The impact of pollutants on animals can be both direct and indirect. The direct effect of harmful substances from the atmosphere on animals is insignificant, since the amount of pollutants absorbed is relatively small. The secondary, indirect impact is much more serious, since the animals receive pollutants from the feed.[ ...]

Impact - the direct impact of human economic activity on the environment. The following types of impact are distinguished: intentional and unintentional, direct and indirect (indirect). The first type of human economic activity includes mining, construction of hydraulic structures, deforestation (for arable land and pastures, for timber production), etc. Unintended impacts occur side by side with the first type of impact, in particular, open-pit mining groundwater levels, pollution of the air basin, the formation of man-made landforms (quarries, waste heaps, tailings), etc. In turn, the above impacts can be both direct and indirect. Direct impacts (irrigation) directly affect environment- change the composition and structure of soils, lead to secondary salinization, etc. Indirect impacts occur indirectly, i.e. through chains of interrelated influences.[ ...]

Indirect Impact the earth's crust to other structural parts of the geographic shell is manifested through the topography of the earth's surface. The relief affects the speed and direction of the wind, the temperature and humidity of the surface layers of air. Submarine ridges, changing the direction of deep currents, affect the circulation of oceanic waters in general, and impede water exchange between the seas and oceans. The morphology of the earth's crust regulates the degree of development and productivity of the terrestrial and underwater biostrome, with the significant difference that at extreme heights, the former undergoes degradation of the biostrome (nival landscapes), while the latter has a complication of its structure and an increase in productivity.[ ...]

The impact of air-blast on a person can be indirect or direct. In case of indirect damage, air-blast, destroying buildings, involves in the movement a huge amount of solid particles, glass fragments and other objects weighing up to 1.5 g at a speed of up to 35 m/s. Thus, at an excess pressure of about 60 kPa, the density of such dangerous particles reaches 4500 pieces/m2. The largest number of victims are victims of the indirect impact of air-blast.[ ...]

The indirect effect of photooxidants on vegetation is mainly due to their influence on the formation of atmospheric precipitation acidity and on chemical and biological processes in soils under the action of strong acids (see Ch. 6).[ ...]

Human impact on the animal world. Z.KOS VODSIS 1 kitty can whine direct and indirect. Indirect impact is manifested due to changes in the habitat (drainage of swamps, plowing of steppes, construction of dams, cities, roads, etc.). The negative impact of humans on animals is increasing.[ ...]

The indirect effect of thermal load on aquatic organisms leads to an increase in their susceptibility to diseases, a change in the solubility of gases and an increase in the reaction rate of toxic and other chemical substances in water, favors the replacement of the usual flora of algae with less desirable s and e - green algae and.[ ...]

Indirect impacts occur indirectly - through chains of interrelated influences. So, intentional indirect impacts are the use of fertilizers and a direct impact on crop yields, and unintended ones are the impact of aerosols on the amount of solar radiation (especially in cities), etc.[ ...]

Indirect impact is a change in living conditions as a result of anthropogenic pollution of air, water, the use of pesticides and mineral fertilizers. Of certain importance is also the penetration of alien plant species (introducers) into plant communities.[ ...]

Of the indirect human impacts on biotic communities, for example, their pollution with industrial emissions is of great importance.[ ...]

The indirect effect of aerosol on clouds is also understood as the effect associated with the influence of an increase in the number of condensation nuclei in industrial and polluted regions on the microphysics and optical properties of clouds. Quantitative estimates of the influence of this effect on the radiative properties of clouds can be obtained if the optical parameters (volumetric extinction coefficient, single scattering albedo and scattering indicatrix) of particles consisting of a mixture of substances with different refractive indices are known.[ ...]

Indirect impact refers to such changes in the environment that, without affecting harmful influence on the human body, worsen normal living conditions, for example, increase the number of foggy days, affect green spaces, etc.[ ...]

The direct impact on the environment, for example, when clearing and leveling the route, will be a violation of the micro- and macro-relief, and indirectly, the reduction of pasture areas. The consequences of direct and indirect impacts will be respectively primary and secondary.[ ...]

The indirect impact environment refers to factors that may not have a direct immediate impact on operations, but nevertheless affect them. These are factors such as the state of the economy, scientific and technical progress, sociocultural and political changes, general educational and professional level of labor resources, environmental awareness of the population, the influence of group interests and events significant for the organization in other countries.[ ...]

Anthropogenic impact can be direct - extermination, reproduction and resettlement by humans of both individual species of animals and plants, and entire biocenoses. Indirect impact is carried out by changing the habitat of organisms: climate, river regime, plowing of land (development of virgin lands), etc.[ ...]

One of the types of indirect impact of a transport facility on public health and wildlife is transport pollution of the environment.[ ...]

It is noted that indirect exposure leads to a decrease in the required dose £>0 with a decrease in the level of radiation to the radiation of the environment. With direct exposure, the opposite trend is observed: O0 increases with a decrease in the level of absorbed radiation, provided that at a low level of radiation, the dominant mechanism is a direct effect on genes. This leads to a big difference between the expected and observed effect.[ ...]

The following classification of impact partially coincides with the classification of the impact of pollution sources on various media. This is a classification according to the direct and indirect consequences of a particular impact. In the case of direct impact, the source of impact, for example, an industrial enterprise, has a direct effect on the environment, which is also a transit environment (i.e., directly perceiving certain types of pollution, in which transportation and partial transformation take place, as well as dispersion of pollutants) and depositing (i.e. accumulating and/or converting pollutants). In the case of indirect impact, a complex analysis of the transfer of the pollutant to one or several depository environments is required, as well as in terms of identifying the pollution as belonging to a particular enterprise.[ ...]

ANTHROPOGENIC LOAD - the degree of direct and indirect impact of people and their economy on nature as a whole or on its individual ecological components and elements (landscapes, natural resources, living species, etc.).[ ...]

Atmospheric aerosol has both direct and indirect effects on the climate. Aerosol particles scatter and absorb solar and thermal radiation and, therefore, have a direct impact on the radiation regime of the atmosphere.[ ...]

ANTHROPOGENIC DESERT - a desert that has arisen as a result of the direct or indirect impact of mankind on nature. Area P. a. is constantly growing and currently reaches 10 million km2, (6.7% of the land surface). There is an opinion that all the deserts of the world are of anthropogenic origin.[ ...]

Ecological factor - any element of the environment that can have a direct or indirect effect on a living organism at least at one of the stages of its individual development, or any environmental condition to which the organism responds with adaptive reactions. When the regimes of environmental factors change, the deviation of certain components of the natural environment from a certain norm required by the body, violations of vital activity are possible up to the incompatibility of these deviations with life. When living conditions change, the body goes through a series of successive states - from comfortable to pathological (Fig. 7).[ ...]

An environmental factor is any element of the environment that can have a direct or indirect effect on a living organism at least at one of the stages of its individual development, or any environmental condition to which the body responds with adaptive reactions.[ ...]

ABIOTIC ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS are components and phenomena of inanimate, inorganic nature that directly or indirectly affect living organisms. Among them, the leading role is played by climatic (solar radiation, light regime, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, pressure, etc.); then come edaphic (soil), important for animals living in the soil; and, finally, hydrographic, or factors of the aquatic environment. Solar radiation is the main source of energy that determines the heat balance and thermal regime of the biosphere. Thus, the total solar radiation entering the earth's surface, in the direction from the equator to the poles, decreases by about 2.5 times (from 180-220 to 60-80 kcal/cm2-year). On the basis of the radiation regime and the nature of the circulation of the atmosphere, climatic zones are distinguished on the surface of the Earth. However, solar radiation, in turn, is also the most important environmental factor affecting the physiology and morphology of living organisms. The existence on the surface of our planet of large zonal types of vegetation (tundra, taiga, steppes, deserts, savannahs, tropical rainforests, etc.) is mainly due to climatic reasons; moreover, they are closely related to climatic zonality.[ ...]

For example, the most polluting branch of the environment - mining and smelting - has a direct and indirect impact on the biosphere. The direct impact is the use of a significant area of ​​land for the construction of quarries and underground mines, the construction of processing plants and metallurgical plants, as well as for overburden dumps, tailings, slag dumps, etc. At the same time, significant agricultural lands are being torn away and dying. The indirect effect extends over much longer distances and manifests itself in the deposition of gases, dust and chemicals, surface deformation, damage to vegetation, reduced productivity of agricultural land, livestock and fisheries, changes in the chemical composition and dynamics of the movement of surface and ground waters. All this has an impact not only on the natural system, but also on the social and hygienic situation associated with the life of human society in accordance with the four laws of B. Commoner.[ ...]

ECOLOGICAL DISASTER - !. A natural anomaly (prolonged drought, mass mortality, etc.), often arising from the direct or indirect impact of human economy on natural processes, leading to adverse economic consequences or even death of the population of a certain region. 2. An accident of a technical device (nuclear power plant, tanker, etc.), which led to acutely unfavorable changes in the natural environment and, as a rule, to the mass death of living organisms.[ ...]

DAMAGE FROM ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION - actual and possible losses of the national economy associated with environmental pollution, including direct and indirect impacts, as well as additional costs for the elimination of the negative consequences of pollution, as well as losses associated with the deterioration of public health, reduction in the activity of the working period and life of people. The release of pollution contributes to the corrosion of equipment and building structures, and causes losses to related areas of economic activity. Energy production is the main contributor to the global anthropogenic impact on the environment. In most cases, its impact is characterized as a change in the natural level of flows of chemicals (methane, lead, cadmium, mercury, etc.) in the natural environment.[ ...]

In this case, indicators can be expressed in various forms. For example, when evaluating the characteristics of physical processes and operations, including their direct and indirect impact on the environment, such as energy consumption or the consumption of raw materials and materials, quantitative indicators should be used; depending on the method of information processing and its further use, the quantitative values ​​of indicators can be absolute (for example, when determining the volume of emissions into the atmosphere) or specific (energy intensity); financial indicators can be used to evaluate savings and costs; qualitative indicators can be used in the absence of the possibility of using quantitative ones.[ ...]

On the site of cut down forests, the process of renewal of taiga ecosystems is 100 years or more. In the north-taiga regions, a "lunar landscape" is formed on the site of forests that died from industrial pollution (mainly SO2). For example, in the vicinity of the city of Monchegorsk, there is no vegetation within a radius of 15 km and the soil cover is completely burned. The level of cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases of the population in such areas is much higher compared to others where there is no such production. Since the Kostomuksha region is the youngest industrial region in the north of Fennoscandia, the negative consequences do not yet have external manifestations. Nevertheless, the data of remote cosmic sensing of the state of the forests show that in 1992, pollution from the plant's pipe spread to the northeast for 25 - 30 km, and in the southwest it reached the territory of the city (Litinsky, 1997).[ ... ]

Environmental audit - an independent study of all areas of economic activity of the enterprise, conducted to determine the volume of its direct and indirect impact on the environment. Its objectives are to bring environmental activities in line with the requirements of legislation and regulations, optimize the use of natural resources, reduce energy consumption, reduce waste, prevent accidental discharges and man-made disasters.[ ...]

In the content of environmental relations, two structural elements are distinguished - socio-ecological relations that develop between people in their artificial habitat and indirectly affect the natural habitat of people and real-practical relations, which include, firstly, the relationship of a person directly to the natural environment. habitation, secondly, relations in the material and production spheres of human life associated with the process of human appropriation of natural forces, energy and matter, and thirdly, the relationship of man to the natural conditions of his existence as a social being.[ ...]

Relief anthropogenic (technogenic) - a set of forms of the earth's surface, changed or created by human activity. Almost the same as the technogenic relief, but includes indirect impacts through erosion processes (ravines, shifting sands, etc.). Significant impacts on the relief of the earth's surface are exerted by: mining (especially by open pit mining), the construction of canals, pipelines, reservoirs, etc. other[ ...]

The importance of taking into account the edaphoclimatic conditions of the environment becomes even more obvious when comparing the vegetation of different natural and climatic zones. So, in the forest zone, one of the leading factors of the indirect impact of industrial emissions on vegetation is soil acidification [Zaikov, Maslov, 1991; Horvat, 1990], while in the study area this practically does not manifest itself, since chernozems have a high acid-neutralizing capacity.[ ...]

The main independent factors of soil evolution are climate change and human activity. Climate change is the most important factor in the evolution of soils and the geographic environment. Changes in biota are also an important factor, but mostly subordinated to climate influences. Human activities are characterized by a wide variety of direct and indirect impacts on soils and their anthropogenic changes. Indirect impacts (natural processes provoked by man) are carried out through the transformation of the biota, the processes of sedimentation, erosion. Among direct impacts, arable soils are the most common, and impacts on roadside and urban soils are the most intense (Aleksandrovskaya, 1985, 1996; Aleksandrovskaya et al., 2000, 2001, 2002; Aleksandrovskaya et al., 1997a; Alexandrovskaya et al, 2000, 2001, 2002 ).[ ...]

TECHNOSPHERE: 1) part of the biosphere, radically transformed by man into technical and man-made objects (buildings, roads, mechanisms, etc., into an anthropogenic environment); 2) a part of the biosphere (according to some ideas, over time, the entire biosphere), transformed by people with the help of direct and indirect impact of technical means in order to best meet the socio-economic needs of mankind.[ ...]

The mechanisms for maintaining the spatial distribution of individuals in a population can be very diverse. In lower organisms, influence on each other with the help of chemicals (phytoncides in onions and garlic, etc.) secreted by the body (allelopathy), as well as indirect influence (for example, shading individuals of their own species by faster growing trees) is widespread. In highly organized animals, the regulation of the spatial structure of populations is carried out through higher nervous activity that regulates behavior, reproduction and other vital processes of the body.[ ...]

Our country has a generally recognized priority in the development of the world's first air purity standard. Soviet hygienic science determines the level of the maximum permissible concentration of a particular substance based on its complete harmlessness, the absence of a direct or indirect effect on the body. In other words, this is a scientifically based hygienic standard. Currently, such standards have been approved for 150 substances most commonly found in the atmospheric air of populated areas. Subtle physiological, biochemical, clinical and other methods are used to detect the early reactions of the body, including the study of the electric currents of the brain. Hygiene standards allow health authorities to assess the degree of air pollution in any area and require effective measures to reduce harmful emissions. Hygienic standards underlie all practical activities of sanitary authorities and are the initial data in the design of industrial and civil construction projects.[ ...]

Our experiments have shown that when protococcal algae are exposed to CuCl2 and copper complexes at a concentration of 0.5-5.0 mg Cu!l, after 3-4 hours the cells lose about 75% of potassium, thereby changing the K/Na ratio in the medium . The accumulation of potassium in the nutrient solution has been shown to have an indirect effect on the viability of algal cells (Tatus, 1964).[ ...]

An ecological catastrophe is an irreversible phenomenon in nature, representing one of the states of nature, manifested in natural anomaly(Greek anomalía - deviation from the norm, from the general pattern). Examples of a natural anomaly are a prolonged drought, a mass kill of livestock, which often arise from the direct or indirect impact of human activity on natural processes, leading to acutely adverse economic consequences or mass death of the population of a certain region.[ ...]

The proposed criteria, characteristics and assessments of the classes of the state of the environmental protection system according to the features of the manifestation of technogenic factors are not strictly mandatory and can be considered as recommendatory ones that require refinement and clarification. In particular, for some components of the environmental system, a more detailed classification of the state of the PS can be proposed, the indirect impact on the biota of certain types of technogenesis is taken into account, the role of biotic criteria is strengthened, which makes it possible to identify negative processes at an early stage.[ ...]

NOISE POLLUTION - noise perceived by a person as a hindrance, one of the options for physical pollution of the environment. ECLECTICS (gr. eklego - I choose) - a mixture of different artistic styles, compositional techniques and forms without taking into account the nature of the local landscape, the internal logic of building an ensemble. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS - components of the environment that directly or indirectly affect living organisms.[ ...]

At the same time, the damage caused to nature as a result of the action of natural forces and anthropogenic activity is compared. It is noted that the consequences of human activity are often inferior in scale to the natural impact, but significantly exceed it in the speed of manifestation. A distinction is drawn between the direct impact of pollution (for example, the effect of toxins on the body, the occurrence of mutations and genetic changes) and indirect impact (for example, climate change), when the induced effect (in particular, a decrease in soil fertility) may appear much later. The author many times emphasizes the need for an integrated approach to discussing any case of violent intrusion into the ecosystem and eliminating its consequences.[ ...]

Considering the nature of mantle convection, one should emphasize the leading role in its occurrence of the process of chemical-density differentiation of terrestrial matter. However, one should not forget about the contribution of the thermal component of convection. This contribution is determined both by the direct heating of the mantle matter and the decay of radioactive elements scattered in it, and by the indirect effect of additional heating of the matter due to the dissipation of the energy of viscous flows in the mantle, as well as by the influence of cold oceanic lithospheric plates plunging into the mantle. Judging by energy estimates, the contribution of radiogenic heat to the convective mass turnover of mantle matter does not exceed 10%. The dissipative component of the thermal energy of convection and its part, determined by the cooling of the oceanic lithosphere, is drawn from the gravitational energy of the very process of differentiation of terrestrial matter. Therefore, when determining the nature of the tectonic (or more precisely, tectono-magmatic) activity of the Earth, it should be associated not just with gravitational, but precisely with gravitational-thermal convection. In the future, as a synonym for this concept, we will widely use the term "chemical-density convection", understanding by it that density inhomogeneities in the mantle arise not only due to changes in the chemical composition, but also due to its temperature inhomogeneities.[ ...]

The main feature of environmental legislation at the present stage is the increase in its active role in regulating economic relations, in introducing environmental rules into regulations governing the planning, design, construction, commissioning, operation of enterprises, equipment and other facilities that have a direct and indirect impact on environment.[ ...]

The next operation is the selection of different biotopes within each of the ecotopes. A biotope is an environmental space transformed by currently existing edificatory species, among which the first place is occupied by woody plant species. Of course, one must take into account the fact that in most cases the distribution of trees over the territory was created under the direct or indirect influence of man.[ ...]

The President of Russia ensures the coordinated functioning and interaction of state authorities in the field of environmental expertise. The procedure for conducting state environmental expertise is approved by the Government Russian Federation. The terms of reference of the constituent entities of the Federation in the field of environmental expertise include, in particular, the following: obtaining information about the objects of environmental expertise, the implementation of which may have a direct or indirect impact on the environment within the territory of a given constituent entity; delegation of experts to participate as observers in meetings of expert commissions of the state environmental review of objects of the above nature.[ ...]

The term "ecology" was introduced by the German scientist E. Haeckel in 1866 (derived from Greek, which means dwelling, shelter, cology - science). It studies the interaction of organisms with the environment and with each other. The environment is the environment and production activities human, the content of which is characterized by interaction with inanimate nature(climate, relief, etc.) and living organisms. The concept of "environment" includes social, natural and artificially created physical, chemical and biological factors, that is, everything that directly or indirectly affects human life and activity.[ ...]

An increase in engine operating time between oil changes, which is not ensured by an improvement in the performance properties of the oil used and its operating conditions in engines, leads to a faster increase in oil consumption for waste, and ultimately, instead of savings, oil can be overused. It is generally accepted that oil waste depends mainly on the design of the engine, and reducing waste is the task of engine building; engine running time between oil changes and its increase is the task of the oil refining industry. In fact, the properties of the oil can have a significant impact on its loss in a given technical condition of the engine, and also indirectly affect the change in oil loss, accelerating or slowing down the change in the technical condition of the engine.

Yalta - 2015

Introduction

1. Modern ideas about the internal and external environment of the organization. The concept of business environment.

2. The internal environment of the organization.

3. External environment of the organization

Direct Impact Factors

Factors of indirect influence

4. Methods for analyzing the internal and external environment organizations

5. Opportunities to improve the external and internal environment

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

Organization is the most important concept in management. Any organization is located and operates in the environment. Each action of all organizations without exception is possible only if the environment allows its implementation. The internal environment is the source of its vitality. It contains the potential necessary for the functioning of the organization, but at the same time it can be a source of problems and even its death. The external environment is the source that feeds the organization with resources. The organization is in a state of constant exchange with the external environment, thereby providing itself with the possibility of survival. Naturally, these moments should be the subject of constant attention from the manager. Therefore, the main objective of this course work will be to consider the elements of the internal and external environment of the organization that are in constant interaction. As well as the assessment and analysis of these factors using various methods.

Thus, the purpose of this work is to study the internal and external environment of the organization for more effective adoption management decisions necessary for the successful operation of the enterprise (organization).

1. Modern ideas about the internal and external environment of the organization.

The concept of business environment

In management, the business environment is understood as the presence of conditions and factors that affect the functioning of the company and require managerial decisions to be made to eliminate them or to adapt to them. The environment of any organization is usually considered as consisting of two spheres: internal and external. The external environment, in turn, is divided into microenvironment (or working, or direct environment, or indirect impact environment) and macroenvironment (or general, or direct business environment, or direct impact environment).

The internal environment is understood as the economic organism of the company, which includes a management mechanism aimed at optimizing the scientific, technical and production and marketing activities of the company. When it comes to the internal environment of the company, we mean the global structure of the company, covering all the manufacturing enterprises of the company, financial, insurance, transport and other divisions that are part of the company, regardless of their location and field of activity.

The external environment is understood as all conditions and factors that arise in the environment, regardless of the activities of a particular company, but which have or may have an impact on its functioning and therefore require management decisions.

However, the set of these factors and the assessment of their impact on economic activity are different for each company. The conclusions of ongoing research or current events are accompanied by the development of specific tools and methods for making appropriate management decisions.

All businesses operate in an environment that drives their operations, and their long-term survival depends on their ability to adapt to the expectations and demands of the environment. Distinguish between the internal and external environment of the organization. The internal environment includes the main elements and subsystems within the organization that ensure the implementation of the processes occurring in it. The external environment is a set of factors, subjects and conditions outside the organization and capable of influencing its behavior.

Elements of the external environment are divided into two groups: factors of direct and indirect impact on the organization. The direct impact environment (business environment, microenvironment) includes such elements that directly affect the business process and experience the same impact of the functioning of the organization. This environment is specific to each individual organization and, as a rule, is controlled by it.

The environment of indirect impact (macro environment) includes elements that affect the processes occurring in the organization not directly, but indirectly, indirectly. This environment is generally not specific to a single organization and is usually outside its control.

2. Internal environment of the organization

The manager creates and changes, when necessary, the internal environment of the organization, which is an organic combination of its internal variables. But for this he must be able to distinguish and know them.

Internal variables are situational factors within an organization.

The main variables within the organization itself that require management attention are goals, structure, tasks, technology, and people.

Goals are specific end states or desired outcomes that a group seeks to achieve by working together.

The main purpose of most organizations is to make a profit. There are three main types of profit orientation of an organization:

Its maximization;

Obtaining a "satisfactory" profit, i.e. the bottom line is that when planning profit, it is considered “satisfactory” if the degree of risk is taken into account;

Profit minimization. This option denotes maximizing the minimum expected income along with minimizing the maximum loss.

But not all organizations make profit is the main goal. This applies to non-profit organizations, such as churches, charitable foundations. Non-Profit Organizations have diverse purposes, but are likely to receive more attention social responsibility. Goal-driven orientation pervades all subsequent management decisions.

The structure of an organization is a logical relationship between levels of management and functional areas, built in a form that allows you to most effectively achieve the goals of the organization.

The main concept of the structure is a specialized division of labor. A characteristic feature is the specialized division of labor - the assignment of this work to specialists, i.e. those who are able to perform it best from the point of view of the organization as a whole. An example is the division of labor between experts in marketing, finance and production.

A task is a prescribed job, a series of jobs, or a piece of work that must be completed in a predetermined manner within a predetermined time frame. From a technical point of view, tasks are assigned not to the employee, but to his position. Based on the decision of management on the structure, each position includes a number of tasks that are considered as a necessary contribution to the achievement of the objectives of the organization.

The tasks of the organization are traditionally divided into three categories. This is work with people, objects, information.

Changes in the nature and content of tasks are closely related to the evolution of specialization. As Adam Smith showed in his famous pin manufacturing example, a specialist can greatly increase productivity. In our century, technological innovations and the systemic combination of technology and labor specialization have made task specialization deep and complex to a degree that Smith could not have imagined.

Technology as a factor in the internal environment has much greater value than many people think. Most people view technology as something to do with inventions and machines, such as semiconductors and computers. However, sociologist Charles Perrow, who has written extensively about the impact of technology on organizations and societies, describes technology as a means of transforming raw materials—whether people, information, or physical materials—into the desired products and services.

Technology implies standardization and mechanization. That is, the use of standard parts can greatly facilitate the process of production and repair. Nowadays, there are very few goods whose production process is not standardized.

People are the backbone of any organization. People in an organization create its product, they shape the culture of the organization, its internal climate, they determine what the organization is.

Because of this situation, people are the "number one subject" for the manager. The manager forms personnel, establishes a system of relations between them, includes them in the creative process of joint work, promotes their development, training and promotion at work.

The internal life of an organization consists of a large number of different activities, sub-processes and processes. Despite the huge variety of actions and processes, five groups of functional processes can be distinguished. These functional groups of processes are the following: production, marketing, finance, work with personnel, accounting (accounting and analysis of economic activity).

In the field of production management, management performs the following operations: product development and design management; choice technological process, placement of personnel and equipment in the process in order to optimize costs; management of the purchase of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products; stock management in warehouses; quality control.

Marketing management is designed to link the satisfaction of the needs of the organization's customers and the achievement of the organization's goals into a single consistent process. For this, such processes and actions are managed as: market research; advertising; pricing; creation of sales systems; distribution of created products; sales.

Financial management is that management manages the process of movement of funds in the organization. To do this, the following is carried out: budgeting and financial plan; formation of monetary resources; the distribution of money between the various parties that determine the life of the organization; assessment of the financial potential of the organization.

Personnel management is associated with the provision of production and other areas with human resources (hiring, training and retraining).

Accounting management involves managing the processing and analysis process financial information about the work of the organization in order to compare the actual activities of the organization with its capabilities, as well as with the activities of other organizations.

The main internal variables have been discussed above. But it should be remembered that in management these variables should never be considered separately. No one will deny that the objectives of the organization influence the development of goals. Similarly, all other internal variables are interconnected and influence each other.

The internal environment of the organization can be considered from the point of view of statics, highlighting the composition of its elements and structure, and from the point of view of dynamics, i.e., the processes taking place in it. The elements of the internal environment include goals, objectives, people, technologies, information, structure, organizational culture and other components.

People occupy a special place in the internal environment of the organization. Their abilities, education, qualifications, experience, motivation and dedication ultimately determine the results of the organization. The realization that the organization is primarily the people working in it, that they are the main resource of the organization, changes the attitude towards the staff. Managers pay great attention to the selection of people, their introduction into the organization, they are engaged in the training and development of employees, ensuring a high quality of working life.

People working in an organization, their relationships and interactions form the social subsystem of the organization. The production and technical subsystem includes a complex of machines, equipment, raw materials, materials, tools, energy, which processes incoming resources into a finished product. The main characteristics of this subsystem are: technologies used, labor productivity, production costs, product quality, inventory volume. The financial subsystem carries out the movement and use of funds in the organization. In particular, maintaining liquidity and ensuring profitability, creating investment opportunities. The marketing subsystem is associated with meeting the needs of customers in the company's products by studying the market, creating a sales system, organizing optimal pricing and effective advertising, as well as actively influencing the market in order to form new needs to increase the market share and increase the profitability of sales.

3. External environment of the organization

Like the factors of the internal environment, the factors of the external environment are interrelated. The interconnectedness of environmental factors is understood as the level of force with which a change in one factor affects other factors. Just as a change in any internal variable can affect others, a change in one environmental factor can change others.

The external environment is not constant, it changes all the time. Many researchers have pointed out that the environment of modern organizations is changing at an accelerating rate. Given the complexity of operating in a highly mobile environment, an organization or its departments must rely on more diverse information to make effective decisions about their internal variables. This makes decision making more difficult.

The direct impact environment is also called the direct business environment of the organization. This environment forms such subjects of the environment that directly affect the activities of a particular organization.

From point of view systems approach organization is a mechanism for transforming inputs into outputs. The main types of inputs are materials, equipment, energy, capital and labor. Suppliers provide the input of these resources. Receiving resources from other countries could be more profitable in terms of price, quality or quantity, but at the same time dangerously increase environmental factors such as exchange rate fluctuations or political instability.

All suppliers can be divided into several groups - suppliers of materials, capital, labor resources.

laws and government agencies. Many laws and government agencies affect organizations. Each organization has a specific legal status, whether it be a sole proprietorship, a company, a corporation or a non-profit corporation, and it is this that determines how an organization can conduct its business and what taxes it must pay.

As is known, the state in a market economy has both an indirect influence on organizations, primarily through the tax system, state property and the budget, and a direct one - through legislative acts.

Consumers. The well-known management specialist Peter F. Drucker, speaking of the purpose of the organization, singled out, in his opinion, the only true purpose of the business is to create a customer. This means the following: the very survival and justification of the existence of the organization depends on its ability to find a consumer of the results of its activities and satisfy its needs.

In modern conditions, various associations and associations of consumers are also becoming important, influencing not only demand, but also the image of firms. It is necessary to take into account the factors influencing the behavior of consumers, their demand.

Competitors. The impact on the organization of such a factor as competition cannot be disputed. The management of each enterprise clearly understands that if the needs of consumers are not met as effectively as competitors do, the enterprise will not stay afloat for a long time. In many cases, competitors rather than consumers determine what kind of performance can be sold and what price can be asked.

Indirect environmental factors or the general external environment usually do not affect the organization as noticeably as direct environmental factors. However, management needs to take them into account.

The indirect impact environment is usually more complex than the direct impact environment. Therefore, its study is usually based primarily on forecasts. The main environmental factors of indirect impact include technological, economic, socio-cultural and political factors, as well as relationships with local communities.

Technology is both an internal variable and external factor of great importance. As an external factor, it reflects the level scientific and technological development, which affects the organization, for example, in the areas of automation, informatization, etc.

Management must also be able to assess how general changes in the state of the economy will affect the organization's operations. The state of the world economy affects the cost of all inputs and the ability of consumers to buy certain goods and services, the ability of an organization to obtain capital for its needs.

Every organization operates in at least one cultural environment. Therefore, socio-cultural factors, among which attitudes, life values ​​and traditions predominate, affect the organization.

Socio-cultural factors influence the formation of the demand of the population, labor relations, the level of wages and working conditions. These factors include the demographic state of society.

Some aspects of the political environment are of particular importance to the leaders of the organization. One of them is the mood of the administration, legislative bodies and courts in relation to business. For companies with operations or markets in other countries, the factor of political stability is of great importance.

For almost all organizations, the prevailing attitude of the local community in which an organization operates is of paramount importance as a factor in the environment of indirect influence. In almost every community, there are specific laws and regulations in relation to business, determining where it is possible to deploy the activities of a particular enterprise.

While the environmental factors described above affect all organizations to some extent, the environment of organizations operating internationally is highly complex. The latter is due to the unique set of factors that characterize each country. The economy, culture, quantity and quality of labor and material resources, laws, government institutions, political stability, and the level of technological development vary from country to country. In carrying out the functions of planning, organizing, stimulating and controlling, managers must take such differences into account.

When an organization begins to conduct its business outside the domestic market, the relevant procedures are subject to modification for certain specific environmental factors. As the research team points out: "The firm must determine how the new environment differs from the more familiar domestic environment, and decide how to change the theory and practice of management in the new conditions." However, the analysis of the factors of the international environment is a difficult urgent task.

3.1 Direct impact factors

The direct impact environment includes factors that directly affect the performance of the organization.

The following environmental factors of direct impact are distinguished:

consumers, suppliers, intermediaries, authorities, laws, trade union, competitors.

In relation to the organization under study, the most important of them are the following: consumers, suppliers, authorities and the laws they issue, competitors.

Let's take a closer look at each of these factors.

Suppliers and consumers are the most significant elements of the external environment for the company. As mentioned above, the clients of the firm act as consumers, because they use the services this enterprise. Suppliers also play a significant role, as at what prices fuel and the superstructure of the tracks will be purchased, such will be the tariffs for transportation.

These two factors are ranked first in terms of importance for the organization due to the fact that in activities in this area, since The lower the shipping rates, the more customers there will be. Naturally, the more clients a company has, the more opportunities it has for development, the more globally its activities can be deployed and, accordingly, the greater the amount of profit can be.

Among the most significant factors of the external environment of direct impact, one can also note the authorities and the laws they issue. They can both stimulate and limit the activities of this type of organization (by direct or indirect methods), since monopoly firm.

The main factors in the direct impact environment are resource providers; consumers of products and services; competitors; state bodies and regulations that directly affect the activities of the organization.

Analysis of the direct impact environment includes consideration of individual factors and their interactions.

Suppliers meet the needs of the organization for various resources. The main types of resources: material, labor, financial, information.

Provision of material resources includes the supply of raw materials and semi-finished products, component parts and assemblies, equipment, energy in accordance with the volumes and structure of needs on time, subject to other conditions.

Provision of financial resources includes justification of the scope and structure necessary resources, relationships with investors, financial and commercial structures, budget, private individuals.

For a modern organization, the importance of providing management with quality information is increasing. This may be information about sales markets, competitors' plans, priorities public policy, new product developments, etc.

A special place is occupied by providing the organization with labor resources corresponding to it in quantity, structure, level of general and professional training, and age. The most significant here is the involvement of highly qualified senior managers, as well as the training of capable leaders, including within the organization.

Consumers purchase produced goods or services. Depending on the volume of demand, small and large consumers are distinguished. Accounting for the requests of the latter is a necessary condition for the successful operation of the organization. Depending on the attitude towards consumers, we can talk about different strategies of the organization: to sell already manufactured products; produce products that the consumer needs; form your consumer, convincing him of the need to purchase products that will be produced.

State and municipal bodies also directly affect the organization, and therefore, are related to the environment of direct impact. These are tax and sanitary inspections, statistical accounting bodies, etc.

As a result of the organization's interaction with suppliers and consumers, a system of economic relations is formed - one of the most important characteristics of the direct impact environment.

Another characteristic is the state of the market environment. Here, first of all, the nature of the environment is determined - monopoly (pure, natural), oligopoly or monopolistic competition.

Competitors may compete for various objects. Traditionally - for product sales markets. Currently, it is also a struggle with manufacturers of replacement products, for consumers' money.

Resources can also be objects of competition: labor, material and financial, scientific and technical developments, etc.

State influence is carried out through legislation and the activities of state bodies. Legislation regulates labor relations between employees and employers, tax, customs relations, labor protection, conditions for the production of certain types of products, consumer protection, environmental impact on the environment, etc.

According to the nature of the functions they perform, state bodies can be conditionally divided into supervisory and regulatory ones. At the same time, various ways and methods of influencing organizations are used - issuing licenses, setting tax rates and quotas, regulating the level of prices and tariffs, determining construction sites, etc.

3.2 Factors of indirect influence

The indirect impact environment consists of factors that do not have a direct and immediate impact on the organization's operations.

Environmental factors of indirect impact have a more complex structure, multifaceted nature. They, to a lesser extent than environmental factors of direct impact, are influenced by the organization. Information about the indirect impact environment is often incomplete. In the context of the increasing impact of this environment on the competitiveness of the organization, one has to rely on subjective assessments, and not on analytical data.

Technology as an environmental factor of indirect impact characterizes the general level of productive forces. This is the most dynamic factor in this environment. The level and pace of technology change in different industries differ significantly. However, the most knowledge-intensive industries and industries - computer technology, telecommunications systems, the production of synthetic materials - have a significant and growing impact on other organizations, the effectiveness of their activities. The labor-intensive and capital-intensive stages of production development have been replaced by science-intensive technologies that allow saving traditional resources.

Rates of inflation, unemployment, rates of taxes and bank loans, forms and scales of state support for business, etc. directly affect the relationship of the organization with suppliers and consumers, the behavior of competitors. For example, the establishment of tax incentives contributes to the inflow of capital, and therefore facilitates the satisfaction of the need for financial resources. The forecast of rising inflation encourages to increase inventories, obtaining loans. The growing demand for material and financial resources also makes it difficult to acquire them.

The state of the economy as an environmental factor of indirect impact includes a number of characteristics.

First, these are the most General characteristics economic system - population, availability and use of resources, type of government, monetary system, monetary position, sectoral structure of the economy, parameters of the domestic market, volume, structure and geography of exports and imports, etc.

Secondly, it is an analysis of the general conditions for the development of entrepreneurship: a characteristic of economic stability, the availability of market and technical infrastructure, the legislative framework, investment climate, conditions for the formation of new market entities, forms and scales state regulation economy.

Thirdly, this is a specific state, a stage of economic development, including an assessment of the economic situation, the level and rate of inflation, and the phase of the economic cycle.

Sociocultural factors are manifested in social values ​​and attitudes, priorities, national traditions that affect the activities of the organization. In every country there are ideas about ethical business practices, necessary service quality standards, acceptable levels of environmental impact. Typical examples of such factors that should be taken into account by an organization are Japan's tradition of lifetime employment, the green movement, and the demand for natural fur products; perceptions that women are risk-averse and their promotion to senior management positions.

Some social attitudes change with age. Relatively young workers strive for independence in work, willingly accept responsibility. At an older age, the desire to maintain one's status, the desire for social security, etc., comes to the fore. This influence of environmental factors should be taken into account in motivation systems.

Political factors determine the general political situation in the country, its level of stability and predictability. A high level of political risk leads to a slowdown in the scientific and technical renewal of production, obsolescence of the structure, and a decrease in the competitiveness of national enterprises in the competitive struggle.

However, even in a relatively stable situation, there are clashes between various economic entities and political forces and lobby groups representing their interests. In the transitional economy of Russia, this is a clash of three complexes - military-industrial, fuel and energy and agrarian. Currently, the struggle is going on in the sphere of privatization of the former state property, as well as for the distribution of budgetary funds. It is clear that the solution of these problems, on the one hand, is determined by political factors, and on the other, it influences them.

The policy of local authorities has a significant impact on employment in the region and the location of enterprises, their impact on the environment, the extraction and use of natural resources, the creation of industrial, technical and social infrastructure.

For example, the number of building sites is always limited. Currently, local authorities are more interested in allocating them for the construction of industrial facilities, rather than housing. The reason for this is that employees pay income tax at the place of work.

The environmental factors of indirect impact differ significantly from country to country. This must be taken into account by organizations involved in international business.

It is clear that the degree of influence of environmental factors of indirect impact on the implementation of the organization various kinds international business will be significantly different. This influence will be most significant when creating joint ventures, less - when making capital investments, especially portfolio investments, and even less - when issuing licenses.

The impact of specific environmental factors of indirect impact will also be different. A general prerequisite for effective international business is the political situation in the country where the organization operates. The state of the economy and the development of technologies have a significant impact on international business. In some cases, for example, when exporting certain consumer goods sociocultural factors may play a decisive role. When placing new production facilities, it is necessary to seek the support of local authorities.

4 Methods for analyzing the internal and external environment of the organization

Analysis of the external environment is an assessment of the state and development prospects of the most important, from the point of view of the organization, subjects and environmental factors: industries, markets, suppliers and a combination of global environmental factors that the organization cannot directly influence.

There are a large number of methods for analyzing the internal and external environment of the organization, consider some of them:

SWOT analysis is the identification of strengths and weaknesses enterprise, as well as opportunities and threats coming from its immediate environment (external environment).

§ Strengths (Strengths) - advantages of the organization;

§ Weaknesses - shortcomings of the organization;

§ Opportunities - advantages of the organization in the market;

§ Threats.

Unlike the SNW strengths and weaknesses analysis, the analysis also offers an average market condition (N). The main reason for adding a neutral side is that “often, to win the competition, it may be sufficient to have a given organization relative to all its competitors in all but one key positions in state N, and only one in state S.”

PEST - analysis is a tool designed to identify political (Policy), economic (Economy), social (Society) and technological (Technology) aspects of the external environment that may affect the company's strategy. The policy being studied regulates power, which in turn determines the company's environment and the acquisition of key resources for its operations. The main reason for studying the economy is to create a picture of the distribution of resources at the state level, which is the most important condition for the activity of an enterprise. No less important consumer preferences are determined using the social component of PEST - Analysis. The last factor is the technological component. The purpose of her research is considered to be the identification of trends in technological development, which are often the causes of changes and market losses, as well as the emergence of new products.

It is convenient to use the environment profile to profile the macro environment, the immediate environment, and the internal environment separately. Individual environmental factors are listed in the environment profile table. Each of the factors is assessed in an expert way.

On the economy. First of all, this is a block of power ministries (the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Federal Border Service, the Federal Counterintelligence Service, and the State Committee for Emergency Situations). The functions of these organizational structures are due to constitutional requirements, and the object of regulation is not directly related to economic relations (with the exception of the work of military builders at civilian facilities and prisoners in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs). These industries have initially budgetary nature of financing. Their functions are stable, and the control mechanism is rather conservative.

The effectiveness of the functioning of the quality management system is initially represented by its structure, that is, the composition and interaction scheme of its constituent elements. The measure of its complexity must correspond to the complexity of the control object, that is, it must be able to generate optimal control actions on all factors that directly or indirectly affect product quality. It must be adapted to possible changes in quality requirements, the method of its change and control, technical and organizational support, and is susceptible to new management theories.

The process of destruction of diversity is an information process based on the receipt and processing of information, the development of control actions, carried out with the help of direct and feedback channels.

As is known from the history of civilization, social systems limited by rigid linear communications were doomed to gradual death. The traditional, still dominant approach to the management of natural and social processes was based on a simplified view of the functioning of the systems of nature and society. According to this idea, the result of an external control action is a directly proportional consequence of the applied efforts. The more energy and effort you put in, the higher (the result).

In some cases, the most effective way to avoid negative consequences or reduce the risk level of innovation activities are direct managerial impacts on possible manageable risk factors. Such as

In the overwhelming majority of cases, private approaches suffer from significant one-sidedness, which is unacceptable. So, often, the problems of risk management are reduced only to the level of stabilization of the financial condition. Undoubtedly, the achievement of such a private goal is a success. But in the overwhelming majority of cases, the financial condition only indicates the presence of a problem, but does not demonstrate the deep causes of the realized risks. Thus, the problem of fighting the disease is actually replaced by fighting the symptoms. Obviously, there is a fairly wide range of management measures that, if properly applied, can provide the desired effect in relation to symptom management. But the causes of negative processes are not radically affected. This means that after the removal of the appropriate control action, there will be no reasons preventing a new manifestation of the problem. Moreover, the enterprise is such a complex organism that a new aggravation may be accompanied by other manifestations, unlike the previous ones. New tools will be re-invented to deal with them, but in the end, the actual cause will not be discovered (and, therefore, eliminated in a qualified manner). It is quite possible that the direct identification of the causes of risks and the implementation of measures to eliminate them will require much less resources of the enterprise compared to a sluggish fight against its consequences. Such a radical treatment will help to better preserve the potential of the enterprise and more qualified adaptation to new, changed conditions of existence.

I can be direct instructions and control over their implementation, a clear construction of the management apparatus and the definition of the duties of each employee correct use mechanism of interest, financing and lending in order to combine the interests of the state, the enterprise and the individual contractor. All methods are based on the use of the economic laws of socialism, but differ depending on the content and method of influencing the controlled object.

Organizational and administrative-legal methods of management, unlike economic ones, are not advisory, but mandatory, directive. These methods are expressed in a direct impact on the managed object and, as a rule, imply an unambiguous solution to the corresponding economic situation, which is binding on the performer.

In the organization, these methods serve as a means of direct influence on the production process and the work of workers, which makes it possible to coordinate the performance of individual functions or the solution of a common problem. It creates favorable conditions for the existence and development of the controlled system , has a targeted impact on the object of management . The characteristic features of direct influence include the direct connection between the leader and the subordinate. However, in general, direct influences ultimately lead to an increase in the passivity of subordinates, and sometimes to covert disobedience. Therefore, the most effective are indirect methods of influence, which are carried out by setting a task and creating stimulating conditions.

management decisions . All management decisions in the field of formation and implementation of investments are closely interconnected and have a direct or indirect impact on the final results of financial activity in general. Therefore, investment management should be considered as a complex functional management system of management decisions, each of which contributes to the overall performance of the enterprise.

We complete our graphical picture of the money market with three potential money supply curves, Sal, Sm2, and z. In all three cases, the money supply curve is a vertical straight line, indicating some fixed amount of money determined by the Fed's Board of Governors. Since the interest rate is set under the influence of monetary policy (and hence the money supply), the location of the money supply curve does not depend on it.

Organizational and administrative management methods are based on their direct impact on the managed object. They are prescriptive and mandatory. Based on such management relations as discipline, responsibility, power, coercion.

Keeping in mind the direct impact on the control object, which is characteristic of administrative methods, one can imagine production management as a system of decisions, actions, messages (information) that ensure purposefulness, coherence, economy (efficiency) of the operation of the managed object.

The complex nature of the formation of managerial decisions. All management decisions in the field of the formation, distribution and use of financial resources and the organization of the enterprise's cash flow are closely interconnected and have a direct or indirect impact on the results of its financial activities. In some cases, this impact can be contradictory. For example, the implementation of highly profitable financial investments can cause a deficit in the financing of production activities and, as a result, significantly reduce the amount of operating profit (ie, reduce the potential for generating own financial resources). Therefore, financial management should be considered as an integrated management system that ensures the development of interdependent management decisions, each of which contributes to the overall performance of the enterprise's financial activities.

MANAGEMENT - ways of influencing economic processes and phenomena through the interests of workers, labor collectives in order to achieve the results necessary for society. Unlike administrative methods of management, which have a direct impact on managed objects with the help of directive tasks and other methods, E. m. do not limit the independence and initiatives of the latter, contribute to a more complete combination of the interests of the state, the enterprise and each employee. To E. m. at. include economic calculation, economic standards, prices with a system of allowances and discounts to them, economic incentive funds, bonuses (see Bonuses), depreciation, credit, capital investments, fines and other sanctions, etc. (see also Economic levers and incentives). Increasing the role of E. m. is the most important direction of formation

Other strategic directions (goals) can be the deployment of new projects, the introduction of new products, the adoption of certain growth rates (achieved, faster, slower than in the industry), achieving or maintaining leadership in the field of cost and brand prestige, the materialization of a competitive advantages, concentration of efforts on a certain part of current operations, finding a specific segment or product niche in the market, returning positions previously handed over to competitors, etc. All this the sales manager must take into account and take into account when considering, from the point of view of sales management, the possible overall strategies of the company and their direct and indirect impact on sales dynamics, which ensures their practical implementation.

Characteristics organizational and administrative management methods a direct impact on the managed object, the mandatory nature of the implementation of instructions, orders, orders and other administrative decisions of higher authorities for subordinate (controlled) objects, strictly defined responsibility of subordinates for failure to comply with instructions, orders.

The degree of regulation of impacts depends on the scale of the managed object, as well as on the qualifications and competence of the performers, their ability to work independently. In all cases, the leader must carefully consider which method of influence is most appropriate in a given situation. The head of the production unit (section, workshop, etc.) first of all takes into account the object and purpose of the impact. The object can be one employee or a group (team), respectively, the goal can be to determine and ensure the implementation of an individual or group (collective) task. In the first case, depending on the relationship with subordinates, taking into account their qualifications, the degree of discipline and consciousness, the manager chooses ways to communicate with them and control their work - from direct instructions (in documentary or oral form) to recommendations, advice, giving the employee independence in work and self-control. In the second case, the leader draws up a team work plan with the establishment of appropriate powers, responsibilities and rights.

For example, the interaction of the state and the market system is provided by flows of direct and reverse information links. This interaction circuit ensures the functioning of the socio-economic system and therefore can be defined as functional. Second-order feedbacks form a second interaction loop - dynamic, which ensures self-development of the entire system. In doing so, the following needs to be clarified. Management is often understood as a phenomenon opposite to self-organization, which, in turn, is understood as something that happens on its own, without a control action. From the standpoint of a synergistic view of the world, the control mechanism is the most important component of the self-organization process, and vice versa5. There is an additional mechanism of dialectical interaction between management and self-organization. We have listed only some general principles of organizational systems, which give an idea of ​​the need to take them into account in the process of practical and research activities of various types of organizational systems.

The media have the ability to change the proportions of a real event, making it either more powerful or weaker. As an example, we can cite the statement of Guy Khanov, president of the agency "Publiity PR"1 "[B]o during one of the election campaigns, we almost artificially inflated the hype around one situation with the lack of hot water and heating. This situation was in fact, we We didn't come up with anything, but we organized a lot of publications about this in all local media, forced the candidate to abandon the election campaign until the problem was resolved. "places of events" Thus, the situation was resolved to the maximum short term, and a few days before the election, the candidate's rating increased, according to our calculations, by about twenty points. "Here is an example

Seventeen Moments of Success: Leadership Strategies Kozlov Nikolay Ivanovich

Direct and indirect influence

Direct and indirect influence

When the world is friendly or the situation is simple, there is no need to be smart and you can act openly: you asked - and you got it. Here's the check, wrap it up, please. I have the right - I demanded, I have “what for” - I bought it, and then I organized a convenient situation, and everything happened. Surrounded by friends

When they are friends, or in the store,

When the rules of trade and customer service are generally observed there,

or at work

When everyone really does their job,

this is what happens, and this is really enough, but sometimes life believes in us and gives us more difficult tasks. When you don’t demand it directly, there is nothing to be particularly interested in, or this is regarded as a bribe, and an attempt to organize a situation that is convenient for us is stopped in the bud. How to treat it?

As to the fact that the time has come for creative decisions and it is time to remember that, in addition to direct ones, there are also indirect influences.

This theory of Timur Vladimirovich Gagin is described in detail and vividly in his forthcoming book “The Unified Structure of Influence”. Here is very summary essence.

quote start

Indirect action differs from direct action in that someone pays for us. Someone (or something) pulls the chestnuts out of the fire for us and bears the cost. This someone may or may not know about it. It all depends on the degree of our cooperation with him.

This something may not be a character at all. Gravity, the laws of the marketplace, systemic archetypes, and human prejudice can work wonderfully for us. The main thing at the same time is that we are no longer storming heights, we do not pay every penny and generally forget about “bash on bash”. The main thing is that someone or something, on which our result depends, act in the direction we need themselves.

Indirect action is almost more common in our life than direct action. Rafters float the forest along the rivers, which still flow. And the wind, which still blows, spins the blades of the mills. The speed bump just lies, and the drivers slow down themselves. The girl just smiles sweetly or tramples in confusion, and the young people offer help - themselves.

YOURSELF!!! This is the point.

And the commander, who thinks he noticed the possibility of encirclement, gives the order, and thousands of soldiers go where the enemy wants - themselves. With your feet.

It is obvious that it is possible to organize the situation in such a way. And wise (smart) people do it regularly, the whole question is - how do they organize it? After all, there are people around us who think. They may (and usually do) have their own interests, goals and desires, and they do not intend to carry us on their neck and pay our bills. How? How?

Er… Here comes into force a very interesting thing. Thinking people act on the basis of what reality? Objective? Well, not quite… The objective reality is perceived by us indirectly.

Matter is an objective reality GIVEN TO US IN FEELING.

And - here it is! It is enough for us to change the subjective reality, and people, relying on it, will themselves go in the right direction. They will do what is required.

This is not cheating.

In fact, it's not necessarily a scam.

This is the organization of the subjective reality of a person in the direction in which I need: from the possible options that are somehow organized in a person anyway. To deceive is to do something deliberately objectively false, and when we operate in the field of subjective reality, about which, as a rule, it is generally difficult to say “it is true or not”, then the moment of ethical evaluation disappears.

And if you think this is a new and dangerous idea, just look around. Remember what you did today. Why did you decide that this is the best thing you could do. And what about the objective reality. And what about reality is subjective. Yours.

So, for indirect action, we use what is already there - the context. Features of reality - real or imaginary, tendencies and patterns that are already working, processes that are already underway anyway. And if not, we create the conditions for all this to appear. Of course.

Indirect action is when people and elements help us - themselves.

When do we resort to indirect action? The criterion is the same sufficiency. If it is not difficult for us to find or create conditions that will launch independent processes in the right direction, if it is easier and cheaper to do this than to go directly, we go around. Is it logical?

However, if we are too lazy to think or too difficult, expensive, we still move ahead. And our efforts are being used by someone else. Less spontaneous.