.) is used and the exact order of signal exchange is established.
The rigging equipment of cranes, hoists and containers must be tested in accordance with the rules of Gosgortekhnadzor before starting work.
When the concrete mixture is supplied by cranes, the buckets are fixed so that the cases of their arbitrary unloading are completely excluded. At the time of unloading the mixture, the distance from the bottom of the bucket to the surface onto which the unloading is carried out should not exceed 1 m.
When supplying a concrete mixture with a concrete pump, it is necessary to test it before starting work at a hydraulic pressure exceeding 1.5 times the working pressure. The concrete pump should be connected by an alarm to the place where the concrete mix is to be placed.
During the operation of the concrete pump, it is forbidden to poke the mixture in the neck of the pump's receiving hopper.
The concrete pipeline is usually cleaned with water. Compressed air may only be used in cases where cleaning with water causes particular difficulties in the work (for example, in winter conditions).
The concrete pipeline is cleaned at an air pressure of not more than 1.5 MPa. After it is cleared by half its length, the air pressure is gradually reduced. The last 1 ... 2 links are cleaned at a pressure close to atmospheric. An inclined visor is installed at the outlet of the concrete conduit, and the workers should not be closer than 10 m from the outlet of the concrete conduit.
When transporting the concrete mixture by hand trucks (for small jobs), the rolling moves are systematically cleaned from concrete, dirt, and in winter from snow and ice.
Rolling boards and boards with a width of at least 200 mm should be laid without thresholds. When laying rolling passages at a height (above the ground), their width is taken at least 1.2 m. Rolling passages and overpasses for transporting concrete mix are protected on both sides with railings 1 m high with a side board not less than 150 mm high.
When lowering the concrete mix along the trays, link trunks and vibro-shoots, the loading funnels, as well as the links of the trunks and vibro-shoots, are securely attached to the scaffolds, formwork or reinforcement and are well connected to each other in order to avoid breaking them when loading with concrete mix.
To prevent the mixture from falling past the loading funnel, a solid flooring is made at the level of the funnel, surrounding it from all sides, or protective visors are installed.
When laying a concrete mixture at a height of more than 3 m in the absence of fences (for example, when correcting defects in concreting, etc.), the concrete worker must be secured to the structure with a safety belt. Places for fastening the belt are determined by the technical staff. Safety belts must have appropriate tags; in their absence, the belt must be tested for strength.
Concreting work from outdoor scaffolding must not be carried out in strong winds (speed 11 ... 12 m / s), during thunderstorms, and also at nightfall, if workplace insufficiently illuminated.
When concreting structures in mobile forms, openings in the working floor must be protected with railings.
Work on the installation and dismantling of formwork at the construction site is carried out in strict accordance with SNiP Sh-4-80.
Only those workers who have attended an instructive course on safety precautions and passed the relevant exams are allowed to work.
The engineering and technical personnel must be well acquainted with the formwork project, in particular with the special requirements and conditions for the work, and during the construction process, seek their obligatory implementation. Workers of integrated teams need to know the safe practices for the production of all work performed by this team.
Workplaces should be free from materials, garbage, production waste, well lit. For formwork work, the illumination rate is 25 lux. It is forbidden to work in unlit places.
Simultaneous work in two or more tiers along one vertical line without appropriate protective devices (flooring, canopies, etc.) is not allowed.
When working at a height of more than 1.5 m (if it is impossible to arrange fences), workers are provided with safety belts with carabiners and indicate the places where the chain or rope of the safety belt is securely fastened.
The formwork and the scaffolding supporting it must be strong and stable, for which they must be carried out in full accordance with the project. Permissible loads on the decks are determined by calculation. The total weight of materials, people and vehicles must not exceed the permissible loads. The accumulation of people on the scaffolding decks and the formwork of the ceilings is not allowed.
The installation of collapsible formwork at a height of 5.5 m from the ground or the underlying floor can be carried out from ladders or skew ladders with a platform with a fence at the top, and at a height of up to 8 m - from mobile carts. At a higher height for the work of the formworkers on the scaffolding, decking is arranged.
The decks of scaffolds, scaffolds and step-ladders located above 1.1 m from the ground or floor level are equipped with a railing at least 1 m high, consisting of a planed handrail, one horizontal element and a side board with a height of at least 150 mm . The side boards should be placed on the flooring, and the railing elements should be attached to the posts from the inside. The height of the passages on the scaffolding is left at least 1.8 m. The installed formwork of the slabs must have a fence around the entire perimeter.
The condition of all structures of scaffolding and scaffolding, including connections, fastenings and fences, requires systematic monitoring. The condition of the scaffolding and scaffolding must be checked daily before the start of the shift by the foreman in charge of the relevant section of work at this facility.
It is possible to install large-panel panels, shuttering and reinforcement-formwork blocks and panels assembled from inventory panels by cranes if the elements make up a rigid system. It is allowed to release the installed element from the hook of the lifting mechanism after it is fixed with permanent or temporary ties (according to the project) and after checking the reliability of fastening.
Dismantling of the formwork begins only with the permission of the foreman or foreman, and in especially serious cases (for example, during the construction of large spans, thin-walled structures, etc.) - with the permission of the responsible construction manager. Before starting the disassembly of the formwork of load-bearing structures (columns, beams, slabs, etc.), the construction laboratory must check the strength of the concrete. By inspection and tapping, you need to make sure that there are no cracks and other defects that could lead to unacceptable thresholds or collapse of the structure when removing the formwork.
The scaffolding is disassembled, starting from the upper tiers, and the components are lowered with the help of cranes or simple mechanical devices. It is forbidden to cut scaffolding, as well as to dump individual elements from them. During a thunderstorm and with a wind force of more than 6 points, work from the scaffolds, as well as their installation and dismantling, should be stopped.
The preparation and application of any lubricants on the formwork surfaces must be carried out with the obligatory observance of all sanitary and safety requirements, since many lubricants based on petrolatum, nigrol, autol, diesel oil cause irritation of the mucous membranes of the nose and mouth, have a harmful action on the skin of the hands.
K category: Concrete works
Formwork Safety
Formwork used for the construction of monolithic reinforced concrete structures, are manufactured and used in strict accordance with the project for the production of works. When installing formwork in several tiers, each subsequent tier is installed only after fixing the previous one.
It is not allowed to place equipment and materials on the formwork that are not provided for by the project for the production of works, as well as the stay of people who are not involved in production of works,
The formwork is dismantled only after the concrete reaches the specified strength with the permission of the work supervisor, and especially critical structures - with the permission of the chief engineer.
Mounted formwork elements are released from the hook of the lifting mechanism only after they are temporarily or permanently fixed.
In the absence of mounting scaffolds, the formwork panels are fixed on the supporting structures and only after that they are torn off from the concrete.
At the workplace of formworkers must be created safe conditions labor. If work is carried out simultaneously on several tiers, the workplaces are reliably protected from above and below in case of falling tools and formwork elements.
In places where formwork elements are stored, the width of the passages must be at least 1 m. Descents into the pits are equipped with stairs with railings.
Formwork panels, elements of scaffolding and fixtures are lifted and delivered to the installation site in packages or special containers by lifting mechanisms, the packages are covered with slings in at least two places. Elements of fasteners and connections (locks, clamps, bands, etc.) formwork is served only in special containers.
When applying lubricants to the formwork with a pneumatic spray, workers must wear goggles, respirators, overalls, gloves and rubber boots.
At the time of concreting, a worker on duty is appointed, who periodically (1 ... 2 times per hour) inspects the formwork and, in case of deformation of its individual elements, supporting racks or other parts, calls the master to take measures to correct the defects found. All defects associated with a violation of the structure of the laid concrete mixture can be corrected within 1 ... 2 hours after laying the mixture.
All General requirements safety precautions required in the production of general construction works, also apply to the production of formwork. In addition, a number of special requirements must be met.
The formwork and the scaffolding supporting it must be strong and stable, for which they must be carried out in full accordance with the project.
Permissible loads on the scaffold decks must be established by the technical staff on the basis of the calculation. The weight of materials stacked on decks, the weight of people and vehicles on them must not exceed the permissible loads.
The accumulation of people on the scaffolding decks and on the formwork of the ceilings is not allowed.
The installation of a collapsible formwork at a height of up to 5.5 m from the ground or the underlying floor can be carried out from ladders or portable ladders with a platform with a fence at the top, and at a height of up to 8 m - from mobile carts. At a higher height for the work of formworkers, decks are arranged on the scaffolding.
The decks of scaffolds, scaffolds and step-ladders located above 1.1 s from the ground level or ceiling must be protected by railings at least 1 m high, consisting of a handrail, one horizontal element and a side board with a height of at least 15 cm. Side boards should be installed on flooring, and fasten the elements of the railing to the racks from the inside. Wooden handrails must be sharpened.
The height of the passages on the scaffolding must be at least 1.8 m. The installed formwork of the slabs must have fences around the entire perimeter.
The condition of all structures of scaffolding and scaffolding, including the condition of connections, fastenings and fences, must be systematically monitored.
The condition of scaffolding and scaffolding should be checked daily before the start of the shift by the foreman in charge of the relevant work area at this facility.
Large-panel panels, formwork and reinforcement-formwork blocks and panels assembled from inventory panels should be installed by cranes in compliance with the following rules: mounted elements must be rigid and their parts must be securely fastened; it is allowed to release the installed element from the hook of the lifting mechanism only after fixing the element with permanent or temporary ties (according to the project) and checking the reliability of fastening.
Dismantling of the formwork can only be started with the permission of the foreman or foreman, and in especially serious cases (for example, in the construction of large spans, with thin-walled structures, etc.) - with the permission of the responsible construction manager. Before dismantling the formwork of load-bearing structures (columns, beams, slabs, etc.), the construction laboratory must check the strength of the concrete. By inspection and tapping, you need to make sure that there are no cracks and other defects that could lead to unacceptable deflections or collapse of the structure when removing the formwork.
It is forbidden to stack materials from dismantling the formwork on the scaffolds. They must be immediately lowered to the ground, sorted and stacked. Protruding nails and staples must be removed from the boards. It is forbidden even for a short time to lay boards or boards with the tips of the nails facing upwards.
All openings left in the ceilings must be securely sealed or fenced after the formwork has been removed.
When working at height, carried out near the outer walls of the structure, workers must be equipped with securely fastened safety belts with carabiners.
See also:
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