Emoticons and their possibilities in virtual communication. Means of expression of emotions in networks

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D. SPIT.

In plays and scripts, before the hero's remark, there is often an author's remark in brackets: "exaggeratedly loud", "quiet and tired", "displeased tone", "with amazement". Any piece of music is certainly preceded by the composer's recommendations: "sad", "moderate", "fun". If you are asked to depict the same emotional states in the form of conventional symbols, then for sure the majority will draw funny and sad faces - emoticons that have become widespread among users of the World Wide Web today.

Science and life // Illustrations

Science and life // Illustrations

IN modern world with the ever-accelerating rhythm of life, there is no time for lengthy conversations or lengthy letters. The classical means of communication are being replaced by more capacious ones - e-mail, forums and chats on the Internet, the popular ICQ program (a combination of letters that imitates English expression"I seek you" - "I'm looking for you") - the exchange of short text messages on-line. Another specialized protocol is often used - IRC (Internet Relay Chat), also developed for communication on the Web. With the help of these "improvised means" people express their thoughts, share their impressions, joys and sorrows. And for this they needed a new concise language of communication - the language of symbols.

Drawn faces have become a universal tool for expressing emotions on the Internet, which in the Russian-language network are usually called emoticons (from the English smile - smile). With their help, you can express the state of the soul: joy, sadness, fatigue, indignation. Today's emoticons can replace dozens of words and expressions.

The idea of ​​creating international means of communication on the Web, replacing language concepts, soared for a long time. And the graphic image of the smiley was invented by the American artist Harvey Bell in the late sixties of the last century, long before the onset of the computer era. He decided to stick smiley faces on the office walls to cheer up the employees. "There was no other creation in the history of art that was made so simple, but became clear to everyone," Harvey Bell liked to repeat when emoticons were already firmly established in the environment of computer communication.

A few years later, in 1971, French entrepreneur Franklin Loufrani registered the smiling face as a trademark in more than 80 countries. Loufrani claimed that he invented this symbol in 1968. Harvey Bell did not file any lawsuits against the enterprising Frenchman, but after some time he registered his version of the face, on which he applied his initials.

What is a smiley on the Internet? Computers use the so-called ASCII code ( A merican S tandard C dress for I information I interchange- Standard American Information Interchange Code) to display letters Latin alphabet. Each letter corresponds to a number from 0 to 127. In most computers, ASCII is used to encode text, which makes it possible to read text information on computers with different software. Emoticons can also be represented as a universal code. An ASCII emoticon is a sequence of letters, numbers and punctuation marks, which, when grouped in a certain way, create a visual image, and in especially difficult cases represent English word. ASCII emoticons quickly gained popularity among Internet users, but the name of the inventor of the electronic smile remained unknown.

About five years ago, Microsoft decided to unearth information about the creation of an ASCII emoticon. For several months, Microsoft experts have been rummaging through the tape archives of the World Wide Web. The task was not an easy one - after all, a couple of decades ago, no one even thought about servers with a capacity of terabytes and high access speeds. The first file archives were implemented on tape streamers with sequential organization of access (who, fifteen years ago, was fond of computers based on the ZX Spectrum, knows that household tape recorders were used as tape recorders in those systems).

The location of the first emoticon was discovered quickly enough - it turned out to be Carnegie Mellon University, located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The progenitor of emoticons appeared once on the electronic bulletin board, a kind of prototype of modern forums. With the definition of a specific date and the author had to sweat. After shoveling piles of tapes in streamers, representatives of "Microsoft" found and restored an e-mail in which the sequence ":-)" and ":-(" was first embedded. The letter was written in the early eighties of the last century, more precisely, on September 19, 1982 If you look at these badges from the side, it is not difficult to recognize in them a cheerful smile and a sad grimace with lowered corners of the lips. email turned out to be a certain Scott Fahlman, a specialist in artificial intelligence problems.

The "smiley" industry does not stand still. Now, for the image of emoticons, combinations of punctuation marks are almost never used. The only exception is owners mobile phones, using emoticons in sms (sms - from the English simple message send - a service with which mobile phone users can receive and send short text messages). The Internet is simply flooded with graphic variations of emoticons: smileys large and small, static and animated. Animated emoticons shed tears, twist a finger at the temple, fold their lips into a kiss. They can be used in ICQ and on forums, in e-mails. These colored faces have a magical effect - they are able to cheer up, cheer up. Emoticons bring playfulness into the correspondence, make it warmer, more friendly. But not all web users recognize the graphic interpretation of emoticons. Usually "conservatives" refer to seasoned "sysadmins" (system administrators) who believe that a real emoticon should be represented only in the form of ASCII characters.

In messaging programs, forums and chats, there are automated programs (scripts) that replace ASCII emoticons with their graphical interpretation. Text programs themselves transcode ASCll into an image. If the scripts do not match, then instead of a graphic emoticon, the recipient will be able to see only its ASCII code. It is also worth noting that not all ASCII emoticons have a graphical interpretation yet.

Despite the charm that emoticons add to the correspondence of friends, a heated debate on the forum, a gentle on-line conversation of a flirting couple, you should not abuse them. Emoticons are not always appropriate. Many serious IT professionals deliberately avoid emoticons in their emails, considering them to be teenage fun. An important document or business correspondence should not and cannot contain emoticons, if only to prevent ambiguity. A person who is tuned in to a serious perception of information, emoticons will simply distract and confuse. We should not forget that the reaction of some conservative users to graphic "jokes" can be unpredictable. In addition, the semantic load of facial expressions and gestures of each person is individual, there are national characteristics perception of symbols. Yes, and in a different mood, emoticons are perceived in completely different ways.

Unfortunately, for many, emoticons have become a convenient screen that hides the inability to express thoughts. In the days of "PREVED" (corrupted from "hello") (a community of young people who deliberately distort speech in cyberspace, deliberately demonstrating an absolute disregard for the spelling and punctuation rules of the Russian language), it became good form to put a colon with an open or closed bracket instead of a distinct and to express ideas in a correct language. Sometimes on the forums of high school students helpful information is reduced to zero, everything is full of graphic images of the current emotional state and a limited set of words in a distorted spelling. But it's not the emoji's fault. Can't electronic smiles be responsible for the decline in education?

However, it does not mean at all that absolutely all Internet users mask their illiteracy with faces. In correspondence with colleagues, relatives, often the lack of time does not allow us to describe our state, mood, thoughts. The epistolary genre is becoming a thing of the past in our hectic time, and we put: (instead of a verbal presentation of our experiences. Many are so accustomed to emoticons that they arrange them automatically, almost without thinking - as the author of this article does. Even in the process of writing it, I involuntarily "jumped out" emoticons, which, however, after editing fell under del.

So far, emoticons remain the prerogative of virtual communication on the Internet or via mobile communications. But who knows, maybe soon new trends from the Internet will be firmly entrenched in other areas of human activity. Probably, a classical play or a piece of music with painted faces would look ridiculous today. But the meaning that is embedded in the commentary of a playwright or composer is, in principle, similar to a conditional picture on the Internet. So it is not surprising if soon emoticons will precede the replicas of the heroes of the play, and the composer before the elegy will depict a sad face with a tear. It may happen that someday the boss, instead of the resolution "I do not mind," will put a stamp on the document with a friendly face, and his subordinate will feel lighter in his soul.

VLADIVOSTOK, September 19 - RIA Novosti, Alexey Demin. A cheerful emoticon, familiar to millions of people in our time, celebrates its next, 31st, birthday on Thursday. Over the years, he had many brothers: sad, thoughtful, dissatisfied, without whom it is impossible to imagine life on the Internet today. Experts from RIA Novosti in Primorye spoke about the pros and cons of a smiling symbol: according to the philologist, the emoticon supports emotionality in the text, the psychologist believes that it formalizes communication, and the blogger is convinced that emoticons are indispensable.

Professor Scott Fahlman of the American Carnegie Mellon University on September 19, 1982, first suggested using a colon, hyphen and parenthesis to indicate a smile in text on a computer. This symbol was called "smiley" and for three decades has become an integral part of communication on the Internet. Nowadays, it denotes not only emotions, but also intonation, and sometimes indicates the subtext of the message.

Smiley instead of exclamation marks

Emoticons, as part of modern communication on the Internet, often replace many punctuation marks, but retain emotional completeness in a conversation between interlocutors who do not see each other, but look at a computer monitor, philologist Valery Shulginov told RIA Novosti.

"Emoticons create a more complete emotional communication when communicating on the Internet. At first they only smiled or frowned, but later other variants of images appeared: showing tongue, grinning or sobbing. Gradually, these symbols replaced many punctuation marks in the text, and after that they themselves began to be perceived as a full-fledged part of the text," the source said.

According to him, emoticons not only express emotions, but also reflect the characteristics of culture. There are Asian and European emoticons. In the first, zeros are used instead of colons to indicate the eyes, and brackets serve to depict the oval of the face. The mouth in Asian emoticons can be depicted in dozens of different characters, depending on the emotion. European emoticons are less diverse.

"The difference between them is immediately evident: Asian emoticons include many features to convey all the nuances inner world, European ones are extremely brief and informative, at times they are reduced to a simple bracket denoting a smile or sadness. But both of them are actively used all over the world," he said.

Emoticon formalizes communication

Despite the positive meaning that emoticons carry, their use simplifies communication too much, formalizes it and in some way deprives it of depth, practicing psychologist Oleg Sumarin told RIA Novosti.

"The first and main thing that a smiley brings with it is an attempt to enter into even virtual, but intimacy. It is unequivocally deciphered by a person as a symbol of sympathy, trust and just a good attitude, as it refers to archaic images that, regardless of religion, age and People decipher cultures the same way," the source said.

According to him, the problem lies in the fact that when communicating in the virtual space, the emoticon began to acquire a shade of formal communication - superficial communication. This is the same as a smile that does not hide real emotions.

"The emoticons, of course, contain the original positive meaning, but it is lost, as it is used in indirect communication. In addition, the emoticon is a Western influence, where some aspects of communication are formalized. The use of emoticons simplifies a person's language, deprives him of his individuality and depth", the interlocutor said.

Not without emoticons

It will no longer be possible to get rid of the use of emoticons when chatting on the Internet, as they fill communication with emotions, which makes it similar to conversations in ordinary life, where the reaction of the interlocutor is visible, blogger Denis Yasinkov told RIA Novosti.

"The correspondence lacks emotionality. Previously, it was possible to express this only with punctuation marks, put, for example, an exclamation mark, well, a maximum of three. You can’t express emotions with this. And if you have emoticons, you can diversify the correspondence on the Internet," the interlocutor said agencies.

According to him, conversations on the Internet are replacing everyday communication: if people did not use emoticons, it would become like official correspondence. In blogs, comments, you often want to emphasize your mood - resentment, frustration, joy - or just show that sarcasm is hidden in your words. People who communicate on blogs and social networks without emoticons are practically never found on the network.

“Even if there is a trend that emoticons are not fashionable and they need to be abandoned, people will still find something to replace them with. Maybe they will come up with some other signs. I don’t see anything wrong with emoticons. business correspondence they are not suitable, but on the Internet they have become a universal form of communication, understandable in all languages," the source said.

INTRODUCTION

The relevance of research. Global networks have become part of the lives of millions of people who have received free, intuitive, and most importantly independent access to the ocean of knowledge accumulated around the world, who have gained the opportunity to communicate with people living in different countries on different continents.
Undoubtedly, the Internet has brought a lot of new things into our lives. It is a special culture, for some it is a place of work, for others it is a way to find information, but most often the Internet is used as a source of entertainment: humorous and entertainment resources The Internet is not only a repository of information, but also a new layer of reality modern man. If social reality is constructed by the subjects themselves acting in it, then a virtual reality The Internet is in many ways a product of social cognition, understanding by its users. Social cognition has an interactive nature, carried out in the course of communication between people. That is why it is important to study social cognition, carried out in the course of communication between people in the virtual communication environment of the Internet. The Internet also establishes its own culture of communication - more free, friendly, less official.
The category of communication was developed in the works of a large number of domestic and foreign researchers. The most general theoretical problems of communication as the most important form of human psychological activity were considered in the works of S.L. Rubinstein, A.A. Bodaleva, N.N. Obozova, V.N. Panferova, M.I. Lisina, A.A. Leontiev, B.D. Parygin, B.F. Lomova, K.A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya, M.I. Bobneva, E. Bern, P. Watzlawick and others, I. Hoffman, D. Myers and others.
Psychological aspects communication activities on the Internet, the works of O.N. Arestova, Yu.D. Babaeva, O.V. Smyslova, A.E. Zhichkina, E. Belinskaya, V.N. Manerova, N.N. Koroleva, Yu.L. Project, A.V. Miklyaeva, O.S. Dubovik, I.S. Shevchenko and other authors, among which A.E. Voiskunsky, who is a pioneer psychological research in this area in our country.
One of the forms of virtual communication is a fairly new phenomenon for Russia - a social site with a certain structure aimed at self-presentation and maintaining relationships with other Internet users. The social site has all the features of the electronic genre and has a pronounced communicative focus. It is the social site as a way of interaction between people from different strata of society that most clearly reflects tolerant / intolerant attitudes in the process of communication.
Internet communication is an intermediate form between oral and writing. The Internet is specific and bears little resemblance to real communication, which is why it requires detailed research.
Many will agree that in the course of communication we transmit large quantity information about their feelings and experiences non-verbally (through facial expressions, gestures, intonations), rather than words. So the way of expressing internal state of a person depends not only on what he feels, but also on what means of expression he has.

Means of expression of emotions in networks

One of the problems when communicating via e-mail is the need to convey as accurately and as concisely as possible to the interlocutor the emotions that you put into the letter. To this end, at the dawn of the existence of telecommunication networks, symbols were invented to denote emotions and the state of a person, which are called emoticons, or “smiles”; The author of this truly brilliant idea is unknown. Emoticons are read when the text is mentally rotated 90 degrees clockwise. Here are a few of the most common "smiles" and their traditional interpretation:

:-) Normal smile

;-) Smile with a wink

:-(Angry, gloomy, sad face

:-I Indifferent expression

:-/ Skeptical expression

:-P Tongue protruding

:-() Expression of extreme surprise

There are several dozen more emoticons, sometimes very intricate ones. Various options lists of "smiles", updated periodically by resourceful users, are distributed both on Fidonet and the Internet and are available on many BBSes.