The modern world has been formed in a number of factors, the main of which is scientific technical progress(NTP). Key Features modern world determined by the NTP. Scientific and technological progress is the basis of modern civilization. He is only 300-350 years old. It was then that industrial civilization arose. STP permeates the entire civilization (activities, people's lives). NTP is a twofold thing: it has both positive and negative features. Positive - improvement of comfort, negative - ecological (comfort leads to an ecological crisis) and cultural (due to the development of means of communication, there is no need for direct contact).
Scientific and technological progress (STP) is a process of constant renewal of all elements of reproduction, the main place in which belongs to the renewal of technology and technology. This question is eternal and constant, as is the eternal and constant work of human thought, designed to facilitate and reduce the cost of human and mental labor to achieve the final result in labor activity.
At the same time, almost half a century of development of the world economy in the conditions of scientific and technological progress makes it possible to single out a number of its specific features, an objective assessment of which can contribute to the practical extraction of the huge opportunities potentially inherent in scientific and technological progress for economic and social progress. The main features of the NTP include:
- - accelerating the pace of scientific and technological progress;
- - complication and absolute rise in price of new technologies;
- - Significant changes in the structure of employment and qualitative characteristics of the labor force.
The rate of scientific and technical progress means the period from fundamental research or the emergence of a new scientific and technical idea to its implementation in production and obtaining an effective effect.
The acceleration of the pace of scientific and technical progress at its present stage determines the economic behavior of the entrepreneur, forcing him to reduce the time frame for new capital construction to the maximum. With their lengthening, a new scientific and technical solution may appear, which may necessitate reconstruction even before the commissioning of a new capital facility.
The scientific and technical achievements of the NTP era are much more effective than the achievements of the previous stage. The acceleration of the pace of scientific and technical progress, the complication and rise in the cost of scientific and technological achievements of scientific and technical progress made high demands on the quality characteristics of the workforce.
The advent of scientific and technical progress presented completely new requirements for the knowledge and skills of workers. The development and use of rapidly changing machinery and technology require a new level of education, qualifications, general professional knowledge and culture in the interests of production.
But, despite the positive features, some global problems of mankind are associated with scientific and technical progress:
- 1) the problem of overpopulation. In the 40s and 50s there was an active invention of new medicines(for example, they include a class of antibiotic drugs), which was the success of a whole spectrum of sciences, from biology to chemistry. Around the same time, new ways of industrial production of vaccines and drugs were proposed, making many drugs cheap and available. Thanks to these successes of scientific and technical progress in the field of medicine, such terrible diseases as tetanus, poliomyelitis and anthrax have receded, and the incidence of tuberculosis and leprosy has significantly decreased. After the Second World War, in many countries of Asia and Africa, young independent states began to introduce medical care. Massive cheap vaccinations and the introduction of elementary hygiene rules led to a sharp increase in life expectancy and a decrease in mortality.
- 2) environmental problems associated with an unlimited growth in production and emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, deforestation and landscape transformation, an increase in the number of cars, active shipping and air travel.
- 3) problems associated with new types of weapons.
In its development, scientific and technical progress manifests itself in two interrelated and interdependent forms - evolutionary and revolutionary.
The evolutionary form of scientific and technical progress is characterized by a gradual, continuous improvement of traditional technical means and technologies, the accumulation of these improvements. Such a process can last quite a long time and provide, especially at its initial stages, significant economic results.
At a certain stage, there is an accumulation of technical improvements. On the one hand, they are no longer effective enough, on the other, they create the necessary basis for fundamental, fundamental transformations of the productive forces, which ensures the achievement of a qualitatively new social labor, higher productivity. A revolutionary situation arises. This form of development of scientific and technological progress is called revolutionary. Under the influence of the scientific and technological revolution, qualitative changes are taking place in the material and technical base of production.
Efficiency of NTP:
The result of the implementation of the achievements of scientific and technological progress is an increase in the efficiency of the functioning of the national economy.
The effectiveness of scientific and technical progress is understood as the ratio of the effect and the costs that caused this effect. The effect is understood as a positive result, which is obtained as a result of the implementation of the achievements of scientific and technical progress.
The effect can be:
- economic (reduction of production costs, profit growth, labor productivity growth, and so on);
- political (ensuring economic independence, strengthening defense capabilities);
- social (improving working conditions, raising the material and cultural level of citizens, and so on);
- environmental (reduction of environmental pollution).
To ensure the effective functioning of the economy, it is necessary to pursue a unified state scientific and technical policy. United science and technology policy-- a system of purposeful measures that ensure the comprehensive development of science and technology and the introduction of their results into the economy. This requires a choice of priorities in the development of science and technology and those industries in which scientific achievements should be implemented in the first place. This is also due to the limited resources of the state to conduct large-scale research in all areas of scientific and technical progress and their implementation in practice. Thus, the state at each stage of its development must determine the main directions of scientific and technical progress, provide conditions for their implementation.
At one time, the following areas of scientific and technological progress were identified as nationwide: electrification of the national economy; complex mechanization and automation of production; chemicalization of production. The most important, or decisive, of all these areas is electrification, since without it other areas of scientific and technological progress are inconceivable. It should be noted that for their time these were well-chosen areas of scientific and technical progress, which played positive role to accelerate, develop and improve production efficiency. They are also important at this stage in the development of social production, so we will dwell on them in more detail.
What does technological progress give us and what does it take away?
Elena Kuznetsova,
supposedly technical progress provides mechanical substitutes for what we already have, but
much worse quality.
Technique implants crutches, prostheses and dentures where
there is no need for them under the guise of comfort.
Elevators and consoles lead to immobility.
TV and Internet turn off live communication.
You don’t have to think anymore: Google knows everything and instantly gives an answer to any question.
Most importantly, technology pushes people to the idea of the intrinsic value of life.
But life was given to people not in order to live, and not in order to continue the race.
Life is given from above in order to realize the destiny and enlighten the soul.
Only in this way is happiness achieved.
Therefore, the current state of heartlessness and indifference, when everyone is buried in their computer or smartphone and
does not notice anyone around,
and there is a product of such alleged progress.
This progress has already brought nature to excesses, when she, no longer able to endure her super-progressive children,
throws them off.
Technological progress gives us a lot. If in the 80s a color TV was some kind of curiosity, and a video camera in the early 90s was the standard of wealth, now without a computer and the Internet, not to mention mobile phones, does not represent the life of any modern person. The speed of obtaining almost any information now comes down to a matter of minutes, and this cannot but rejoice, especially when you write some material and double-check the facts from several sources.
What does it deprive? I think that, first of all, such a rapid development of technological progress deprives our children of childhood, who, instead of playing football, sit at home at computers and communicate not live, but with the help of social networks. play in computer games, thereby moving away from reality a little. Well, and what kind of sores are acquired from prolonged sitting, plus the fact that visual impairment will still appear.
Technological progress gives us comfort and convenience, saves our time, provides us with great opportunities at a level that our parents, not only grandparents, did not even dream of. This applies to everyday life and entertainment, science, research, transport, all new gadgets.
But what progress deprives us of: nature and the communication of nature with man and with other people. Nature suffers from the fact that man uses it directly or indirectly, simply cutting down forests, destroying flora and fauna in order to build new house or a factory, for further progress, so to speak. Man, on the other hand, is passionate about the products of progress, and most of them are all their own. free time(not to mention many of those who are at work at the computer) spend in front of TV screens or monitors of their computers, or tormenting their other gadgets, completely forgetting about outdoor recreation, enjoying birdsong, landscapes and fresh air. It is especially sad that children, following the example of adults, behave in the same way, completely forgetting about outdoor games.
And many more products of progress stupefy ordinary people to an extent. If there were no computer and TV, and many other things, people would not spend all their evenings in front of the screen, but would do something useful and developing, they would be in nature more. If there wasn’t even a TV remote control, you would have to get up at least sometimes to switch channels, thereby stretching your back and body in general, and you wouldn’t mindlessly click on the keys in search of something more interesting, but in the end you wouldn’t have spent two hours in the thoughtless clicking and flickering of channels. Think about it, because many of our grandmothers or great-grandmothers lived without running water, without diapers, without purees in jars, without washing machines, without cars, without food processors and microwaves, and even without a gas stove, they lived - and nothing, yes, they could complain to a hard life sometimes, and then again - hands to feet - and continue to live and forge your happiness. And now many have everything they need to make life easier, but we whine more often than our great-grandfathers, we complain more about the lack of time, although in reality it is just our disorganization, laziness.
In fact, we are happy that, thanks to technological progress, we have all this, but we simply forget to be happy, we do not have time to look back at the world, at our children, at nature in the bustle that we have invented. Technological progress is good for us ordinary people with its products that make our life easier and more enjoyable. But the bad thing is that, unlike our great-grandfathers, we become helpless without many of the products of those progress familiar to us. Many people don’t even know how to count in their minds without a calculator, and they write with difficulty, they are used to typing. They can’t write without errors, because they are used to the fact that an automatic check will check everything for them ...
But to someone technological progress develops brains well: scientists and inventors, those who then sell all the products of technological progress, there is a great mind, ingenuity, resourcefulness, it’s like the brain works tirelessly there.
Technological progress brings a lot of good things. For example, freedom from paperwork, the boundaries of communication are erased thanks to the Internet and cellular communication, medicine made big breakthrough with the help of modern equipment, it has become easier to study space and much more. In a word, thanks to technological progress, humanity has reached a completely new, higher level of development. But ... there are also huge disadvantages. Mankind has become so dependent on this progress that in the event of a global or local catastrophe it will hardly be able to survive, since now only matches with Wi-Fi are not made. The urban population is so far removed from nature that it is difficult to imagine how to get food. Yes, there are many things to add to this list, both good and bad.
I'm afraid that this very progress will destroy us sooner or later. After all, humanity probably uses 70 percent of all developments for military purposes, directing them to intimidate and destroy their own kind. If people used 100 percent of technology only to develop and improve their civilization, then it would be possible to implement the Venus project developed by Jacque Fresco back in the seventies.
That's pretty much how I think about all this.
Scientific and technological revolution (scientific and technological revolution) - a radical qualitative transformation of the productive forces, a qualitative leap in the structure and dynamics of the development of the productive forces.
Scientific and technological revolution in the narrow sense - a radical restructuring of the technical foundations of material production, which began in the middle of the 20th century. , on the basis of the transformation of science into the leading factor of production, as a result of which the transformation of industrial society into a post-industrial one takes place.
Before the scientific and technical revolution, the research of scientists was at the level of matter, then they were able to conduct research at the level of the atom. And when they discovered the structure of the atom, scientists discovered the world quantum physics, they moved on to deeper knowledge in the field of elementary particles. The main thing in the development of science is that the development of physics in the life of society has significantly expanded the abilities of man. The discovery of scientists helped humanity take a different look at the world around us, which led to the scientific and technological revolution.
The modern era of scientific and technological revolution began in the 1950s. It was then that its main directions were born and developed: production automation, control and management based on electronics; the creation and application of new structural materials, etc. With the advent of rocket and space technology, human exploration of near-Earth space began.
Classifications [ | ]
- the emergence and introduction of language into human activity and consciousness;
- the invention of writing;
- the invention of printing;
- the invention of the telegraph and telephone;
- the invention of computers and the advent of the Internet.
The recognized classic of the theory of post-industrialism D. Bell identifies three technological revolutions:
- invention of the steam engine in the 18th century
- scientific and technological advances in electricity and chemistry in the 19th century
- creation of computers in the 20th century
Bell argued that, just as the industrial revolution brought about the assembly line, which increased productivity and prepared for mass consumption society, so now there must be a mass production of information that ensures appropriate social development in all directions.
“Gunpowder, compass, printing,” notes K. Marx, “three great inventions that precede bourgeois society. Gunpowder blows up chivalry, the compass opens the world market and establishes colonies, and printing becomes an instrument of Protestantism and, in general, a means of reviving science, the most powerful lever for creating the necessary prerequisites for spiritual development. Doctor of Philosophical Sciences Professor G. N. Volkov in the scientific and technological revolution highlights the unity of the revolution in technology - with the transition from mechanization to automation production processes, and a revolution in science - with its reorientation to practice, the goal of applying research results to the needs of production, in contrast to the medieval one (see Scholasticism # Scholastic view of science).
According to the model used by Northwestern University (USA) economist Professor Robert Gordon, the first scientific and technological revolution, which began in 1750 with the invention of the steam engine and the construction of the first railways, lasted until about the end of the first third of the 19th century. Second STD (1870-1900), when electricity and the internal combustion engine were invented three months apart in 1897. The third scientific and technological revolution began in the 1960s with the advent of the first computers and industrial robotics, it became globally significant in the mid-90s, when ordinary users massively gained access to the Internet, its completion dates back to 2004.
The Russian historian L. E. Grinin, speaking of the first two revolutions in the technological development of mankind, adheres to established views, highlighting the agrarian and industrial revolutions. However, speaking of the third revolution, he refers to it as cybernetic. In his concept, the cybernetic revolution consists of two phases: the scientific and information phase (the development of automation, energy, the field of synthetic materials, space, the creation of controls, communications and information) and the final phase of controlled systems, which, according to his forecast, will begin from 2030-2040- x years. Agrarian Revolution: The first phase is the transition to manual farming and animal husbandry. This period began about 12 - 19 thousand years ago, and the transition to the testamentary stage of the agrarian revolution begins about 5.5 thousand years ago.
Also the cybernetic revolution is characterized.
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Oh, how rapidly scientific and technological progress broke into our daily life! Twenty years ago, you had to stand in line to install a telephone, and now everyone, regardless of age, owns a personal mobile phone and, sometimes, more than one. Previously, only science fiction writers could read about video communication, but now the SKYPE program on the Internet makes it possible to both see and hear the interlocutor. Mail, moving into the category of electronic, allows you to exchange letters, postcards and photographs with friends in a matter of minutes. What can we say about household appliances! While a modern machine is washing clothes, the bread maker is already blushing another loaf of bread, and the slow cooker reports that the borscht is ready. Life is like in a fairy tale! So? That's just the number happy people for some reason it doesn't grow. And the matter is not at all in the number of purchased food processors and dishwashers.
Man has always dreamed that hard physical labor, including domestic labor, would be replaced by mechanisms and robots. Then he, the man, will be able to do something else, more interesting, useful. What comes to the surface? The Internet (technique again!) fills the vacuum of free time, replaces live communication with a surrogate, displaces real life virtual. A sedentary lifestyle behind a “box”, nervous overstrains of “gambling”, as you know, affect not only today's health, but also the future of human society as a whole.
Trusting technology, we forget the rules of spelling (the computer will correct it!), Even the simplest calculations are carried out on a calculator - all this does not contribute to the progress of the person himself, rather the opposite. Tell me, do we live in a world of information? But is it all needed? And is it worth it to fill the cells of our memory? Maybe we should think more about those around us. Warm human relations cannot be replaced by any machine, and this is exactly what is lacking for those who “hang” on the World Wide Web.
Man is a child of nature. And, like all children, he loves toys that technical progress supplies him with. But just as kids sometimes grab matches and kindle them without thinking about the danger (only because they are interested in it), so a person, “playing too much”, allows machines to assert themselves in secondary roles.
It has long been known that movement is life, and no computer technology will challenge this saying. It is the physical movement that activates the thought, gives impetus to the development, improvement of the personality. No pictures on the Internet will convey the freshness of the wind, the smell of herbs, the coolness of sea water. No correspondence with a “network” addressee can replace real feelings of friendship and love. Excessive passion for various gadgets modern man takes him away from what nature has laid down. And she is a serious lady, she does not forgive mistakes, including the dominance of a machine over a person, even in Everyday life. Hence all the misfortunes - illness, loneliness, regression. Is this what we really need?
Technological progress is a wonderful thing, but it must be “consumed” within reasonable limits ...
Does society need technological progress?
"As there is no inventor who,
Drawing a car, I did not dream of it
bless the person,
So there is no machine that has not brought into the world
The gravest poverty
And new types of slavery." (Voloshin)
Technological advances provide a lot of interesting things. In the 19th century, these are steam locomotives, aircraft, steamboats - it becomes possible to move more quickly in space. The age of industrial development, which, along with big pluses, has also given rise to big minuses. The village was overpopulated. And the villagers were forced to leave their homes, land, moving to the cities. The most agile were able to survive there and get rich. AND most of became workers, and over them there was always the threat of unemployment, unprotected old age, illness. In 1830, the average life expectancy of workers in the world was 30 years. Metallurgists received burns, miners inhaled dust, printing workers suffered from lead disease, many textile workers inhaled the fibers of the threads, fell ill with tuberculosis. The workers saw the only way to change the unbearable conditions of work - the destruction of machines. Fertilizers began to be applied in the village.
The progress of technology today would have struck the imagination of people who lived in the 19th century. But the negative also increased. Over the past centuries, rapidly, ahead of progress, the Earth is dying: rivers, lakes, seas, air are poisoned. Synthetic foods are produced. Especially the European society, where technological progress is widely used, became rich, but did not become happy. In 1999, a mammoth was found on the Taimyr Peninsula, which lived 23 thousand years ago. Researchers are developing a fantastic project: they want to extract a DNA molecule from the frozen remains of an animal, and then try to clone this species. Interesting. And then they clone a person. And a little more progress and on Earth it is already a rarity to meet just a person with a living soul. But there are many clones that live like machines. So does society need technological progress? But the rocket has already taken off and cannot be stopped.
Olga Bakhareva
Does society need technological progress? I think yes it is needed. Technological progress is what has allowed us to achieve what we have. That is, we do not need to get up in the morning and go hunting to feed our tribe, we do not need to sleep in a cave and keep the fire going, because if it goes out, darkness will come and a predator will come that will kill us all. And the basis of this technological progress is laziness. Although, yes, labor made a person out of a monkey, but laziness helped a person make a wheel, tame a horse (after all, it’s lazy to walk 20 km on foot), use a stick. Yes, you can say, they say, this is bad and we are polluting the planet or a high level of crime, but wasn’t it 500 years ago that people died in packs from a common cold, or do you think that at that time people didn’t steal, didn’t kill, and even more than now? You can whine about the fact that they say we live badly - you were not a serf in the Middle Ages. In short, you can talk about this topic for a long time, but where am I leading? You can talk about how bad it is, but are you ready to leave your house, car, bed and go somewhere far away from people and live alone without comforts, but without progress? Of course, you will say: yes, in words we are all great, but in reality we are 0. Although it is useless to argue (because I'm right). And finally, I will say: laziness is even good.
Pavel Grigoriev
Of course you need it!
And how would I now sit in an armchair and write in the dark without lamps and chandeliers?
How would we buy warm jackets for the winter, if it were not for looms ... How would you call your friends? ..
Technological progress is needed. We must keep moving forward!
Right now, in parallel to how I am writing this, I am writing to my mother (a tautology, but nothing).
Of the minuses, this, of course, is an addiction to games ... In games we play better life(the theme (scenario) depends on the game itself)... This is a way to brighten up your life, to distract yourself from problems for a while...
There are more pros, of course, but there are also many cons.
Progress is always important, and even more important are the goals that humanity sets for itself.
Lisa Spevak
Does man need technological progress?
To answer this question, you must first understand what Tech. progress, and understand why it is needed. Man is, by definition, a very lazy creature, and historically man has developed technology only to do a little less. All Tech. progress is needed only to be able to rest more and work less. Since I am also a person, and as everyone loves to do nothing, at first glance, it seems that technological progress is something wonderful. But if you look better, you can find several significant disadvantages, the most basic ones are: land pollution, overpopulation and Morality. With Tech. Progress has brought about certain things that are contrary to morality, natural selection, and many other factors. There is a simple rule: to get 1 unit of energy, you need to spend 1.5 units of energy, that is, this means that if people continue to use the technologies that Tech gave them. progress, then someday resources will run out, and progress will kill us. Also, progress contributed to the development of medicine, which contributed to overpopulation, which violates natural selection, and the ecosystem. The further progress goes, the less the value of ordinary workers becomes, because a machine can do the same thing as a person, in addition, it will do it better, faster and cheaper, soon no one will need human labor, and then the person himself. Previously, hundreds of people were involved in making a kilogram of paper, but now you don’t even need one. In general, this means that Tech. progress is needed in order to completely remove physical labor from our lives. And the peak of all progress will be the moment when physical activity completely leaves our lives, and only mental activity remains. In ancient times, the main thing was the one who was the most physically strong, but years and centuries passed, and progress began to slowly change everything, the process had already begun, and it can no longer be stopped, we will develop and the importance of physical strength will weaken and weaken. And if we return to the question "Is Technological progress necessary?", then I will answer: "It is not just needed, but necessary."
Mitya Kozlov
If we consider the need for technological progress for a small country isolated from external influences, then we can imagine a country in which manufactories remained and bloody revolutions did not take place.
Most likely, such a country can only exist if there was no infamous experience of slavery in its history. Since it was slavery that repeatedly stratified society to the limit, and because of this, there are rich and poor in the country, but there is not enough middle class to restrain the pressure of the deprived masses.
From these assumptions, we conclude that in such an ideal country, a population balanced in terms of property is needed. That is, we have 5 percent of the cream of society, 85 percent of the middle class, approximately lonely in terms of property, and 10 percent of poverty. Yes, in such a country there must be at least three strata of the population for people to want to get rich.
Well, so, it turns out that merchants, owners of manufactories, and members of state power make up 5% of the cream. Workers in factories, banks, hospitals - 85% of the middle class. And 10% of the poor, whom we love so much.
Here in such a country without wars and other strong blows to the stability of the country's position, we can imagine that there will be no major revolution in it. But in it, technological progress will be a useful, but not obligatory breakthrough.
Sergey Semyonov
Is technological progress necessary?
Now is the time that literally every two years some new technologies and equipment appear for completely different purposes and purposes. And earlier in the 19th century, everything was different, if something new appeared, then it was either the greatest discovery or rubbish that no one needed.
Part of technological progress is necessary to move forward, because without it we would not have computers, phones, tablets, and in the end we would never fly into space, because we simply would not know how.
But if you look at progress through the eyes of a worker at a factory in the 19th century, then progress for him is simply terrible, at the beginning of the 19th century the first cars, steam locomotives, factories appeared, which means that there was smoke and stale air, and work in factories at that time - it is a living hell, and adults and children had to work 20 hours with an hour break for mere pennies.
Of course, the authorities tried to do something so that their progress would not stop, for example, they built the so-called workhouses and tried to reduce the working time by several hours, something was done, something was not.
But the conclusion is this: technical progress is needed, but not at the cost of the 19th century.
Vanya Rusanov
Technological progress is the replacement of human labor with machine labor; the end of the 19th century is considered to be the end of technological progress, when the machine began to make another machine.
Let me return to the topic of this essay. Does man need technological progress?
I believe that humanity not only needed "technological progress", but man needed it. Technological progress is an integral part of the human revolution.
Another question automatically arises: why does a person need technical progress?
Humanity has two ways: the first is to move forward, and the second is to go back (in other words, to degrade). I also consider standing still and not moving forward with some degree of degradation. I think we do not have a certain level of development, to which we could reach and no longer develop. Our humanity is always developing and inventing something new.
So, in order to avoid regression, you need to move forward and develop. Stepping over every step of the endless evolutionary ladder leading up.
Imagine your life without amenities such as running water, gas, electricity, etc., etc. You wouldn't live a day! All this was created by man. Over the years, our humanity has evolved and invented new inventions, and tried to simplify their lives as much as possible.
That's why man needed technological progress. Man has always strived and, I believe, will strive to simplify his life, this is the essence of man. That's not bad! Laziness is what drives every person to some extent.
On this account, there good saying about this theme:
"laziness is the engine of progress"
Polina Peskovskaya