Methods of psychological influence. Functions and types of speech

Methods of psychological influence

Initially, the method of persuasion will be considered, and then the socio-psychological methods of influence - suggestion, infection and imitation.

Belief. In the process of psychological influence on an ethnophore, persuasion is the main method (method) of rendering psychological influence on his mind. This method performs informational, critical and constructive functions; in practice, they are, as a rule, consistently implemented. Depending on the personality of the ethnophore, their significance is different. Informational the function is to transfer certain information to the object in order for it to make an appropriate decision for the object; the content of the message and the choice of arguments depends on the degree of awareness of the recipient on the subject of influence (problem, question, etc.). critical the function is to evaluate the views, opinions, stereotypes of the value orientations of the ethnophore. The role of this function is especially important in disputes, discussions, etc., i.e., in the process of persuading and persuading the ethnophore. Persuasion, in comparison with persuasion, is a more complex, time-consuming and painful process for the recipient. This is explained by the fact that he is undergoing a change (breaking) of the prevailing views and ideas, the old ones are being destroyed and new social attitudes are being formed. In this regard, the ethnophore (communicator) has to spend more psychological and other resources on the process of influence in order to solve intermediate tasks and achieve the final goal. constructive the function of persuasion is manifested in the formation of new views, approaches and attitudes in the ethnophore. Depending on the tasks of psychological influence (persuasion or persuasion), the degree of awareness of the ethnophore and his point of view on the subject of persuasion, the characteristics of the subject and object of influence, a strategy, tactics and methods of using persuasive influence are developed (Reznikov, 1989, 2002b).

Consideration should be given to E. Hall's division of culture into high-context (Japan, China, Korea) and low-context (USA, Germany, Scandinavian countries, Switzerland) (Hall, 1969, 1983). When an ethnophore belonging to a high-contextual culture is affected, the situation (environment) of the impact plays a very informative role. In the second case, on the contrary, the context is almost not taken into account by the ethnophore, but the speech directed at it should be very informative.

For revealing the ethnopsychological appearance of Russians we used a sample that included 610 respondents from all 24 districts of the Kostroma region (a region where Russians traditionally live).

1) One of the components of the methodology included positions on identifying "peculiarities of discussion of business issues by Russians." From table 1 it can be seen that the first four places both in the city and in the countryside are occupied by "resourcefulness", "insight into the essence of the matter", "independence" and "tempo of discussion". The coincidence in the hierarchy of qualities noted by Russians in the city and the countryside indicates the same working conditions for residents of the Kostroma region.

Table 1. Ranks of psychological qualities that Russians show when discussing business issues, disputes and conflicts

The "reality of the proposed plans" among the townspeople takes 5th place, and among the villagers - 8th, which indirectly may indicate a relatively greater pragmatism of urban residents and their professionalism. "Imposing one's point of view" when discussing business issues in the city is in 8th place, and in the village - 5th. In our opinion, this indicates that when discussing business issues in the city, the democratic style of management is more manifested.

In general, we can say that no significant differences were found in the discussion of business issues in the city and the countryside.

2) Answers to the question “When discussing options for decisions to be made, it is important for Russians: the result, the preservation interpersonal relationships or showing their professionalism” both in the city and in the countryside were distributed as follows. In the first place is the “result” (average 4.36 in the city and, respectively, 4.25 in the village), in the second place is “showing one’s professionalism” (3.9 and 3.93, respectively) and in the third place is “preserving interpersonal relations (3.47 and 3.62). The hierarchy of data indicates the businesslike approach of Russians when discussing various options dealing with business issues and a certain disregard for interpersonal relationships.

3) Let's compare the styles of discussing business issues by Russians in urban and rural samples (see Table 2).

Russians discuss business issues, disputes and conflicts (in urban and rural areas): 1st place - "emotionally" (4.26 and 4.10), 2nd place - "collectively" (3.38 and 3.35 ) and 3rd place - “in the process of discussing business issues, they switch to the personality of the interlocutor” (3.38 and 3.35). Group discussion indicates the manifestation of a democratic style of discussing business issues. The position “In the process of discussing issues becomes personal” indicates that the level of emotional and volitional control when discussing business issues, disputes and conflicts, apparently, is not high enough.

The judgment “When discussing business issues and disputes, Russians avoid conflicts” ranks 6th (penultimate) among urban residents, and 4th among rural residents. Apparently, the difference is explained by the fact that the villagers, as it were, are forced to live and communicate for life with people with whom they have to discuss business issues, disputes and conflicts, in connection with which they seek to avoid conflicts. The position “Russians are involved as judges (mediators)” took the middle of the discussion style list (4th place in the city (3.38 points), and 7th place (2.95 points) in the countryside).

Table 2. Ranks of manifestation of styles of discussion of business issues by Russians

4) In our opinion, interesting data were obtained when comparing the type of argumentation that is most convincing for Russians living in the Kostroma region (see Table 3).

The argument “Appeal to the authority of the individual, her professional experience” takes the 1st place among the townspeople, and the 2nd place among the villagers. This is interesting in the sense that currently the most authoritative person is the person with professional experience on the business issue under discussion. These data indirectly indicate that market relations have become established among Russians in the business sphere. At the same time, the argument "Appeal to one's own experience" in rural areas takes the 1st place, which indicates a certain distrust of the villager to the arguments of opponents during the discussion of business issues.

The arguments “appeal to the majority”, “appeal to the authority of the individual (its age)” and “appeal to traditions” both in the city and in the village occupy 7th, 8th and 10th places, which indicates that that traditional collectivist arguments are gradually receding into the background. “Attracting arguments taking into account the strong objections of opponents” takes 9th place out of 10, which indicates a rather high self-criticism of Russians (Reznikov, Sadov, Fetiskin, Kolioglo, 2005).

Table 3. Ranks of manifestation of the type of argumentation most convincing for Russians in the process of discussing business issues

Suggestion. Suggestion (suggestion) is understood as a purposeful, unreasoned impact based on an uncritical perception of information. The role of suggestion in the history of the formation of ethnic groups was studied quite deeply and comprehensively by BF Porshnev (Porshnev, 1971, 1974, 1979).

The importance of suggestion on the process of formation of ethnopsychological characteristics is also noted by other researchers. So, for example, V. N. Kulikov writes: “National traditions, customs and mores take root in the psyche of people by the power of this suggestion. And all this contributes to the formation of class and national psychology” (Kulikov, 1965, p. 331).

The effectiveness of suggestion of an ethnophore depends on many features of the interacting subject and object: gender, age, criticality of the mind, stability of beliefs, physical and mental states, and most of all, on the relationship that develops between the suggester (influencing) and the suggester (ethnophore, which is influenced). Especially the effectiveness of using the method of suggestion depends on the authority of the suggester and his preparedness for this process, the conformity of the object, etc. The presence of a positive attitude among the representatives of an ethnic group towards their national way of life and negative attitudes towards the way of life of other peoples makes it difficult to effectively inspire influence on the ethnophore by members of another ethnic group. Alertness to information coming from representatives of other ethnic groups as an outgroup should be destroyed by weighty arguments. “And the higher the resistance, the more convincing the arguments should be, the deeper they should affect the thinking and feelings of the recipients. Evidence then becomes a means of overcoming alertness, distrust, suspicion” (Sherkovin, 1973, p. 210).

Increasing the effectiveness of inspiring influence can be achieved by increasing the prestige of the source of information, repeating the influence in various modifications and reinforcing the content with logically thought-out evidence that seems very convincing from the standpoint of the ethnic group whose representative is being suggested.

Infection. This method of influence consists in the unconscious and involuntary exposure of ethnophores to certain mental states. As the results of studies show, infection performs integrative and expressive functions (Apollonov, 1972). The first function is used to strengthen the solidity of an ethnic community or a certain social group in society (for example, in Nazi Germany, members of the Hitler Youth were forced to collectively listen to recordings of the Fuhrer's speeches and sing Nazi songs, thereby rallying the youth), and the second is associated with the problem of relieving psychological tension and detente. W. Metzger believes that ethnic groups are united by common emotional experiences that are associated with significant events, for example, with wars. In peacetime, intense emotional experiences that unite nations can be triggered by sports competitions, national holidays, etc. (Metzger, 1969).

The expressive function of infection is manifested during spectacular mass and sporting events (in the circus, in stadiums, etc.). The manifestation of the method of infection is determined by the level of self-regulation and the locus of control of the ethnophore, national traditions, etc. So, for example, the British are quite reserved in communication, but they become unrecognizable in the stadium (they scream, whistle, hoot, etc.).

In interpersonal influence on an ethnophore, the method of infection is usually associated with the use of an affective verbal style and the transfer of an optimistic mood to it.

Imitation. Ethnophore imitation consists in conscious or unconscious following the behavior or example of the subject of influence. B. D. Parygin considers imitation as a means of introducing the individual to the system of group values (Parygin, 1999). In the process of ethnicization, a person, through imitation, masters the norms and rules of behavior of his ethnic community. This is done both in the process of conscious learning and through imitation. The role of imitation is especially great in the early stages of the development of ethnic groups. Representatives of an ethnic group in everyday life usually adhere to historically established norms of relationships, which is a favorable prerequisite for imitation as a mechanism of mass behavior, which depends on the presence of elements of conservatism in everyday life and the level of emotional self-regulation.

The imitation of an ethnophore by representatives of other peoples depends on many components: the level of socio-economic development of his country, its socio-historical development path, the level of culture of the population, etc. The effectiveness of using the imitation method increases when national authorities influence the ethnophore, references are made to the statements of national authorities , practical results achieved by the country, etc.

In interpersonal influence on an ethnophore, the imitation method is productive if the influencer and the object of influence belong to the same national community. When using the method of suggestion on a representative of another ethnic group, high personal and business qualities suggester, his authority in the eyes of the object of influence, as well as his psychological preparation for the process of influence, etc.

At revealing the ethnopsychological appearance of Russians the question was raised in the methodology: “What methods of influence are most often used by Russians: persuasion, coercion, suggestion, imitation and infection?” The analysis was carried out on the basis of urban and rural samples.

The methods of psychological influence were distributed according to the hierarchy in the following order. The method of persuasion both in the city and in the countryside takes the 1st place (3.86 and 3.79 points). Among citizens, the second place belongs to “infection” (good or bad mood), and among the villagers “suggestion” (3.46 and 3.40 points). The third place in the city is occupied by “imitation” (personal example), and in the village “infection (by good or bad mood)”. The fourth place among the urban population belongs to "suggestion", and among the rural population - "imitation (personal example)" (3.39 and 3.29 points). The “coercion” method is in 5th place in urban and rural areas (3.23 and 3.08 points) (Reznikov, Sadov, Fetiskin, Kolioglo, 2005).

Analyzing the obtained results, we can draw the following conclusions. In the countryside, "suggestion" takes 2nd place, and in the city 4th. This situation, apparently, can be explained by the fact that the townspeople live at a higher pace of life and communicate with large quantity people, among whom there are unscrupulous, which forms their alertness and criticality. In addition, intensive communication and a more dynamic lifestyle makes citizens wary and sometimes vigilant towards the people around them. In this regard, every working city dweller assumes with a certain degree of confidence that the psychological impact exerted on him can potentially bring him material, economic or some other damage.

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Speech has a socio-historical nature. People have always lived and live collectively, in society. Public life and the collective work of people make it necessary to constantly communicate, establish contact with each other, influence each other. This communication is done through speech. Thanks to speech, people exchange thoughts and knowledge, talk about their feelings, experiences, intentions.

Communicating with each other, people use words and use the grammatical rules of a particular language. Language is a system of verbal signs, a means by which communication is carried out between people. Speech is the process of using language to communicate between people. Language and speech are inextricably linked, they represent a unity, which is expressed in the fact that historically the language of any nation was created and developed in the process of speech communication between people. The connection between language and speech is also expressed in the fact that language as an instrument of communication exists historically as long as people speak it. As soon as people stop using this or that language in speech communication, it becomes a dead language. Such a dead language has become, for example, Latin.

Cognition of the laws of the surrounding world, the mental development of a person is accomplished through the assimilation of knowledge developed by mankind in the process of socio-historical development and fixed with the help of language, with the help of written speech. Language In this sense is a means of consolidating and transmitting from generation to generation the achievements of human culture, science and art. Each person in the learning process assimilates the knowledge acquired by all mankind and accumulated historically.

Thus, speech performs certain functions:

Impact;

Messages;

expressions;

Notation.

The function of influence lies in the ability of a person through speech to induce people to certain actions or to refuse them. The function of influence in human speech is one of its primary, most basic functions. A person speaks in order to influence, if not directly on behavior, then on thoughts or feelings, on the consciousness of other people. Speech has a social purpose, it is a means of communication, and it performs this function in the first place, since it serves as a means of influence. And this function of influence in human speech is specific. The sounds made by animals as "expressive" ones also perform a signal function, but human speech, speech in the true sense of the word, is fundamentally different from those sound signals that animals make. The call made by a sentinel animal or the leader of a pack, herd, etc., can serve as a signal for other animals to take flight or attack. These signals are instinctive or conditioned reflex reactions in animals. An animal, uttering such a signal cry, does not emit it in order to notify others of impending danger, but because this cry breaks out of it in a certain situation. When other animals take flight at a given signal, they also do so not because they “understood” the signal, understood what it means, but because after such a cry the leader usually takes flight and the animal is in danger. situation; thus, a conditioned reflex connection was created between screaming and running; it is a connection between running and screaming, not what it stands for.

The function of the message is to exchange information (thoughts) between people through words, phrases.

The function of expression lies in the fact that, on the one hand, thanks to speech, a person can more fully convey his feelings, experiences, relationships, and, on the other hand, the expressiveness of speech, its emotionality significantly expand the possibilities of communication. The expressive function in itself does not determine speech: speech is not identical with any expressive reaction. Speech exists only where there is semantics, a meaning that has a material carrier in the form of sound, gesture, visual image, etc. But in man the most expressive moments pass into semantics. Every speech speaks about something, i.e. has some object; any speech at the same time refers to someone - to a real or possible interlocutor or listener, and any speech at the same time expresses something - this or that attitude of the speaker to what he is talking about, and to those to whom he is speaking. actually or mentally drawn. The core or outline of the semantic content of speech is what it means. But living speech usually expresses immeasurably more than it actually means. Thanks to the expressive moments contained in it, it very often goes beyond the limits of the abstract system of meanings. At the same time, the true concrete meaning of speech is revealed to a large extent through these expressive moments (intonation, stylistic, etc.). Genuine understanding of speech is achieved not only by knowing the verbal meaning of the words used in it; the most important role in it is played by the interpretation, the interpretation of these expressive moments, revealing that more or less secret inner meaning that the speaker puts into it. The emotional-expressive function of speech as such is fundamentally different from the involuntary and meaningless expressive reaction. The expressive function, being included in human speech, is rebuilt, entering into its semantic content. In this form, emotionality plays a significant role in human speech. It would be wrong to completely intellectualize speech, turning it only into an instrument of thinking. It has emotionally expressive moments that appear in rhythm, pauses, intonations, in voice modulations and other expressive, expressive moments that are always present to a greater or lesser extent in speech, especially in oral speech, affecting, however, in writing- in rhythm and arrangement of words; expressive moments of speech appear further in the stylistic features of speech, in various nuances and shades.

The functions of expression and influence can be combined into communication function, which includes means of expression and influence. As a means of expression, speech is combined with a number of expressive movements - with gestures, facial expressions. Animals also have sound as an expressive movement, but it becomes speech only when it ceases to accompany the affected state of a person and begins to designate it.

The designation function (significative) consists in the ability of a person through speech to give objects and phenomena of the surrounding reality names that are unique to them. Significant function distinguishes human speech from animal communication. A person's idea of an object or phenomenon is associated with a word. Mutual understanding in the process of communication is based, therefore, on the unity of the designation of objects and phenomena, perceiving and speaking.

Figure 2 - Speech functions

We can also highlight another function of speech - generalization function, which is connected with the fact that the word denotes not only a separate, given object, but also a whole group of similar objects and is always the bearer of their essential features.

So in human speech can be identified by psychological analysis different functions, but they are not aspects external to each other; they are included in the unity within which they determine and mediate each other. Thus, speech performs its message function on the basis of its semantic, semantic, denoting function. But not to a lesser, but to an even greater extent and vice versa - the semantic function of designation is formed on the basis of the communicative function of speech. Essentially social life, communication gives the cry a function of meaning. Expressive movement from emotional discharge can become speech, acquire meaning only because the subject notices the effect that it has on others. The child first makes a cry because he is hungry, and then uses it to be fed. Sound first performs the functions of designation objectively, serving as a signal for another. It is only due to the fact that he performs this function in relation to another that he is realized by us in his significance, acquires significance for us. Initially reflected in the mind of another person, speech acquires meaning for ourselves. And so in the future - from the use of the word, we establish more and more precisely its meaning, at first little realized, according to the meaning in which it is understood by others. Understanding is one of the constituent moments of speech. The emergence of speech outside of society is impossible, speech is a social product; intended for communication, it arises in communication. Moreover, the social purpose of speech determines not only its genesis; it is also reflected in the internal, semantic content of speech. The two main functions of speech - communicative and significative, due to which speech is a means of communication and a form of existence of thought, consciousness, are formed one through the other and function one in the other. The social nature of speech as a means of communication and its denoting character are inextricably linked. In speech, in unity and internal interpenetration, the social nature of man and his inherent consciousness are represented.

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The American psychologist K. Izard identifies 10 fundamental emotions: interest, joy, surprise, grief (suffering), anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame and guilt (repentance).

Emotion Signaling Function lies in the fact that they signal the usefulness or harmfulness of this impact, the success or failure of the action being performed. The adaptive role of this mechanism consists in an immediate reaction to a sudden impact of external stimulus, since the emotional state instantly causes pronounced experiences of a certain color. This leads to the rapid mobilization of all body systems to the implementation of a response, the nature of which depends on whether a given stimulus serves as a signal of a beneficial or harmful effect on the body. Thus, the impacts emanating from both external environment, and from the organism itself, lead to the emergence of emotional experiences that give a general qualitative characteristic of the influencing factor, ahead of its more complete, detailed perception.

Regulatory function of emotions manifests itself in the formation of activity aimed at satisfying the needs that have arisen, as well as at strengthening or stopping the action of stimuli, i.e., in the implementation of the mechanisms of adaptation of the organism to continuously changing environmental conditions.

Mobilization function. The mobilizing function of emotions manifests itself, first of all, at the physiological level: the release of adrenaline into the blood during the emotion of fear increases the ability to escape (although an excessive dose of adrenaline can lead to the opposite effect - stupor), and lowering the threshold of sensation, as a component of the emotion of anxiety, helps to recognize threatening stimuli. In addition, the phenomenon of “narrowing of consciousness”, which is observed during intense emotional states, forces the body to focus all its efforts on overcoming the negative situation.

Trace function. Emotion often arises after an event has ended, i.e. when it's too late to act. (as a result of affect)

Function Communication. The expressive (expressive) component of emotions makes them "transparent" to the social environment. The expression of certain emotions, such as pain, causes the awakening of altruistic motivation in other people.

Protective Function It is expressed in the fact that, arising as an instantaneous, quick reaction of the body, it can protect a person from dangers. It has been established that the more complex a living being is organized, the higher the step on the evolutionary ladder it occupies, the richer and more diverse the range of emotions that it is able to experience.

Communicative Function lies in the fact that emotions, more precisely, the ways of their external expression, carry information about the mental and physical state of a person. Thanks to emotions, we understand each other better.

The language, like the document, is multifunctional. In the definition of functions (a function is a performed role), there is no unity language. In works on general linguistics, stylistics, culture of speech, the following functions are distinguished:

1) informational;

2) nominative (naming);

3) communicative;

4) contact (phatic, contact-setting);

5) thought-forming (thinking);

6) cumulative (accumulative);

7) cognitive (cognitive);

8) voluntarily (regulatory, imperative);

9) aesthetic;

10) emotional (emotive);

11) magical.

1) Message function, or informational, lies in the fact that language serves as a means of cognition, collection and registration of all the knowledge that people have accumulated in the process of their conscious activity. The transmission and storage of all this information, the study of this wealth is carried out through oral and predominantly written texts, i.e. through speech, speech activity.

The information function is performed by scientific and scientific-educational texts, it also manifests itself in official business documents: information letters, summaries, certificates, etc.

2) nominative, or denomination - one of the most important functions of language, which allows a person to navigate in space and time. The whole system of concepts that a person possesses is based on a system of names. Names are not only proper names, but also common nouns. The objects surrounding a person, necessary for him in his life and activity, necessarily receive names that are fixed in the language. In order for an object to receive a name, it is necessary for it to enter into public use, to become significant. Up to a point, you can get by with a descriptive name, but then it will need a separate name.

Over time, the name is inextricably linked with the subject itself, becoming its "deputy". In ancient times, many peoples had a ban, a taboo, on the use of the names of close relatives, since it was believed that a name spoken aloud could harm a person. However, you can not put an equal sign between the name, the name, and the thing, the subject. It is a common misconception that many of our misfortunes stem from wrong names, and that as soon as the name is changed, everything will immediately change for the better. The desire for wholesale renaming is especially noticeable during periods of social upheaval. Renamed cities and streets, instead of one military ranks others are introduced, the militia becomes the police, technical schools and colleges become colleges and lyceums, institutes become academies and universities.

3) The main purpose of the language is to serve as the main means of information exchange, that is, a means of communication. Therefore, the most important function of language is communicative function, which lies in the ability of language to serve as a means of communication between people. Without communication, society could not exist, since it is communication that creates this society as a society.

The communicative function of language can act as a self-expression of a person. Many writers, poets create their creations for themselves, and their literary works- this is a self-disclosure of the spiritual world of the writer.

The language has the units necessary for constructing messages, the rules for their organization. In addition, the language also has special means of establishing and maintaining contact between the participants in communication.

This feature is most often seen in colloquial speech, in business conversations, negotiations, and also characteristic of the written texts of some official documents: letters of inquiry, letters of response, etc.

4)Contact (phatic, contact-setting) the function provides a link between times and generations, the transfer of cultural values.

Ancient knowledge, culture, which have come down to us in the form of written texts (chronicles, chronicles, memoirs, official documents, etc.) record historical and cultural events, the life of individuals and peoples. In speech forms different languages contact is made with peoples whose culture, mentality and language itself are very far from ours. Today hypotheses of the language of interplanetary contacts are put forward and developed, the term space linguistics .

5) The function of forming and expressing thoughts - thought-forming (thinking)- can be recognized as the most important, since without its implementation informational, communicative, emotive, etc. can not be realized. A person's thought works almost continuously, with varying degrees of tension. These are memories, and reflections, and preparation for oral presentations, and the formation of a written text, and creative activity, etc.

6) The function of accumulating and saving information - cumulative (accumulative), is realized primarily in written monuments - chronicles, memoirs, fiction, in works of oral folk art, in newspapers, documents, etc. The most valuable written sources from historical, scientific, practical and other points of view are kept in state archives; moreover, it is quite likely that some part of the storage materials will never be claimed by anyone; but all documents must be kept: protocols, correspondence, diaries, memoirs, etc.

7) Cognitive(or cognitive - from lat. sogpitio: "knowledge", epistemological) a function is a form of reflection of the reality surrounding a person and oneself, as well as a means of obtaining new knowledge about reality.

8) Impact function, or voluntarily (regulatory, imperative), manifested in the ability of the language to influence the recipient of information, induce him to action, to a response. A voluntarily function is a priority function for many official documents - administrative (order, resolution, decision, instruction, etc.), organizational (regulations, charter, regulations, rules, instructions, etc.).

The voluntative function of the language is manifested in speech by special lexical means, morphological forms (inclination plays a special role here), as well as intonation, word order, and syntactic constructions. Voluntary function is aimed at creating, maintaining and regulating relations in human society.

A variation of the impact function is propaganda .

9) aesthetic function suggests that speech itself and its fragments can be perceived as beautiful or ugly, that is, as an aesthetic object. The aesthetic function turns the text into a work of art: this is the sphere of creativity, fiction. The aesthetic function is characteristic primarily for poetic speech, but not only for it - journalistic, scientific, and everyday colloquial speech can be aesthetically perfect.

10) Emotional (emotional-expressive, expressive), or emotive, a function is a function of an expression internal state person, a means of expressing his feelings and emotions. It is realized in fiction, oratory, in debatable speech - dispute, polemic, friendly conversation, song, opera, dramatic art - in the theater.

In written official business speech, this function is typical only for electoral documents: for example, in the diplomatic context - in personal and verbal notes when referring to the addressee and in the complimentary part of the text, in Russian record keeping practice - in some letters (letter of gratitude, apology, invitation, etc.).

11) magical(or incantatory) the function is realized in special situations when the language is endowed with a kind of inhuman, "otherworldly" power. Examples are incantations, oaths, prayers, curses, and some other types of ritual texts.

All these functions are united by the fact that the language is intended and exists not for an individual, but for a certain society in which this language acts as a common code with which people are able to understand each other. In speech, all the functions of language are manifested.

Questions for self-examination:

What language features are characteristic of the texts of an official document?

How does the nominative function appear in official documents? Give examples.

What functions are not characteristic of the text of an official document? What is the reason for this?

What function of the language is a priority for the texts of official documents?

What documents can take place emotional function? Is it possible to express emotions in all official documents without exception?

What kind of function is the agitation function? What kind of documents does this feature apply to?

How is the communicative function manifested in oral and written business communication?

These are the main directions of legal influence, expressing the role of law in streamlining public relations.

With the help of the concept of "functions of law" one can know the purpose of law in society, its action. The functions of law, reflecting its qualitative originality, its relevance and dynamics in public life, are characterized by the following properties:

the content and list of functions are predetermined by the essence of law and its social purpose in society;
functions of law are relatively constant and stable. They provide such directions and such content of the regulatory impact, without which the society cannot do or replace with other regulators;
the content of the functions performed is highly dynamic, the ability to respond to changes in the main tasks and goals facing a given political and legal system in a certain historical period, an adequate redistribution of funds and methods of legal influence;
functions of law are complex, systemic. They are concretized in the functions of other legal phenomena and processes.

Rice. 1.3. Functions of law

The main purpose of law- streamlining, organization of social relations. This means that with the help of law, social relations are built according to those samples, models that are established in legal norms. Law manifests itself in the following functions (Fig. 1.3):

regulatory, ensuring the streamlining of social relations, when legal norms establish rights and obligations, powers, fix how participants in relations can use them, perform them;
protective - the rules of law involve measures of protection, protection of subjective rights from violations, fix the ways by which you can force a person to fulfill an obligation, to bear responsibility in case of violation of the norm;
evaluative - legal norms evaluate behavior in terms of legality or illegality;
functions of influencing the consciousness and behavior of people - the right, fixing stimulating and restricting means, thereby forming attitudes, motives for human behavior. In addition, legal norms can indirectly fix ideological attitudes that justify the reasons for the adoption of these norms, the goals that were set by the legislator, which also affects the consciousness of participants in relations regulated by law.

General social functions of law

The dual nature of law as a social and legal regulator predetermines the division of functions into general social and special legal ones.

General social functions express the role of law as a social regulator in the regulation of relations in various fields social activities. They directly reflect the significance of law for society as a whole:

1. economic function - expressed in the legal provision of reliability, fairness and equivalence of economic relations. The current law consolidates property relations, stimulates the initiative and entrepreneurial spirit of economic entities, etc. It should be noted that the law not only directly regulates, most expediently organizes a system of relations in the sphere of production, exchange, distribution and consumption of material goods, but also protects them, guaranteeing from all manifestations of arbitrariness and violations by the threat of adverse consequences;

2. political function- consists in the legal regulation of relations between classes, nations, political parties, religious denominations, local governments, etc. regarding the formation and exercise of state power. With the help of law, the political system is established and protected from encroachments, the institutions of representative and direct democracy are fixed, the sovereignty of the people and the control of state power are ensured.

3. cultural and historical function - expressed in the fact that law accumulates and develops spiritual values, the achievements of the people, as well as humanity as a whole (human rights, democracy, social justice, etc.);

4. educational function - it is expressed in the formation among the participants of public relations of conviction in the expediency and fairness of the proposed procedure for legal regulation, in the need to build their behavior in accordance with the prescriptions of legal norms;

5.social control function consists in the indirect impact of the right on the behavior of subjects (stimulation, encouragement, deterrence from committing illegal actions, etc.).

Special legal functions of law

If general social functions are directed outward, reflect the influence of law on other spheres of public life, then special legal functions show what means and regulatory techniques are used in this case, what legal matter allows the most effective solution of the tasks set by society.

1. Regulatory function - the direction of legal influence, aimed at organizing socially significant positive relations with the help of legal methods and means, in accordance with the objective needs of social development, as well as the peculiarities of the domestic and international situation.

This is the main function of law. After all, the purpose of law is to regulate the most important relationships, to coordinate and direct the behavior of their participants in order to achieve a socially useful result.

2. protective function It consists in protecting positive and ousting negative, harmful phenomena for society, in their prevention, suppression and restoration of violated rights.

As part of the protective function, it is possible to distinguish such auxiliary functions as restorative(restoration of a violated right or legal status); compensatory(compensation for harm or damage caused); restrictive(restriction of public dangerous behavior);punitive(punishment of the offender).

The proposed classification of functions is conditional, since it is quite difficult to unambiguously distinguish between the legal impact on various spheres of public life. The economy closely interacts with politics, politics with ideology and culture, etc. In addition, the action of the main functions is supplemented by the action of non-core (auxiliary) functions. Thus, the regulatory function cannot achieve goals without information, and the protective function cannot achieve it without punitive and compensatory. The main functions are concretized by the functions of industries, detailed by the functions of institutions and individual rules of law.

The implementation of all these functions is carried out in four main forms:

informational (certain information will be transmitted);
orientational (value orientations are developed);
regulating (determining the behavior of subjects in socially significant situations);
security (the proposed behavior is provided by a whole range of incentives, prohibitions, restrictions or punishments).

Main Functions of Law

- these are the main directions of its influence on social relations, on people's behavior.

The function of law in literature is also understood as its social purpose.

Through functions, the tasks that are set before law as a social institution are carried out. And since the rules of law are adopted by state bodies, then some of its functions on specific aspects of activity largely coincide with the functions of the state (for example, law enforcement).

The functions of law are classified according to various criteria:

by direction of action: economic, social, political, environmental, etc.;
on the main subjects of law enforcement: legislative, executive, judicial;
for social purposes: educational, cultural, informational, etc.;

depending on the main tasks facing the temper, there are two functions - regulatory and protective.

These two functions are considered the main functions of law.

Regulatory function of law

The essence of this function is in the regulation, streamlining of social relations, the establishment of their state, which is dictated by the most important interests of society at a given stage of its development. These interests are accumulated and expressed by representative (legislative) bodies elected by the majority of the adult population.

Protective function of law

The essence of this function is to protect the established (socially useful) public relations from various kinds of attacks on the part of offenders.

This function is carried out mainly by the adoption and application of prohibitory norms, which provide for legal liability in case of violation of legal prohibitions.

This function is most clearly expressed in such branches of law as criminal, criminal procedure, criminal executive, administrative.

It should be borne in mind that the division of the functions of law into regulatory and protective is largely arbitrary, since these processes (regulation and protection of social relations) are mutually intertwined and pass into each other.