Influence on your rivals. Daily requirement and norm

In the last article I talked about some ways of manipulating or managing people, today I want to close the gap and introduce you to what psychology of influence on a person.

Psychological influence on a person occurs always and everywhere, but not everyone is familiar with how and what kind of influence on a person occurs. Therefore, I propose to consider and find out what is psychology of influence on a person..

Greetings, dear readers of the blog, I wish you all mental health.

Psychology of influence on a person

Exist non-mandatory ways psychological influence per person(request, advice, persuasion, praise, support and consolation; and imperative influence (orders, demands, prohibitions and coercions. There is still disciplinary methods of influencing a person(warnings, reprimands and punishments); threats (intimidation); self-praise and self-edification; criticism; rumors and gossip.

Let us consider in more detail what non-imperative "psychology of influence on a person" is:

Request as a psychology of influence on a person used when they don't want to make an impact official or when someone needs help. In many cases, people (especially children and subordinates) are flattered that instead of an order, a demand, a senior in age or position uses a form of addressing them, in which some element of the supplicant's dependence on who he is addressing is manifested. This immediately changes the attitude of the subject to such an impact: in his mind, an understanding of his significance in the situation that has arisen may arise.
Request has a great psychological impact on a person if clothed
in clear and polite terms and accompanied by respect for his right to refuse if the request causes him any inconvenience.

Advice as a psychology of influence on a person. To offer someone something means to present this something for discussion as a known possibility (option) for solving a problem. Acceptance by the subject of the proposed depends on the degree of hopelessness of the situation in which he is, on the authority of the person who offers, on the attractiveness of the proposed, on the characteristics of the personality of the subject himself. So, in relation to the concept (types of human temperament), the following is noted: a choleric person will rather respond to a proposal with resistance, a sanguine person will show curiosity towards him, a melancholic person will respond with avoidance, and a phlegmatic person will refuse or delay time, since he needs to understand the proposal. (Test: Eysenck Personality Questionnaire)

Beliefs as a psychology of influence on a person. Persuasion is a method of influencing the consciousness of the individual through appeal to her own critical judgment. The basis of persuasion is the clarification of the essence of the phenomenon, cause-and-effect relationships and relationships, the allocation of social and personal significance of solving a particular issue.

Persuasion can be considered successful, i.e. psychological influence is obtained if a person becomes able to independently justify decision evaluating its positive and negative aspects. Persuasion appeals to analytical thinking, in which the power of logic, evidence prevails, and the persuasiveness of the arguments is achieved. Persuasion as a psychology of influence on a person should create in him a conviction that the other person is right and his own confidence in the correctness of the decision being made.

Praise as a psychology of influence on a person. One of the types of positive psychological influence on a person is praise, that is, an approving review of him, a high appreciation of his work or deed. Every person has a psychological need for praise.

Woman feels the need for her work to be noted by others. Therefore, housewives and retired women often suffer from an unmet need for recognition, neglect of family members and underestimation of their work.

The male also likes to be praised for his work, but at the same time, if he is sure that he did the job well, then he will have a high opinion of himself even if his work is not recognized by others. Consequently, men are more independent in self-assessments from the opinions of others.

Support and consolation as a psychology of influence on a person.

Words of encouragement can convince, encourage, inspire, soothe, comfort, or amuse. Supporting doesn't mean making false claims or telling people what they want to hear. When words of encouragement don't line up with facts, they can trigger destructive behavior.

To comfort means to help a person perceive himself and his situation more positively. Consolation is associated with an empathic (sympathetic) response to the failure or grief of the interlocutor and shows that he is understood, sympathized with him and accepted.
Consoling, support the interlocutor, calm him down.

Suggestion (suggestion) as a psychology of influence on a person.
Suggestion is understood as the psychological influence of one person (inspirer) on another (suggestible), carried out with the help of speech and not speech means communication and characterized by reduced argumentation on the part of the inspirer and low criticality in the perception of the transmitted content on the part of the suggested.
When suggesting, the one who is inspired believes in the arguments of the person who inspires, expressed even without evidence. In this case, he focuses not so much on the content of the suggestion as on its form and source, that is, on the suggester. The suggestion accepted by the person who is being suggested becomes his internal setting, which directs and stimulates his activity in the formation of intention.
There are three forms of suggestion: strong persuasion, pressure, and emotional-volitional influence.

Now consider what is the imperative psychology of influence on a person:

At the same time, it should be taken into account that these forms of influence are psychologically perceived by the subject as a manifestation of his power to others, as coercion, and even in some cases - as violence against his personality. Naturally, this leads to internal resistance to the demands and prohibitions put forward, since a person does not want to be an obedient toy in the hands of another. He wants the requirements to have a certain significance for him, to meet his needs, attitudes, moral principles.
This negative reaction can be removed by careful argumentation of the demand put forward.

Coercion as a psychology of influence on a person.
Coercion, as a psychological influence on a person, is usually used in cases where other forms of influence on the motivation and behavior of the subject are ineffective or when there is no time to use them. This way of influencing a person is expressed in a direct requirement to agree with the proposed opinion or decision, to accept a ready-made standard of behavior, etc. if the subject disagrees with this.

The positive side of the psychological influence on a person in the form of coercion is that it can contribute to the removal conflict situation on a given period of time and the performance by the subject of the necessary actions. In addition, this is one of the ways to cultivate a sense of duty. “A person who does not know how to force himself to do what he does not want will never achieve what he wants,” wrote K. D. Ushinsky.

Psychology of influence on a person in the form of disciplinary measures of influence.

Warning as an influence on a person, is the mildest disciplinary action. Speaking in bureaucratic language, this is “putting it in sight”. It means that next time the impact will be more severe.

Reprimand as an influence on a person, which is exactly what it is. It is drawn up by order of the head, entered into a personal file and is the basis for the dismissal of the employee.

Punishment as an influence on a person, involves depriving a person of something significant for him (if this is a child - depriving him of a walk, watching a movie, etc.; an employee - deprivation of bonuses, vacations in the summer, etc.; a military man - dismissals on weekends, etc. the highest penalty is imprisonment).

The psychological impact on a person in the form of disciplinary measures is determined by the severity of the offense, taking into account the age of the offender, the scale of his deed and other factors.

Threat (intimidation) as a psychology of influence on a person.

Threats are another way of psychological influence on a person. A threat is a promise to cause a person trouble, evil. It is used to cause anxiety or fear in a person: an alarmed, and even more frightened, person is easily
subject to other people's influence.

As a factor of psychological influence on a person, intimidation is most common in such social relationships, the rupture of which is difficult or impossible (army, family, educational establishments, prison).

“Innocent” blackmail is also used to psychologically influence a person (friendly hints at mistakes, mistakes made by a person in the past; playful mention of “old sins” or personal secrets of a person).

Self-praise and self-edification as a psychology of influence on a person.

In order to influence other people through their authority, some people resort to self-praise. Sometimes this leads to desired effect: people begin to treat such a person with more respect. However, more often than not, the “self-promoter” achieves the opposite effect. Having “seen through” him, people begin to perceive him as an empty, importunate, narrow-minded and narcissistic bouncer or as a person with low self-esteem. Therefore, this method of influencing others must be approached with caution.

self-edification aims to make others feel guilty. To do this, a person sets himself as an example: “I am at your age ...” - parents say to their children, pointing to their achievements. A person representing himself as a role model seeks to emphasize his exemplary, exemplary
thoughts and actions, so that the interlocutor, against his background, realizes his own worthlessness and guilt for it. The calculation here is that it is unpleasant for a person to feel guilty, he seeks to get rid of this experience, wants to “make amends” and therefore becomes easily manageable.

Criticism as a psychology of influence on a person.

People are very sensitive to the slightest hint of criticism. This happens because, in general, negative information turns out to be more significant for people than positive information, since, being less common, it attracts more attention to itself.

Rumors and gossip as the psychology of influence on a person.

Gossip are rumors based on inaccurate or deliberately false information about someone. The purpose of gossip is to sow distrust, anger, envy towards this or that person. As a rule, gossip spreads in time and space very quickly if not stopped in time. Gossip is characterized by a combination of lies and truth, and there were fables. This makes her at first timid, weak, but then she grows non-stop, acquiring new conjectures.
The only defense against gossip is its public refutation and the discovery of its inconsistency.

So this article on the psychology of influencing a person has ended, I hope you found something important for yourself in it?

I wish you all good luck!

Influence

Influence

noun, With., use often

Morphology: (no) what? influence, what? influence, (see) what? influence, how? influence, about what? about the influence; pl. what? influence, (no) what? influences, what? influences, (see) what? influence, how? influences, about what? about influences

1. If you provide influence on someone or on some situation, which means that you influence (by words, by your example, etc.) on other people in such a way that they act (or the situation changes) as you need or as you think opinion is better.

Influence the course of events.

2. When someone has a certain effect on a person influence, this means that as a result of communicating with other people, a person changes his habits, thoughts, manners, etc.

Evil, pernicious, negative influence. | Positive, beneficial influence. | Influence of school, street, peers.

3. If one person is under the influence someone, it means that this person in his behavior, thoughts, lifestyle, etc. obeys or imitates another person.

Ever since we bought our son a motorcycle, he has been living completely under the influence of bikers.

4. If something happens (anyway) under the influence any factor, then that factor is the cause of what is happening.

Under the influence of solar radiation, the ionization of the upper layers of the atmosphere occurs.

5. When environment, some processes, things, etc. have an effect on someone or something influence, they actively change something in a positive or negative side.

Bad influence computers for sight. | Impact of the financial crisis on pricing.

6. Talking about someone spheres of influence in politics, economics, criminal activity, etc., you mean this or that area of ​​life that someone controls without allowing others to do so.

Dictionary Russian language Dmitrieva. D.V. Dmitriev. 2003 .

See what "influence" is in other dictionaries:

influence- to have an action to study the influence of analysis to study the influence of analysis to investigate the influence of analysis examines the influence of passives on sya, analysis to touch the influence of an indirect object, tangency to have a great influence action to influence ... ... Verbal compatibility of non-objective names

INFLUENCE, influences, cf. (book). 1. An action produced on someone by something, an impact. Influence of printing on public opinion. Under the influence of fear. Have an impact on the course of affairs. Influence. Byron's influence on Russian literature. ||… … Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

Action, impact, pressure, charm, excitement. The law has no retroactive effect. Under the influence, under the pressure of what is driven, prompted by what. Follow someone in tow. Wed . See inspiration to make an impact... .. Dictionary of Russians... ... Synonym dictionary

influence- (in psychology) the process and result of an individual changing the behavior of another person, his attitudes, intentions, ideas, assessments, etc. in the course of interaction with him. There are directed and non-directional B. The mechanism of the first is ... Great Psychological Encyclopedia

influence- (ITIL Service Operation) (ITIL Service Transition) A measure of the impact of an incident, problem, or change on a business process. The impact is often based on how service levels will be affected. impact and urgency are used to prioritize. ... ... Technical Translator's Handbook

Literary is a complex, from a methodological point of view, question of the history of literature and the psychology of creativity. The imaginary ease of establishing influence is seductive: in literary works not a few moments are similar or even coinciding. Passion…… Literary Encyclopedia

Brain. Kar. Hemorrhage in the brain. SRGC 1, 205. Influence/influence whom. Book. or Pub. Influence who. what l. manner. /i> French contamination avoir influence and Russian. pay attention. BMS 1998, 85 86 ... Big dictionary of Russian sayings

influence- INFLUENCE, impact, action and owls. act, act / act ... Dictionary-thesaurus of synonyms of Russian speech

The behavior of a person that changes the attitude and feelings of other people towards him ... Glossary of Crisis Management Terms

INFLUENCE, I, cf. 1. An action performed by someone than n. on whom that n., impact. Render to. on the course of things. Under someone else's influence. Benevolent c. 2. Authority, power. A man of great influence. Under the influence of someone (what), in the meaning. prepositions with the genus. ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

English influence; German einfluss. 1. Purposeful change in the representations of opinions, behavior of an individual or group through influence; one of the forms of exercise of power. 2. Change in ideas, opinions, behavior of individuals or groups that has occurred ... ... Encyclopedia of Sociology

Books

• The Impact of Islam on Medieval Europe, W. Montgomery Watt. 1976 edition. The safety is good. Foreword by A. V. Sagadeev. A popular essay on medieval Islam, its contacts with the culture of medieval Europe, was written by a famous English…

A lot of different factors can affect the human body: environment, noise, ionizing radiation, alcohol, physical exercise, household radiation.

How many factors interfere with the work of our body, prevent us from living long and destroy us.

Influence on the human body of electromagnetic radiation

Each person has his own electromagnetic field, it helps us to live, protects us from external influences and helps to work harmoniously.

If your protective shell begins to suffer, then you will be subject to various diseases and stresses.

You must not allow your electromagnetic field to be affected by some electromagnetic field more powerful than yours, it will lead to the destruction of the body and a strong deterioration in health.

What can affect your protective shell so much, for example, phones, computers, household appliances, transportation, can also affect us Bad mood people, large crowds, magnetic storms, geopathogenic zones on earth, and so on.

How does electromagnetic radiation affect the human body and its health?

Weak electromagnetic fields, in which the power of hundredths and thousandths of Watts of high frequency, affect the human body, the intensity of these fields coincides with the intensity of the human field, as a result of which the human field is distorted and exposes the person to various diseases. Where a person has the weakest point, the development of the disease begins there.

Electromagnetic signals may not immediately affect the human body, they tend to accumulate in the body, and when they accumulate to a certain limit, a malfunction may occur in the body and the person begins to get sick.

Who is most exposed to electromagnetic fields?

Electromagnetic fields are primarily affected by people who work on a computer, are connected with office equipment and telephones, including cell phones.

Such people often fall into stress, their immunity decreases, body fatigue increases, and sexual activity decreases.

What negative sources surround us in life?

Around a person there are a lot of negative sources that affect our body and our health: cell phones and mobile communications, computers, geopathic zones, transport, power lines, televisions, microwaves(microwave oven), psychotronic weapons.

The main problem with exposure to electromagnetic fields is that we do not feel them until we start to get sick.

First of all, electromagnetic fields affect the eyes, immunity, circulatory system, brain, genitourinary system, gastrointestinal tract.

In the United States, studies were conducted on how a computer and its electromagnetic field affect human health, and this is what they found out:

in women who work on a computer during pregnancy, the fetus developed abnormally;

the threat of miscarriage was almost 80%;

in children of 10 years of age, after 15 minutes of time spent at the computer, changes in the blood and urine were observed; these tests were similar to those of a person with cancer;

in children of 16 years of age, after 30 minutes of time spent at the computer, changes in the blood and urine were observed; these tests were similar to those of a person with cancer;

in an adult, such changes were observed after two hours of work.

People who work in manufacturing as electricians have a 13% higher risk of getting brain cancer than people in other professions.

How do they influence electromagnetic radiation on the nervous system?

Electromagnetic radiation affects the human body, your nervous system may suffer from this.

Electromagnetic fields disrupt the permeability of cell membranes for calcium ions and thus affect the human body. The nervous system fails and starts to work incorrectly.

Electromagnetic radiation accumulates in the human body, and you may feel weakness, malaise, depression, memory impairment, slow reaction, and so on.

How does electromagnetic radiation affect the immune system?

The immune system is also very susceptible to electromagnetic radiation.

When studies were carried out on animals, it turned out that in animals that were exposed to electromagnetic radiation, the nature of the infectious process changes - the course of the infectious process is aggravated and becomes more difficult.

Electromagnetic radiation disrupts the processes of immunogenesis for the worse.

The same thing happens to a person, his immune system also suffers from electromagnetic radiation.

How do electromagnetic radiation affect the endocrine system?

The endocrine system also suffers from electromagnetic radiation.

When research was done, it turned out that electromagnetic field per person, the pituitary-adrenal system was stimulated, that is, the content of adrenaline in the blood increased, and the blood coagulation process was activated.

How do electromagnetic radiation affect the cardiovascular system?

If you look at the cardiovascular system, then it is also subject to electromagnetic radiation. Under the influence of electromagnetic radiation, the pulse and blood pressure noticeably increase, and phase changes in the composition of peripheral blood also occur.

How do electromagnetic radiation affect the reproductive system?

Electromagnetic radiation has a very strong effect on the ovaries.

Men have fewer sperm, girls are born more often, and the risk of having a sick child increases.

The female genital area is considered stronger, unlike men, and electromagnetic radiation does not affect it so much.

Electromagnetic radiation has a greater effect on the gastrointestinal tract, the genitourinary system, the thyroid gland, the liver, the vessels of the head, and those organs in the body that are in a weakened state.

See how electromagnetic radiation from household appliances affects a person.

μW/sq.cm (power flux density)

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Conclusion

Think about how electromagnetic radiation affects a person, it is not possible to abandon all electrical appliances and vehicles in our time, it is difficult to do without electrical assistants, but try to protect yourself and maintain your health. We wish you good luck.

In order to achieve influence over others, you will need to exceed the standards of all expectations and reach the heights of excellence, as well as have absolute confidence in your abilities and what you intend to achieve. Serve as a source of words, wisdom and prosperity in what other people only want to get. Understand the importance of social influence first for yourself, and then enlighten other people about what they can accomplish in this life.

Steps

Impact on employees

Gain confidence. You can influence other people, thereby collecting the fruits of your authority as respect from your colleagues. Confident people are much more likely to become leaders than their less confident counterparts. A courageous stance and an appropriate tone of voice, combined with optimism, indicate the presence of self-control and power, which are two traits that people covet.

• One way to sound more confident is to avoid words like "maybe" and "try." For example, instead of saying, "We will try to solve this problem," say, "We will solve this problem, and here's how..." By getting rid of words of indecision, people will sincerely believe that you really have an answer to the question and , therefore, they are more likely to follow you.
• Franklin Roosevelt had a very strong influence on the American people through his confident statements, such as: "The American people will win a crushing victory" in his 1941 speech on the attack on Pearl Harbor: "No matter how long it takes to recover from this insidious attack, the American the people, with their pious intention, will obtain a crushing victory over the enemy."

1. Gain knowledge and explore. Decide what you really want to achieve and learn everything you can about your goal. You should know almost everything by which you want to influence other people. Also, be prepared to answer any questions from your potential followers. After all, knowledge is power! Proper research will give you an absolute understanding of your business, which will help you gain impressive freedom and dexterity in your area of ​​interest.

   • After all, nature itself points us to obedience to those who know more. We want their advice, common sense and wisdom.

2. Study the person you want to influence. As Dale Carnegie once remarked in his How to Win Friends and Influence People: "...talk to a man about his worries and you will be listened to for hours." People will immediately begin to feel sympathy for you if you show interest in them. Find out what the person likes and dislikes, what his hobbies and activities are, what his favorite sports team is, etc.. Learn more about the person and get his sympathy, which will soon grow into trust in you and your opinion.

   Be honest, keeping your nature and absoluteness. Spreading outright lies will only get you into trouble if you get caught. Being untrue can convince people to no longer trust you, which will negate your ability to influence people.

   Influence on your rivals

   1. Study your opponent's point of view. Understand their point of view and fully understand the root causes of their opinion. It is very important to know the answers to all questions, both from your side and from them. If you know their various answers, then you can justify why your opinion is better. Accept that their statements can also make sense, and also have an understanding of why they formed this or that opinion.

      • Use positive arguments on their part to improve your position by juxtaposing and comparing the facts, and conclude by explaining why your side is offering the best solution for the situation.
      • Provide compelling examples and state your intention as the best.
      • Don't underestimate your opponent's opinion. Treat him as an equal, and simply tell him with calm persuasiveness that with your help, both of you can succeed.

   2. Show your dedication in action. Your opponent will try to question your sincerity by asking "why". Your opponents will also find everything negative in your offer, but you can beat their tricks by showing devotion to your knowledge.

      Demonstrate that you are an expert and that you are absolutely sure of it. As we saw earlier, people listen to those who have knowledge and experience. If you show your professionalism regarding the object in question, your opponents will also want to get the same education and perception as you.

      • They, too, may consider themselves experts, but if they see how much you convey your point of view, they will begin to doubt their point of view. If they think that you sincerely believe that you are right, then they will begin to believe in it too.

   Achieving Influence in Trade

   1. Master the unwavering power of persuasion. Persuasion usually consists of enticing offers made in a very attractive manner. Think about who you want to influence and why. Think about how you want to influence them and articulate your thoughts into sentences that grab their attention and hearts.

      • Wordplay is a very powerful communication weapon that can be incredibly productive when trying to win over a customer by selling certain services and products. For example, say: "With us, you don't spend money on creating a logo, you invest in a completely new marketing solution."
      • Don't confuse persuasion with manipulation. You still want to keep their trust, and this can be achieved by paying more attention important facts and aspects.

   2. Benefit from the wave of compliance and social spillovers. The majority of the population tends to agree with the opinion of the majority. People think that by following the majority, they will be positively received and invited into a strong group of influential people, so they will work hard to adjust their opinion to certain social standards in order to achieve membership in the majority party. Use this trump card to your advantage in the process of selling services or products in your region, which also has a certain prevailing and fundamentally established public opinion.

      • You, too, are part of the universe.
      • Give examples showing the reasons why your product will be popular (using concrete facts, of course). "Most Kolotushki villagers buy Zenith products because their batteries are charged to half in just 20 minutes, saving you both time and money!"

   3. Believe that your product is truly the best. If you managed to convince yourself of this, then you can easily convince other people!

   • Make more friends than enemies. And even if you have enemies, then loyalty to them should be equal to loyalty to your friends.
   • If you are trying to influence the enemy, then stay true to your words.
   • Never betray those who were faithful to you on your "rainy" day, which can significantly undermine your reputation.

LITERATURE

1. Vorobyov, A.A. Surgical anatomy of the operated abdomen and laparoscopic surgery of adhesions. / A.A. Vorobyov, A.G. Beburishvili - Volgograd: Publisher, 2001.-240

2. Plechev, V.V. Adhesive disease of the peritoneum / V.V. Plechev, V.M. Timerbulatov, R.Z. Latypov - Ufa: Bashkortostan, 1999. - 350 p.

3. Sakaeva, D.N. Influence of erythromycin on immunity in immunodeficiency / D.N. Sakaeva, D.N. Lazareva // Experimental and clinical pharmacology.-1999.-T. 62, No. 1.- P.50-52.

4. Smirnov, O.N. Experimental substantiation of the myeloprotective action of mexidol / O.N. Smirnov, V.A. Inchina, A.V. Zorkina // Russian journal of oncology.

5. Holmdahl, L., Risberg, B., Beck, D.E., Bums, J.W., Chegini, N., di Zerega, G.S., and Ellis, H. Adhesions: pathogenesis and prevention-panel discussion and summary. European Journal of Surgery Supplement -1997. -#577, -P. 56-62.

UDC 615.214. 015.15. 076.9: 577.31] - 092.9 © O.Yu. Godorazhi, L.A. Valeeva, E.M. Nurgalina, 2009

O.Yu. Godorazhi, L.A. Valeeva, E.M. Nurgalina EFFECT OF H2-ANTAGONIST FAMOTIDINE ON DAILY BIORHYTHMS OF INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR PARAMETERS

GOU VPO "Bashkir State Medical University of Roszdrav", Ufa

The article is devoted to the study of the effect of the H2-antagonist famotidine on the daily biorhythms of the parameters of the individual behavior of rats. The data were obtained with the introduction of the drug at a dose of 40 mg/kg for 10 days and further testing of animals using the "open field" method.

Keywords Key words: circadian biorhythms, brain, histamine receptors, famotidine.

O.Yu. Godorazhi, L.A. Valeyeva, E.M. Nurgalina THE INFLUENCE OF H2-RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST FAMOTIDINE ON BIORHYTHMS OF INDIVIDUAL RHYTHM BEHAVIOR

The paper presents the results of the study of H2-receptor antagonist famotidine influence on biorhythm patterns of individual rat behavior. The results were obtained by administrating an agent in a dose of 24 mg/kg for 10 days and testing animals by the method of "open field".

Key words: daily biorhythms, brain, histamine receptors, famotidine.

Biorhythms play an important role in the life of organisms. Circadian fluctuations depend not only on photoperiodism, but are also determined by internal control mechanisms, such as the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus (SCN), the pineal gland, the hippocampus, and the basal ganglia. Depending on the nature of participation in the formation of psycho-emotional reactions, desynchronizing (hippocampus) and synchronizing (SCN, striatum) structures are distinguished in the mechanisms of biorhythm control. So, in animals with a destroyed hippocampus, anxiety decreased, and the stability of behavioral rhythms increased. For many drugs that affect the central nervous system (CNS), a change in sensitivity to them during the day has been established. The histaminergic system is involved in the mechanisms of action of psychotropic drugs, as well as in the pathogenesis of some brain diseases (GM). Histamine affects the target

new neurons through interaction with 4 types of receptors. It is known that H2 receptors are localized in the basal ganglia, the hippocampus, which are important in controlling biorhythms. Many antidepressants, antipsychotics are blockers of H2 receptors in neuronal tissue. According to the literature, the H2 receptor antagonist famotidine can improve the condition of patients with schizophrenia refractory to typical antipsychotic drugs, affecting the negative symptoms of the disease, which means that these receptors play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Other authors noted a decrease in the effect of dopaminomimetics when famotidine was administered to rats, which may also contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia by reducing positive symptoms. H2 blockers enhance memory consolidation, secretion of vasopressin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin. One-

However, in general, the role of these receptors in the CNS is not well understood.

The aim of this study was to study the effect of the H2 antagonist famotidine on the daily biorhythms of individual behavior patterns in rats in the open field test.

Material and methods

The experiments were carried out in July on 20 white non-linear male rats weighing 140-160 g, kept in vivarium conditions with a natural photoperiod. To determine the effect of the drug on the parameters of individual behavior, one group of rats was administered per os famotidine at a dose of 40 mg/kg for 10 days at the same time, the second group - saline. Then the animals were tested according to the "open field" method every 4 hours throughout the day. Within 4 minutes, patterns of free behavior of rodents were recorded - “moving”, “sniffing”, “mink”, “vertical stand”, “grooming”, “moving in place”, “stand with emphasis”, “sitting” and “defecation” . Then, the volume of each pattern and integral criteria were calculated: mobility coefficient = “movement” / “sitting”, orienting-exploratory activity = “moving” + “sniffing” + “mink” and emotional anxiety = “vertical stance” + “moving in place” + "stand with emphasis". Statistical processing of the obtained results was carried out using the STATISTICA 6.0 software package. To calculate the significance of differences depending on the type of distribution, the Student's test or the Mann-Whitney test were used.

Results and discussion

When evaluating the change in the pattern of "moving" during the day in rats treated with famotidine, there was a decrease in its level at 8 hours, a return to baseline values ​​​​at 12 and 16 hours and an increase at 20, 24 and 4 hours, with a peak at 24 hours compared with animals receiving placebo (Fig. 1a). The same results were obtained in the analysis of motor acts "movement in place", "mink" (Fig. 1c, c) and integral criteria (Fig. 2a, c, c). The reverse dynamics was characterized by the "sitting" pattern - an increase in its proportion in experimental animals in the morning and a decrease in the evening-night hours (Fig. 3a). Other parameters of individual behavior in the two groups were less sensitive to

long-term administration of famotidine. In rats that received the drug for a long time, the value of the behavioral act "sniffing" increased compared to the control at 20, 24 and 4 hours, and at 8 hours no differences were observed (Fig. 3c), the number of racks with emphasis in them significantly decreased at 8 hours and increased at 24 and 4 hours (Fig. 3c). An increase in the level of the “defecation” pattern in the experimental group was recorded at night; at other hours, the volume of the pattern did not differ from the control (Fig. 4a). In terms of the “vertical stance” and “grooming” parameters, the results did not reach significant significance, however, similar trends were revealed here as well (Fig. 4c, c).

Summing up, we can conclude that when famotidine is prescribed for 10 days, animals undergo a restructuring of circadian biorhythms - there is an inhibition of activity at 8 hours and an increase at 20, 24 and 4 hours. The nature of the diurnal curve changes in the case of the following parameters of the free behavior of animals: “movement in place”, “stand with emphasis”, “defecation”, coefficient of mobility, emotional anxiety. The acrophase of the rhythm shifts from 8 hours to 24 hours in half of the indicators (“moving”, “moving in place”, “mink”, “stance with emphasis”, “vertical stance”, “grooming”, emotional anxiety). The average daily level in most parameters increases, and the range of values ​​decreases. In general, famotidine has a pronounced effect on the patterns of “moving”, “mink”, “moving in place”, “stand with emphasis”, integral criteria, mobility coefficient and emotional anxiety, but the effect of the drug on the emotional status of rodents prevails, as evidenced by a significant increase activity of rats in the evening-night hours according to the parameters "movement in place", "stance with emphasis" and emotional anxiety. Our results are consistent with literature data on the effect of famotidine on the emotional state. Famotidine increased motor, tentative

exploratory activity and emotional anxiety of rats in the evening and night hours, during the period of maximum activity of rodents, can play positive role, indicates the ability of the drug to stabilize the daily biorhythms of behavioral acts.

Daily dynamics of the mink pattern.

Fig.1. Daily dynamics of patterns "movement", "movement in place" and "mink" with long-term administration of famotidine * Reliability of differences compared to control (p< 0,05).

Daily dynamics of ET.

Time of day (hours)

Experience - -■- control I

Rice. Fig. 2. Daily dynamics of integral criteria with long-term administration of famotidine * Reliability of differences compared to control (p< 0,05).

The daily dynamics of the "sitting" pattern.

Time of day (hours)

Experience --■--Control I

Daily dynamics of the "stand with emphasis" pattern.

0.0Z X 0.025 c-

e 0.015 | 0.01 o 0.005 0

Time of day (hours)

Experience-control I

Fig.Z. Daily dynamics of “sitting”, “sniffing”, and “stand-up” patterns during long-term administration of famotidine * Significance of differences compared to control (p< 0,05).