Scientific potential and its impact on the development of the national economy. Scientific and technical policy of the state

Section "Economic Sciences"

Subsection No. 15

Ivanova V.V.

Makeevka Institute of Economics and Humanities

State Scientific technical policy

Scientific and technical policy as an independent direction of the economic policy of the state appeared in the 80s of the 20th century, standing out from the industrial policy. The term "science and technology policy" is widely used in the economic literature. However, there is still no generally accepted definition of this concept.

Scientific and technical policy is a system of interrelated actions of state bodies and includes the definition of goals, the choice of means and methods for achieving them, as well as the implementation of specific measures (organizational, economic, social, and others) to implement the intended tasks of the scientific and technical progress. For example, S. A. Heiman believes that scientific and technological policy consists in "selecting and stimulating precisely those areas of progress in science and technology that allow us to most effectively solve the main tasks of the economic policy of society."

And R. Rothwell includes in the science and technology policy "financing of fundamental research in universities and government laboratories, technical education and the creation of collective industrial research systems, patent policy, the establishment of centers for the transfer of patentable technology created with public funds for commercial use."

Summarizing the various opinions, we can formulate the following definition of science and technology policy. Scientific and technological policy is a set of historically established principles, methods and measures of an economic, legal and organizational nature, carried out in order to stimulate scientific research and development and application of their results in the economic, political and military interests both within the country and in relations with other states.

This approach allows us to consider scientific and technical policy as a relatively independent direction of state management of the development of productive forces, of which science and technology are an integral part. At the same time, being organically included in the structure of productive forces, science and technology are at the same time inextricably linked with other elements, which predetermines the "inclusion" of scientific and technological policy in the structure of national policy.

At the present stage of the scientific and technological revolution, the role of science and technology in the life of society has invariably increased. Accordingly, the weight of science and technology policy in the process of developing and implementing a nationwide development strategy also increases.

In the 20th century, there was a separation of research activities. This was due to the objective need to systematically carry out research and development on the widest range of problems, areas of knowledge, purposefully regulate, and most effectively stimulate their results. There is a clear division of species scientific activity, which, in accordance with the tasks, goals, objects and results, the main elements of the structure are divided into fundamental research, applied research, scientific development.

All types of scientific activity, as well as invention and technical innovation, require state financial support. At the same time, the need for such support is determined by a number of factors, the significance of which varies from one area of ​​activity to another.

The results of fundamental research to the greatest extent determine scientific progress, they open up new areas for applied research, R&D, technical innovation, and create the opportunity for a continuous process of improving production. Basic research should also be considered as constituent part spending on education, tk. the level and quality of education are directly dependent on the state of the field of fundamental research in each particular country. Fundamental research cannot be of practical interest to functioning capital, since the likelihood of obtaining a positive result and the timing are uncertain, and the result itself has no commercial value. This is the main factor in the need for public funding.

Conducting applied research is of significant interest to the functioning capital. The results of such studies may already have commercial applications. Applied research is carried out purposefully, the timing of their implementation can be determined in advance, and, therefore, it is possible to estimate costs and predict the payback period. Along with a high degree of risk (there is a great uncertainty in obtaining a positive result; not always the application of the result in practice and use in a particular production environment will lead to an increase in efficiency) an important factor determining state funding and stimulation of applied research is absolute value of expenses. Applied research in some areas requires specially created test sites equipped with expensive equipment, as well as a certain staff of engineers, technicians and maintenance personnel. All this may be beyond the power of a single enterprise or even an association of producers in the same industry. In addition, the significance of the results of these studies goes beyond purely industry applications. In addition, there is an objective need to conduct applied research at a faster pace than the needs of the current period.

Of all types of scientific activity, experimental design is of the greatest interest to functioning capital, because this activity is directed directly to the search for methods that give optimal results from the application in practice, and in the conditions of a particular production process. The R&D results are of commercial value, they can be implemented, which attracts private enterprises and banking organizations. Scientific developments quickly pay off. The R&D sector is the least in need of public funding. But the need for state funding exists in this area as well. Not all developments are carried out in the interests of monopolies and other private enterprises. This applies to developments in areas with a high share of state-owned enterprises in the production of goods and services. Not all civilian developments can be financed in a timely manner and in sufficient quantities by private enterprises. State participation in financing is required to support the already begun scientific developments in the face of a decline in production, a deterioration in the competitiveness of enterprises.

Government incentives are also needed in the field of technical innovation. The development of new equipment and the use of new technologies is always associated with new risks and costs for the enterprise. The role of the state is also growing due to the need to overcome the numerous negative socio-economic consequences of the introduction of new technologies. These include: an increase in the unemployment rate in those industries where automation and robotization of production processes are actively carried out; changing requirements for the level of qualification and training of personnel. Which is expressed in an increase in demand for managerial and technical personnel and a decrease in the need for unskilled workers, environmental problems.

The choice of directions of state incentives in each specific area of ​​scientific and technical progress is influenced by: the position of leading national companies in the world market, their ability to allocate sufficient funds for R&D, and the tasks of the general economic policy of the state. The same factors determine the choice of methods for stimulating scientific and technical progress and the share of the state budget in financing R&D.

In developed countries, there is no special separate system of state incentives or a special mechanism for scientific and technical progress. State measures aimed at accelerating the pace of scientific and technological progress are “built into” the market mechanism itself and the system of commodity-money relations.

A characteristic feature of state incentives for scientific and technical progress in developed countries in modern conditions is the expansion of the volume and nature of tax and depreciation benefits for private companies.

Such benefits are widely used both to create a generally favorable environment for the investment activity of corporations, to increase their own sources of financing, and to increase intra-company spending on R&D, stimulate interaction in the field of R&D in applied and fundamental research, as well as to develop the innovation process. - mastering the achievements of science and their implementation in production.At the same time, there is a set set of benefits and incentives, they are distinguished by a targeted nature and strictly specific targeting of benefits.

In the state scientific and technological policy in developed countries, the priority of individual industries and companies is clearly visible, which is expressed in the scale of tax and depreciation benefits provided, the issuance of government subsidies and loans, and other indirect forms of incentives.

There are the following main benefits and areas of indirect financing of scientific and technical progress in developed countries. Investment tax credits New production assets, which are most often provided in the form of investment tax credits. The depreciation legislation of developed countries provides for a particularly preferential depreciation procedure for equipment used in technically advanced industries, as well as equipment used by companies for research and development. In the 80s of the 20th century, a special tax credit was introduced to stimulate the increase in the initiative and efforts of companies in the field of R&D. This discount is a deduction from the company's income tax a certain share as a percentage of the amount of the company's additional expenses for R&D in comparison with the corresponding average annual costs for the previous or base period.

For modern tax tools to stimulate scientific and technical progress in developed countries, there are characteristic features.

The system of benefits is "tied" to a single payment by companies to the state budget that exists in all countries - corporate income tax.

There is a differentiation of benefits by industry, type of equipment, type of activity, as well as the flexibility of benefits in terms of duration and purpose of introduction, based on national economic, scientific and technical tasks.

Each benefit has a clear, targeted character.

In all countries, official analysis and statistical accounting of tax incentives is carried out.

At the same time, tax depreciation measures to stimulate scientific and technological progress do not entail an increase in direct government appropriations, which is especially important in the context of a state budget deficit.

Ph.D. , professor Gelmanova Z.S.

Candidate of Economics, Associate Professor Spanova B.Zh.

Karaganda State Industrial University

The main goals and principles of the state scientific and technical policy.

Innovation activity is traditionally considered a sphere of support and active state policy.

State science and technology policy - an integral part of the socio-economic policy, which expresses the attitude of the state to science and scientific and technical activities, determines the goals, directions, forms of activity of the state authorities of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of science, technology and the implementation of the achievement of science and technology.

Basic goals state scientific and technical policy:

1. Development, rational placement and effective use of scientific and technical potential.

2. Increasing the contribution of science and innovation to the development of the state economy.

3. Structural transformations in the field of material production.

4. Improvement of the socio-economic situation.

5. Improvement of the ecological situation.

6. Strengthening the country's defense capability.

7. Ensuring the security of the individual.

8. Strengthening the connection between science and education.

The state scientific and technical policy is carried out on the basis of the following basic principles:

1. recognition of science as a socially significant industry;

2. publicity, expertise, competition;

3. guarantee of priority development of fundamental research;

4. integration various forms activities and structures;

5. support for competition and entrepreneurial activity in the field of science and technology;

6. concentration of resources on priority areas;

7. stimulation;

8. development of science, scientific, technical and innovative activities;

9. development of international cooperation.

The main directions of the state innovation policy are:

1. State support and incentives for investors in science-intensive, high-tech industries.

This can be done by combining efforts on the part of the state and private investors, interaction with countries near and far abroad.

Stimulation of such cooperation can be carried out through the introduction of certain tax incentives for funds that finance innovation, state guarantees and loans.

2. Creation of a mechanism for foreign economic support to create conditions for joint activities of domestic and foreign organizations in the production of domestic science-intensive products, taking into account its further sale on the foreign market.

3. Planning in the budgets of different levels of direct public investment for innovative programs and projects that have state priorities.

4. Development of a leasing system to attract high technology equipment.

5. Stimulating the participation of innovative-active enterprises in international competitions.

section two. social systems management theory

THEORY OF GOVERNANCE

science and technology policy in russia, its opportunities and problems

i.p. sparrow

National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University [email protected]

The prospects, opportunities and problems of the state scientific and technical policy are considered, the directions of its improvement on present stage based on the experience of innovative development abroad.

Keywords Keywords: scientific and technical potential, state scientific and technical policy, mechanism for regulating the innovation process, financing of science.

Each state is interested in the accelerated development of scientific potential, increasing the share of innovative products in GDP. Therefore, an active scientific and technological policy of the government is typical for many countries. Scientific and technical policy of the state - a set of strategic and tactical goals, tasks and directions for the development of scientific and technical potential, its effective use in the interests of the socio-economic development of society. Science and technology policy is long-term, as the creation of science and technology potential takes time and resources. Secondly, this policy is stimulating, as it is aimed at increasing the country's potential, accelerating scientific development and introducing the achievements of scientific and technical progress into production. Thirdly, the authorities are interested in the fact that the country makes the most efficient use of scientific achievements. To do this, intellectual property

must be protected by the state. That is, scientific and technical policy has a protectionist orientation.

The goals of scientific and technical policy in relation to scientific and technical potential are, first of all, its increase, maintaining the proportions between varieties and parts. For example, it is necessary to have knowledge, skills, technologies in the "reserve" for future use. The scientific and technical potential is not only used, but at the same time the process of its creation is taking place (training of future engineers and scientists, accumulation of new knowledge, development of new technologies, mastering the production of new products).

The complexity of managing scientific and technological development is manifested in the fact that the objects of this policy are very diverse, heterogeneous in organization, forms of ownership, structure, and functions. At the macro level, these are such areas of activity as science, high technology production, and education. At the micro level, these are organizations associated with these types of activities: universities, research institutions, innovative business, consumers of high technology products. Finally, the object of the state scientific and technical policy is the scientific and technical potential of the region.

The most important direction of scientific and technical policy regarding these objects is the forecasting of scientific activity, determining the prospects further development. It is also necessary to assess the state of science and the needs of production in the country in order to identify possible directions for scientific development. The government determines priority areas, acts as a customer, pays for scientific research. Among the promising areas in Russia are: security and countering terrorism; nanosystems; information and telecommunication systems; life sciences; promising types of weapons, military and special equipment; rational use of natural resources; transport and space systems; energy efficiency, energy saving, nuclear power.

For scientific development, the state provides appropriate resources (information, research, production). The state also acts as a customer in the education system, pays for training the right professions. That is essential tool science and technology policy favors the budgetary financing of science and education. In 2011, 314 billion rubles, 2.87% of the federal budget of the Russian Federation, were spent on the development of science.

In many countries, budgetary resources are attracted for the development of science for the following reasons:

1. Science does not fit into market relations. Scientific developments are in demand in the innovation market only at the last, final stage. But financial resources, and considerable ones, are required at the stages of research and development. Funding these stages, as a rule, the state.

2. Unpredictability of the result of scientific research. Entrepreneurs usually finance scientific research if the terms of scientific research are short and the result is definitely positive. However, one of the features of science is the unpredictability of terms and results. A negative result advances science just as much as a positive one. For a business, it makes no sense to spend money on a result that has no practical application.

3. The need for forecasts of scientific development. In view of the long-term nature of research, scientific forecasts are needed that will show promising scientific directions. Such forecasts can only be developed under the direct supervision of the authorities, since the state has information and financial resources for these purposes.

4. The need to get ahead of rivals. In order to take advantage of scientific results, it is necessary to get ahead of researchers from other countries. This is within the power of the authorities, which accumulate resources, combine scientific forces, provide equipment and materials for research. This is especially true for developments in military science, space exploration, and medicine. In the Soviet Union, there was an example of accelerating research for the production of atomic weapons, although the United States was the first to use the atomic bomb. The examples of Japan, Korea, and China show that an innovative breakthrough requires a well-thought-out scientific and technical strategy of the state. Consider the state of development of science in Russia in comparison with other countries.

1. Most high-tech countries spend more than 2-3 percent of GDP on research (Table 1). In Russia, the share of spending on science in GDP is comparable to countries such as Spain. Italy. In absolute terms, our country spends on scientific research 5 times less than in Japan, 6 times less than in China, 13 times less than in the United States.

2. In many countries, science is actively developing at the expense of the university sector (Switzerland, Great Britain, Belgium, France, Sweden). In our country, there is a large proportion of researchers working in state research institutes. The share of researchers from the business sector is usually high in countries with success in the practical application of scientific knowledge (Japan, Korea, China) (Table 2).

3. Russia traditionally has a high share of state funding for scientific research. Budget financing of science exceeds the expenses of entrepreneurs by 3 times (Table 3). At the same time, the burden of spending on science in many countries is borne by entrepreneurs interested in obtaining applied scientific results and using them for profit. The share of entrepreneurial spending exceeds government spending in the United States by 2 times, in Japan by 4.4 times, and in the Republic of Korea by 2.67 times.

Table 1

Research and development costs, US$ mln

Country 2005 2008 2009 2010 2009, in % of GDP 2010, in % of GDP

Russia 18115.0 30060.9 33575.3 32793.1 1.25 1.16

Austria 6802.5 8854.1 8839.3 9254.2 2.72 2.76

Germany 64298.8 81970.7 83297.2 86299.4 2.82 2.82

Denmark 4418.9 6235.8 6478.6 6816.0 3.06 3.06

Spain 13330.8 20414.9 20546.6 20386.1 1.39 1.39

Italy 17999.0 24075.9 24534.5 24269.2 1.26 1.26

France 39235.7 46547.8 49143.5 49990.8 2.26 2.25

China 71054.9 120806.6 154147.4 178980.7 1.70 1.77

Republic of Korea 30618.3 43906.4 47168.5 53184.9 3.56 3.74

Japan 128694.6 148719.2 137314.2 140832.8 3.36 3.26

USA 325936.0 403668.0 401576.0 2.90

table 2

Number of researchers by sector of science in 2010,

% to total

Country Public sector Business sector Sector higher education

Russia 32.8 47.8 19.1

Belgium 7.9 46.1 45.2

Germany 15.8 56.8 27.4

United Kingdom United Kingdom) 3.5 34.2 60.6

France 12.3 57.0 29.3

Switzerland 1.9 41.1 57.0

Sweden 3.8 61.7 34.4

China 19.1 61.1 19.8

Republic of Korea 7.5 76.5 14.9

Japan 4.9 74.8 19.1

4. As a rule, entrepreneurial sources of science funding are associated with those sectors where there is a high probability of obtaining a practical result for business in short time. Therefore, countries with a high share of funding from business have fairly good results in terms of scientific results in the form of patents for inventions (Table 4). Despite a significant increase in patents in Russia, there is a lag behind the leading states in terms of scientific and technical level - Japan, the USA, and Korea.

Table 3

Sources of funding for research and development costs

in 2010, % of total

Country 2000 2010

Russia 17592 29999

Austria 1217 1130

Germany 14707 13678

Netherlands 2820 1947

United Kingdom (UK) 8253 5594

France 11274 9899

Israel 2033 3724

India 1263 6168

China 13058 135110

Republic of Korea 34956 68843

Japan 125880 222693

Canada 12125 19120

US 157496 219614

5. Trends in scientific development, financing of science and its results have an impact on the activities of those enterprises that are consumers of an innovative product. Statistics show that the share of such enterprises in the industrial production of Russia is insignificant (Table 5). In 2010, they were no more than 9.3%, in 2011 - 10.2% (in the Tomsk region - 15.7%, in the Kemerovo region - 6.4%, in the Novosibirsk region - 8.2%) . In addition, these enterprises do not seek to engage in their own research or order it to third parties. The share of these expenses is 20.6%, while in Germany - 64.5%, in France - 79.6%. Russian firms prefer to buy ready-made equipment and proven technology. It is clear that such an innovative way of development does not allow increasing the competitiveness of Russian industrial production to a sufficient extent, since the technologies sold are not new enough.

So, let's sum up. Comparative analysis statistical data on Russia and other countries in the field of scientific and technological progress allows us to identify the following problems:

Low share of spending on science in Russia's GDP;

Insufficient activity of university science;

The predominant share of spending on science by the state with a low activity of business in financing scientific research;

Table 5

cost structure for innovation by industrial organizations,

Country In-house research and development Third-party research and development Acquisition of machinery, equipment, software X P Other costs of technological innovation Percentage of organizations that innovate

Russia 14.2 6.4 55.7 1.3 22.4 9.3

Austria 62.9 11.3 24.1 1.7 - 86.4

Belgium 48.5 21.2 29.3 1.0 - 48.1

Germany 52.7 11.8 32.9 2.6 - 84.9

Italy 42.5 10.6 43.2 3.7 - 42.2

Luxembourg 75.2 2.8 20.5 1.4 - 61.4

Netherlands 55.1 19.2 24.7 1.0 - 52

Finland 66.8 13.0 18.8 1.4 - 66.7

France 65.4 14.2 16.3 4.1 - 40.7

Innovative resistance of enterprises that do not want to modernize production;

Insufficient activity of producers in the field of scientific research for their own needs; the use of foreign, proven technologies and equipment, which does not significantly increase the competitiveness of the enterprise.

The accelerated development of science, in our opinion, requires the adoption of a number of urgent measures.

1. Incentives should be provided for those enterprises that can finance science to obtain practical results and apply them in production. The Federal Law "On Science and State Science and Technology Policy" proposes measures state support innovative development . These measures are mainly aimed at supporting scientific institutions (grants, loans, subsidies, contributions to authorized capital, etc.), but not customers.

2. State support and stimulation of venture capital development are needed. In Russia, proven ways of financing innovation with the help of venture capital are extremely slow to spread. In Russia, the sector of information and computer technologies is the most popular among venture investors (in 2010, the total volume of recorded transactions amounted to about 1,063.5 million dollars, or approximately 42% of the total volume of venture investments). About a third of venture investments are directed to the financial services sector ($842.27 million) . In other innovative areas, venture business is practically not represented.

3. In the world, positive results in scientific and technological development are often achieved through free economic zones (USA, China, South Korea). In our opinion, the status of Russian special economic zones of a technology-innovative type (for example, the SEZ TVT "Tomsk") does not allow to fully intensify the country's scientific and technological development. Residents of these zones do not have the right to engage in the implementation and production of innovative products. Completed scientific developments are subject to sale to the buyer, who is most often found abroad. At the same time, in many countries such innovation centers are research and production centers. For example, in China, new and high technology zones (“Beijing Experimental”), economic and technical development zones (“Ma-wei”) are being created. The main goal of such zones is the introduction of high technologies and the creation of high-tech industries, the acceleration of applied research.

4. Special attention should be paid to the material base of science. At present, scientific results are obtained mainly ex-

perimental way. Significant results in both fundamental and applied science are impossible without equipment, installations, powerful computers, etc. To this end, it is necessary to use more widely not only budget financing, but also rental relations, bank lending, and leasing.

So, new methods of influencing and supporting the scientific sphere should be applied, which will allow for accelerated innovative development in Russia.

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