AT modern society the diagnosis of "hyperactivity" sounds literally on every corner. If a child behaves too actively, this disease is immediately attributed to him, which in fact can only be determined by an experienced pediatric neurologist, psychologist or pediatrician. It is necessary to figure out, nevertheless, what kind of concept such a “hyperactive child” is, how it is diagnosed and what are the reasons for the development of this very excessive activity. And most importantly, how to help the baby and his parents cope with the increased excitability of the child and comfortably adapt to the world around him.
The main thing in the article
Signs and Diagnosis of Hyperactivity in a Child
In medical terminology, the diagnosis of hyperactivity sounds like Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This condition is manifested in the overly active work of the brain and nervous system, in which excitation of nerve impulses dominates over inhibition.
The first signs of the manifestation of the "hyper-excitability syndrome" can be noted even in infancy:
- This is a short and restless sleep, a violation of the digestive tract, frequent regurgitation and an almost constant child's cry.
- At an early age, coordination in movements is disturbed, the child is clumsy and often injured. During this period, parents still closely control the behavior of the child, not leaving him alone, and therefore it is extremely difficult to fix these signs at this age.
- You can start sounding the alarm when the baby is handed over to preschool, where it is full of rules and prohibitions, where you need to restrain your emotions.
- When mental stress begins, and the child cannot fully cope with them, the situation worsens. The baby begins to lose self-esteem, aggression is manifested.
- Parents should assess the ability of their child accordingly. Do not send him to a school with an increased workload. But an ordinary school with a competent and patient teacher will be quite acceptable for a child.
Diagnosis of ADHD
A competent diagnosis of the "hyperactivity syndrome" does not end with a half-hour conversation with a specialist. The diagnosis cannot be made based only on the story of the parents and checking the work of the child's reflexes. This testing should be carried out in several stages, which will be lengthy. Here are its main stages:
- Consultation with the child's parents.
- A set of prepared tasks and special testing to assess the normal or deviated development of attention concentration and other indicators.
- An electroencephalogram that allows you to objectively evaluate and examine the baby's brain activity.
Based on these or, if necessary, additional examinations, a neuropsychiatrist confirms or refutes ADHD.
What can cause hyperactivity in children?
In addition to individual physiological factors, childhood hyperactivity can be triggered by a number of other reasons:
- severe pregnancy;
- non-compliance healthy lifestyle life of a pregnant woman;
- difficult childbirth.
At what age can we talk about hyperactivity in a child?
Manifestations of hyperactivity can be observed from the very birth of a child. At this age, the doctor can already make a diagnosis - "hyperexcitability syndrome." Do not despair if your baby is restless, excitable, and has a number of other signs of an unstable nervous system. Not necessarily hyperexcitability develops into hyperactivity. The compensatory capabilities of the nervous system of children can "smooth out" the problem under the experienced supervision and treatment of a specialist.
Yet symptoms of ADHD present in children aged 2-3 years. After the start of attending kindergarten and school, all symptoms worsen, and it becomes more difficult for the child to control his behavior, as well as to follow the rules established by teachers.
That is why in many countries of the world such a medical conclusion as attention deficit hyperexcitability syndrome is not given to children under the age of six.
Hyperactive child: what to do?
Of course, raising a hyperactive child is everyday work for parents. But who, if not you, will help direct the energy of your child in the right direction? No behavior modification parenting ADHD will not pass without a trace, but will haunt a person in adulthood.
How to calm a child?
- When your baby is in a state of excessive arousal, change the environment. Take the baby to a quieter room or room, give him a drink.
- For children with this diagnosis, tactile contact is very important, hug the child, kiss, stroke. This should be done not only when he is upset, but just like that, "for prevention."
- Favorably affects the relaxation of the nervous system, taking a warm bath before going to bed. You can purchase special soothing fees based on medicines at the pharmacy.
- Replace evening watching cartoons with reading books with colorful illustrations, do a light massage or put on unobtrusive music - this will help you fall asleep sooner.
Hyperactive child in kindergarten
Let's look at two patterns of behavior of a hyperactive child when he is taken to kindergarten.
The child does not want to take part in the classes.
During classes, the child is restless, is all the time in motion. In some cases, he may flatly refuse to answer questions or participate in training. This is due to the fact that the baby is afraid not to cope with the requirements for him, even if he willingly performed exactly the same exercises at home. Just at home, he himself regulates the duration and process of actions. And in the garden you need to learn and remember a lot of things, that is, follow certain instructions.
Parents need:
Ask the teachers to let the child observe the lesson for a while, let him take a place convenient for himself. When a hyperactive baby refuses team competitions, this does not mean that he does not want to do anything, just that his self-doubt prevails for now. And when he realizes that no one is trying to force him to study, he will join the learning process himself.
Here much depends on the educator, he should not shame and ridicule the child in front of other children. His task will be to encourage the baby at the moment when he decides to take active steps in the lesson.
The child agrees to participate in learning, but at the same time interferes with everyone.
The teacher should remember that, compared to other children, a hyperactive child will not be able to sit still for a long time and sculpt crafts, for example. Then you need to load the child with others various types activities, sometimes not even related to the learning process (bring, give, help the nanny in household affairs). So the child will get down to business and will not interfere with other members of the group.
Advice to parents:
Don't overload nervous system her crumbs, she already works to the maximum. Give preference to groups with a playful form of classes, where you can frolic from the heart and answer when the child himself wants.
Hyperactive child at school
Too active behavior of a small student can be perceived by the teacher as spoiled and echoes of improper upbringing. Therefore, parents and the teacher need to work closely with each other, and the teacher needs to show understanding and teaching ethics in relation to such a child. This does not mean that everything is allowed for a hyperactive child, it simply takes into account those moments that such a child cannot perform compared to other children.
Classes and work with hyperactive children
Plan your lesson ahead of time.
- Don't force your child to sit still. Let him be active during the session, and not sit.
- Shorten your session. Let this be 5 minutes in which the child can concentrate. Repeat these "five minutes" every 2-3 hours, reaching up to 10 minutes of classes, no longer worth it.
- Think in advance how the lesson will go, it should be interesting and exciting. Prepare for it: if you spend time looking for material, the child will be distracted and his attention will be lost.
- Try to schedule these short sessions at the same time so that the child can tune in to them.
- A feature of the memory of hyperactive children is that yesterday they willingly learned the material, but today they no longer remember it. In such cases, do not swear, pretend that nothing terrible happened. Pause, play, and then you can return to this question.
Temper the child's body.
Of course, dousing with ice water is not the most the best option. You can start with a contrast shower. This will help strengthen the immune and cardiovascular systems of the child's body, relax the nervous system and help you fall asleep.
Do not let your child stay in the four walls.
Especially when the baby is over three years old. He becomes unusually inquisitive, willingly explores the world around him. He is simply bored at home, and it is very difficult to lure him with something new. In addition, he needs to contact other children, adapt to society.
Games for hyperactive children
Classes with hyperactive children should be carried out in game form- there will be much more sense from them than from strict sitting at the table. Treatment methods can also be used.
Teach your child to relax.
Take advantage of natural antidepressants - water and sand. A child who plays enough on the beach or on the shore of the lake, rivers in sand castles will feel much better, more relaxed.
If it is not possible to go to an open reservoir, it will be enough to play with water at home, in the bathroom. Water pistols, sprays from empty shampoo bottles will be used, bubble. Such games can be completed with a contrast shower, which has already been mentioned.
You can buy clay, children's kinetic sand, and a bunch of other devices for relaxing games at home.
Don't stop hypermobility.
Children with DHD syndrome need to move, like in the air, without special need, there is no need to limit it. Do not torture the baby with punishment by putting him in a corner, or ordering him to sit in one place.
- Equip a children's place for active games, a sports corner. This will reduce the destructive actions of the baby and will allow him to develop dexterity and agility.
- Enroll the baby in the section, if he shows a desire. It doesn't matter what section it is. It does not have to be sports: it can be dancing, gymnastics, theater or horseback riding. So, the child will have to lead an active lifestyle, but this will definitely be of use.
- Take your child to the pool, if this is not possible, organize inflatable mini-pools in the yard or on suburban area. Such a swim will appeal not only to your child.
- Organize long walks in the fresh air. This is especially important in winter, it is at this time that it is not possible to be outside for a long time, but spend time actively: skating, skiing, sledding up the mountain to exhaustion. The nervous system of the baby will unload and get such a welcome relaxation.
To choose the right approach to a particular hyperactive child, you need to observe his reactions to comments, requests, and different behaviors. Of course, you need to be observed by a pediatric psychoneurologist, take courses of prescribed treatment in order to see the positive dynamics of the baby's development.
Express prohibitions clearly.
When communicating with your child, try to remain calm no matter what the outcome. Formulate sentences in such a way that they do not contain the words “no”, “no”. Use an alternative. For example, the prohibition: "Don't touch the hot pot!" it is better to replace "Take the same cold pan in the closet." If you forbade your child to do something, be sure to justify why, offer an alternative solution to the problem.
Be specific in your requirements.
Don't build too long logical chains. Sentences should be short and concise so that a hyperactive child does not get confused in the sequence of actions performed.
Follow the sequence.
A hyperactive child differs from other children in his inattention. Therefore, do not give him several tasks in a row. The child will not be able to catch the sequence of all these instructions, and will be busy with something else without completing any of them. Do not rush to give the child another task until he completes the previous one.
Keep your child's schedule under control.
Hyperactive kids don't have a good sense of time, so it's up to you to control the time frame. For example, before leaving a walk, warn the baby about this 5-10 minutes in advance so that he can expect exactly these actions from you.
Hyperactivity: the opinion of Dr. Komarovsky
If your child has been diagnosed with ADHD, don't despair! You have a smart, gifted and wonderful baby growing up, just help him direct his excess energy in the right direction!
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AT recent times experts came to the conclusion that hyperactivity acts as one of the manifestations of a whole complex of disorders. The main defect is connected with the insufficiency of the mechanisms of attention and inhibitory control. Attention Deficit Disorder is the most common form of chronic behavioral disorder in childhood. According to data obtained in the course of various studies, its frequency among children of preschool and school age ranges from 4.0 to 9.5%.
Most researchers note three main blocks in the manifestation of hyperactivity syndrome: hyperactivity, attention disorders, impulsivity (Yu.S. Shevchenko, N.N. Zavadenko, etc.)
Hyperactivity manifested by excessive motor activity, restlessness and fussiness, numerous extraneous movements, which the child often does not notice. Such children are characterized by excessive talkativeness, the inability to sit in one place, the duration of sleep is always less than normal. In the motor sphere, they have violations of motor coordination, unformed fine motor skills and praxis. This is the inability to tie shoelaces, fasten buttons, use scissors and a needle. Studies by Polish scientists show that the physical activity of children with hyperactivity syndrome is 25-30% higher than normal. They move even in their sleep.
Any mental process can be fully developed only if attention is formed. L.S. Vygotsky wrote that directed attention plays a huge role in the processes of abstraction, thinking, motivation, directed activity.
Attention disorders can be manifested in the difficulties of retaining it, in reducing selectivity and pronounced distractibility with frequent switching from one activity to another. Such children are characterized by inconsistency in behavior, forgetfulness, inability to listen and concentrate, and frequent loss of personal belongings. They try to avoid tasks that require prolonged mental effort. However, the indicators of attention of such children are subject to significant fluctuations. If the child's activity is associated with interest, enthusiasm and pleasure, then they are able to hold attention for hours.
Impulsiveness It is expressed in the fact that the child often acts without thinking, interrupts others, can stand up during class and walk around without permission. In addition, such children do not know how to regulate their actions and obey the rules, wait, often raise their voices, and are emotionally labile (they often change their mood).
By adolescence, increased activity in most cases decreases, and impulsivity and attention deficit persist. If not carried out corrective work during preschool years, difficulties may arise during adolescence. According to the results of a study by N.N. Zavadenko, behavioral disorders persist in almost 70% of adolescents and 50% of adults diagnosed with hyperactivity syndrome in childhood.
In general, the onset of symptoms of hyperactivity is attributed to the beginning of kindergarten attendance (3 years), and the first deterioration to the beginning of schooling, although the severe form can be recognized already in early childhood. This pattern is explained by the inability of the central nervous system of a child suffering from a symptom of hyperactivity to cope with the new demands that are placed on him in conditions of increased mental and physical stress.
1. Coordination disorders. These can be violations of fine movements (fine motor coordination), impaired balance and visual-spatial coordination.
2. Violation of interpersonal relationships. Children with hyperactivity syndrome often have difficult relationships with peers and with adults. They seek to lead others, so they have few friends. Children with hyperactivity syndrome are always looking for comrades, partners for games and activities, but they quickly lose them because of their characteristics: inattention during games, distractibility, impulsiveness, frequent desire to do something else, etc.
In relationships with adults, children with hyperactivity syndrome are distinguished by their "ill-manneredness": they are not affected by the usual punishments and rewards, and often neither affection nor praise stimulates good behavior. Such children become very "difficult" for almost all surrounding adults. They often turn out to be the epicenter of domestic quarrels and conflicts. Also, hyperactivity syndrome is a common reason for transferring a child from one educational institution to another, despite the normal level of intelligence development.
3. Emotional disorders. There may be a delay in emotional development, imbalance, irascibility, intolerance to failures.
4. behavioral disorders. Children with hyperactivity syndrome may have a combination of excessive motor activity and destructive behavior. So, for example, they can interfere with teachers, distract other children and provoke their incorrect behavior during classes. Behavioral disorders are observed often, but not always.
5. Other features. Children with hyperactive syndrome are more likely to have enuresis, fall asleep less often, and are often drowsy in the morning.
By adolescence, increased activity in most cases disappears, and impulsivity and attention deficit persist. According to the results of a study by N.N. Zavadenko, behavioral disorders persist in 70% of adolescents and 50% of adults.
A characteristic feature of the mental activity of hyperactive children is cyclicity. Children can work productively for 5-15 minutes, then the brain rests for 3-7 minutes, accumulating energy for the next cycle. At this point, the child is distracted and does not respond to the teacher. Then mental activity is restored, and the child is ready for work within 5-15 minutes. Such children do not immediately start the task and are the last to complete the action. For example, while dressing outside: they fuss and interfere with other children to get dressed, and when everyone is already dressed, they are not ready to go out. If they are going alone, then the dressing process goes much faster, because. no distractions.
Children with hyperactivity syndrome have a “flickering” consciousness, they can “fall in” and “fall out” of it in the absence of motor stimulation. If the vestibular apparatus is damaged, they need to move, spin and constantly turn their heads in order to remain “conscious”. In order to maintain concentration of attention, children use an adaptive strategy: they activate the centers of balance with the help of physical activity. For example, leaning back on a chair so that only its back legs touch the floor. The teacher requires the children to sit up straight and not be distracted. But for such children, these two requirements come into conflict. If their head and body are immobile, the level of brain activity decreases.
It has now been established that as a result of correction with the help of multidirectional motor exercises in children with hyperactivity syndrome, the function of consciousness, self-control and self-regulation develops.
These difficulties lead to difficulties in mastering reading, writing, counting. N.N. Zavadenko notes that 66% of children with hyperactivity syndrome are characterized by dyslexia - a partial disorder in the process of mastering reading, manifested in numerous repeated errors of a persistent nature and due to the lack of formation of mental functions involved in the process of mastering reading - and dysgraphia - a partial violation of writing skills due to focal lesions, underdevelopment or dysfunction of the cerebral cortex. For 61% of children - signs of dyscalculia - a violation of the formation of counting skills due to focal lesions, underdevelopment or dysfunction of the cerebral cortex.
In addition, hyperactivity is characterized by a weak development of fine motor coordination and constant, erratic, awkward movements caused by an unformed interhemispheric interaction and a high level of adrenaline in the blood. Children with hyperactivity syndrome are also characterized by constant chatter, indicating a lack of development of internal speech, which should control social behavior.
At the same time, such children often have extraordinary abilities in various areas, are quick-witted and show a keen interest in their surroundings. The results of numerous studies show a good general intelligence of such children, but the listed features of their status do not contribute to its development. Among children with hyperactivity syndrome, there may be gifted ones.
Analysis of age dynamics: the first surge is observed at 5-10 years old and falls on the period of preparation for school and the beginning of education, the second - at 12-15 years old. This is due to the dynamics of the development of higher nervous activity. The age of 5.5-7 and 9-10 years are critical periods for the formation of brain systems responsible for mental activity, attention, memory. 12-15 years coincides with the period of puberty. D.A. Farber notes that by the age of 7 there is a change in the stages of intellectual development, conditions are formed for the formation of abstract thinking and arbitrary regulation of activity.
Hyperactive children are characterized by constant chatter , indicating a lack of development of inner speech, which should control social behavior.
The American psychologist W. Ocklender characterizes children with hyperactivity syndrome as follows: “It is difficult for a hyperactive child to sit, he is fidgety, moves a lot, spins in place, sometimes overly talkative, can be annoying with his behavior. He often has poor coordination or lack of muscle control. He is clumsy. Drops or breaks things, spills milk. It is difficult for such a child to concentrate his attention, he is easily distracted, often asks a lot of questions. But he rarely waits for answers.
Hyperactivity syndrome in children is quite common, but all researchers emphasize the higher prevalence of the symptom among boys compared to girls, which ranges from 3:1 to 9:1. The high frequency of symptoms in boys is due to the influence of hereditary factors, as well as the higher vulnerability of the male fetus to pathogenetic influences during pregnancy and childbirth. In girls, the cerebral hemispheres are less specialized due to more interhemispheric connections, therefore they have a greater reserve of compensatory functions compared to boys with damage to the central nervous system.
In addition, there are gender differences in the structure and dynamics of behavioral disorders. Among girls, hyperactivity syndrome is less common and manifests itself in the form of impaired attention. In girls, behavioral deviations manifest themselves more secretly, and therefore are not detected during one or two observations, and have a more unfavorable prognosis. Girls' deviance is based on "getting stuck" psychological development in the frontal regions of the left hemisphere, which is much more difficult to correct and compensate.
D. Dobson introduces the concept of the so-called “normal” hyperactivity, giving it the following meaning: “Not every child who does not sit still, spins around and skips, suffers from hyperactivity in the medical sense of the word. Most babies are in constant motion from sunrise to nightfall.”
Observations and various studies have shown that hyperactivity disappears or decreases significantly by adolescence. However, attention disorders and impulsivity in most cases continue to persist until adulthood. People who suffer from severe forms of hyperactivity syndrome in childhood have a high risk of social maladjustment in adolescence and adulthood (P. Wender, R. Sheider).
Despite the fact that many specialists (teachers, speech therapists, psychologists, psychiatrists) are dealing with the problem of hyperactivity, there is still an opinion among parents and educators that hyperactivity is just a behavioral problem, and sometimes it’s just a child’s “promiscuity” or the result of poor upbringing. Moreover, almost every child who shows excessive mobility and restlessness in the kindergarten group is classified by adults as hyperactive children. Such haste in conclusions is far from always justified, because. hyperactivity syndrome is a medical diagnosis, the right to make which only a specialist has. In this case, the diagnosis is made only after a special diagnosis, and not on the basis of fixing the excessive physical activity of the child.
Despite numerous studies devoted to the study of the causes of observed behavioral disorders, final clarity on this issue has not yet been achieved. At the present stage of the study of hyperactivity, three groups of factors in the development of the syndrome are considered dominant:
- genetic factors;
- Damage to the central nervous system during pregnancy and childbirth;
- Negative effect of family factors.
According to the results of a study by N.N. Zavadenko, the occurrence of hyperactivity syndrome due to early damage to the central nervous system during pregnancy and childbirth occurs in 84% of cases, genetic causes - in 57% of cases, the negative effect of family factors - in 63% of cases.
Characteristic manifestations of the genetic factor can be traced in several generations of the same family, much more often among male relatives. The influence of biological factors plays a significant role at a younger age, then the role of socio-psychological factors, especially intra-family relations, increases.
The causes of early damage to the central nervous system during pregnancy and childbirth can be malnutrition, lead poisoning, organic brain damage, intrauterine defects, fetal drug poisoning during prenatal development, oxygen deficiency during fetal development or during childbirth. According to the results of numerous studies, one of the most common causes of deviations in learning and behavior is a birth injury of the cervical spine, which is not diagnosed in a timely manner. What leads to the emergence of syndromes of unformedness or deficiency of the brain in ontogenesis.
Children with hyperactivity syndrome have sufficiently developed compensatory mechanisms, for which the following conditions must be met:
- providing parents and teachers with emotionally neutral development and learning;
- compliance with the regime, sufficient time for sleep;
- learning according to a personality-oriented program without intellectual overload;
- appropriate medical support;
- development of individual assistance to the child by a neurologist, psychologist, teacher, parents;
According to modern scientific data, among boys of 7-12 years old, signs of the syndrome are diagnosed 2-3 times more often than among girls. Girls have more pronounced social maladaptation, learning difficulties, and personality disorders.
Emotional maturity in preparation for school is mainly understood as a decrease in impulsive reactions and the ability to perform a task that is not very attractive for a long time.
For children with hyperactivity syndrome, there may be "bad" emotional manifestations:
- lies can be used as a form of avoidance of the norm;
- increased motor activity;
- snitching;
- negligence in performing monotonous operations;
- violation or non-observance of the rules in a game or other activity.
Thus, the indicators of hyperactivity syndrome are: disorders of mental functions - attention, which can manifest itself in the difficulties of maintaining it, in reducing selectivity and severe distractibility with frequent switching from one activity to another; arbitrary type of memory; coordination of movements, it can be a violation of fine motor coordination, a violation of balance and visual-spatial coordination; interpersonal relationships with peers and adults. Such children always strive to lead their peers, often break the rules in games, get distracted, impulsive, often change their desire to do something else. In relationships with adults, they are distinguished by their "ill-manneredness", they are not affected by the usual punishments and rewards. Children with hyperactivity syndrome tend to do everything the other way around, this must be taken into account when educating such preschoolers.
I present one lesson for children with hyperactivity syndrome "We are different, we are together."
Lesson form: group, lasting 20-25 minutes.
Tasks: development of arbitrariness and self-control, development of attention, removal of psychoemotional stress, development and improvement of communication skills, development of emotional and expressive movements, development of tactile perception.
Psychologist. Today the cat Matvey came to visit us and brought a magic flower with the names of the games. We will take turns tearing off the petals and looking at the name of which game is written there, and then we will play this game. Please tear off one petal (one child tears off a petal and gives it to a psychologist to read).
1. The game "Names"
The participants in the game, passing the ball in a circle, call each other inoffensive words (names of vegetables, fruits, furniture, mushrooms) only in a diminutive form: “And you, ... carrot!”
Then the psychologist offers to tear off the next petals in turn and reads the names of the games that are played by the children.
2. The game "Brownian movement"
All children stand in a circle. The leader rolls in tennis balls one by one. Children are told the rules of the game: the balls should not stop and roll out of the circle, they can be pushed with the foot or hand. If the participants successfully follow the rules of the game, the leader rolls in additional balls. The meaning of the game is to set a team record for the number of balls in a circle.
3. The game "Magic bag"
Children examine small toys, and then they are placed in a cloth bag and are invited to identify each of them by touch.
4. The game "Flies - does not fly"
The psychologist names different objects. Children should raise their hands when they call an object that can fly. The psychologist can deceive them.
5. Final stage
When the last petal comes off, the psychologist says that the question is written on it: “What games did the children play in class?” the children pass the center of the flower to each other in a circle and name the games they played in the lesson.
Literature:
- Koltsova M.M. Motor activity and development of the child's brain. M., 1973.
- Vygotsky L.S. Sobr. op. in 6 vols. - M., 1982.
- Smirnova E.O. Interpersonal relationships preschoolers: diagnostics, problems, correction. - M., 2005.
- Psychocorrectional and developmental work with children / Ed. I.V. Dubrovina. - M., 2001.
- Comprehensive support for preschool children / Under the scientific. ed. prof. L.M. Shipitsyna. - St. Petersburg, 2005.
- Murashova E.V. Children-"mattresses" and children-"catastrophes": Hypodynamic and hyperdynamic syndrome. - Yekaterinburg, 2005.
- Artsishevskaya I.L. The work of a psychologist in a kindergarten with hyperactive children. - M., 2005.
Correctional lesson
with hyperactive children
senior preschool age
Performed:
Teacher-psychologist MKDOU-
d / s No. 14 "Gerel"
Kurbatova T.M.
TO CARRYING OUT THE LESSON
The lesson is intended for children of preschool age.
The number of children in the group is 5-8 people.
The reason for enrolling a child in a correctional group are: the diagnosis of a doctor, the conclusion of a psychologist, the observations and reviews of educators, the wishes of the parents.
In addition to hyperactive children, the composition of the correctional group may include insecure, impulsive and inattentive children, as well as one balanced child. The latter serves as a role model (but without undue praise for his exemplary behavior). Unsure of themselves, fearful children get the opportunity to be more active, and at the same time their safety is protected by rules that are binding on all members of the group.
Before starting the main course of classes, it is advisable to carry out individual work with hyperactive children aimed at developing attention or controlling impulsivity.
Group classes can be held both in the morning and in the afternoon.
The duration of the lesson is 30 minutes.
Each of remedial classes includes games for the development of attention, control over impulsivity and control of motor activity, psycho-gymnastic and body-oriented exercises. (The need for the introduction of the latter is explained by the fact that, according to the observations of physicians and psychologists, hyperactive children not only poorly control their behavior, but also have poor control over their own body, they do not feel enough parts of the body.)
At the beginning of each stage of the lesson, the recommended duration of its implementation is given.
Classes are best done in the music room - there is quite spacious, there is a carpet and at the same time there are few distractions.
For better organization, the introduction of the group into the hall and the withdrawal from it is carried out in the form of a game of "Train": the children are built in a column one after another. The first of the children is a “train”, the rest are “carriages”. The children put their hands on the shoulders of those in front - “the carriages are linked”, and, making the sounds “Tu-tu”, “the train enters” into the hall or “leaves” it.
Psychocorrective work requires a long time and, of course, more classes. This complex should be considered as indicative, from separate parts of which additional classes can be made. Children enjoy playing the same games many times, and the benefits of the proposed games also lie in the fact that they allow you to train underdeveloped mental functions.
Tasks:
- development of arbitrariness and self-control;
- development of attention and imagination;
- development of coordination of movements;
- removal of psycho-emotional stress;
- development of emotional and expressive movements;
- development and improvement of communication skills.
Materials for the lesson: soft toy.
1. Game "Forbidden Movement"(5 minutes).
Children stand in a semicircle opposite the psychologist. Psychologist says:
I will show different movements. You will repeat all movements except one.
First, the psychologist shows different movements (for example, hands up, to the sides, etc.). Children repeat them.
Then the psychologist names and shows the "forbidden" movement (for example, jumping up), which children should not repeat. The signal is given to start the game. Children repeat all the movements of the psychologist, except for the “forbidden” one.
Mistakes usually cause violent emotional reactions, laughter, but children should not be taken out of the game.
2. Game "Zoo" (8-10 min).
Psychologist says:
Now try to depict the movements of various animals. If I clap my hands once - jump like bunnies, clap twice - waddle like bears, clap three times - "turn" into storks who can stand on one leg for a long time. We start the game.
- The exercise "Tell and Show"(3 min).
Children stand in a semicircle opposite the psychologist and repeat the words and movements after him.
One two three four five!
We can show you everything!
These are elbows - we will touch them.
Right, left we swing.
These are the shoulders - let's touch them.
Right, left we swing.
If we move forward
We'll touch our knees.
One two three four five!
We can show you everything!
4. Exercise "Humpty Dumpty" (2-3 minutes).
Children stand in a circle at arm's length from each other and turn the body to the right and left. At the same time, the arms dangle freely along the body.
The psychologist says:
Humpty Dumpty sat on the wall
Humpty Dumpty collapsed in his sleep.
Children squat or fall on the carpet.
5. The final stage(2-3 min).
Children sit on the floor in a circle. The psychologist asks the children to say which task was the most difficult today. Children, passing each other a soft toy, alternately express their opinion.
Impulsive and mobile children are often called hyperactive. However, children's activity, which is the norm, should not be confused with hyperactivity, which is a neurological problem. The latter is called Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). And today it is a fairly common diagnosis.
Both simply active and hyperactive children can show impatience, restlessness and strong excitement. Make noise, act up, run and jump - in a word, "stand on your ears." But still, there are several signs that will help distinguish a child's character trait from a serious neurological problem.
active child
1. Spins like a clockwork, cannot sit in one place, prefers active games. However, if he is interested, he can do something calm.
2. Shows interest and curiosity, talks incessantly, comments on everything, asks many questions.
3. Despite daily activity, sleeps well at night.
4. Adapts to the situation, not everywhere is equally active (for example, at home - this is a person with a "motor", and in the kindergarten a completely calm child).
5. Does not show aggression, but at the same time it can defend its interests.
hyperactive child
1. Constantly in motion, active in all situations equally. He will jump and make noise both at home and in the store, away or at school. Moreover, he cannot stop, even if he is very tired. Practically uncontrollable - no arguments work, it is impossible to agree with him.
2. Talks a lot, emotionally, jumps from thought to thought, “swallows” endings or skips words. Can't listen to others.
3. Difficulty falling asleep, sleeping badly.
4. May be aggressive or provoke other children. If he experiences strong emotions, he cannot control himself.
Of course, these are only external signs by which ADHD can be distinguished from simple activity. Specialists - child neuropsychologists and psychoneurologists - have more detailed assessment criteria. Only a doctor can make this diagnosis, and after a thorough examination, which includes testing, an encephalogram of the brain and a long-term (at least six months) observation by a psychoneurologist.
Whether a child's increased activity is a confirmed diagnosis or just a feature of the child, it is the parents who can help the child cope with behavioral problems. The life of excitable (both active and hyperactive) children must obey certain rules.
7 rules for active and hyperactive children
1. Be sure to set clear “boundaries” that must not be violated under any circumstances (prohibitions, time limits, rules of behavior at home and on the street, etc.). This will allow the child to feel the ground under his feet, which means to become more collected and calmer.
2. Organize a regular daily routine. Life on schedule due to its predictability will also soothe the baby. It is extremely important for excitable and active children to have a good rest: night sleep should last at least 10-12 hours, and preschoolers and younger students should not neglect daytime rest. And to make it easier to remember the sequence of events of the day, hang the schedule in a prominent place.
3. Avoid foods that stimulate the nervous system (chocolate, drinks containing caffeine).
4. Dose the load and impressions. Do not abuse noisy games and communication. Be sure to alternate active activities with calm ones.
5. Satisfy the child's need for physical activity - write him down in the sports section or in the pool so that he can throw out excess energy.
6. Be sure to train attention with special exercises. Contact a pediatric neuropsychologist - he will recommend a complex for homework that is suitable for your baby.
7. Limit watching cartoons and games on your computer, tablet, phone. A preschooler can watch TV without harm or be at a computer for no more than 30-40 minutes a day, and it is better with breaks, for a younger student - no more than an hour.
IMPORTANT: only a doctor can diagnose a child with ADHD! Do not take the word of caregivers or educators who tell you that the child is hyperactive. Moreover, you should not self-medicate - so you can only do harm. For example, in a child with ADHD, sedatives are often not only useless, but contraindicated. By exerting an inhibitory effect on the speed of nervous reactions, they impede the development of memory and attention.
If you have any doubts and you suspect that your baby has hyperactivity, start by visiting a pediatric neuropsychologist - with the help of special techniques he will help confirm or refute the suspicion of ADHD, if necessary, refer to the doctor, and also offer a system of activities that will help the child develop perseverance and attention.
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Korkunova Maria, d child neuropsychologist
Games for hyperactive children are primarily aimed at keeping the attention of such a baby, which can sometimes be a very difficult task. by definition characterized by constant activity and impulsivity. What to do with your baby if he is not able to stay in one place for a long time, and also cannot bring many tasks to their logical conclusion? Disobedience to any norms of behavior, forgetfulness are concomitant factors that complement general characteristics super energetic kids.
Classes with hyperactive children imply the direction of their energy in the right, creative direction, and games in this matter will provide an invaluable service.
- You should not expect from the child the impeccable observance of the rules. It is recommended to start training with the development of 1 function, for example, attention. But this will require patience. If during this process the baby is constantly pulled up, then it will be impossible to achieve success. The fact is that he will switch all his attention from the educational process to the control of his actions.
- It is very important to prevent overexcitation and overwork of the baby. It is necessary to switch it to other forms of activity in time.
- Given that hyperactive children are practically unable to exercise self-control, this function should be taken over by parents.
- It is best to start with overly active kids in an individual form. The child should gradually move to group games. It must be understood that the baby can become a cause between the participants in the game. After all, such children are not distinguished by stability in behavior and patience.
Games aimed at developing the child's attention
Children like the game "Corrector" because it allows them to feel not only adults, but also significant. Before the game, your little one should explain the meaning of the word "corrector". A proofreader is a person who corrects mistakes. Printed publications, in particular for children, can be an example. You can pay attention to those that the child reads or views most often. After the explanation, he is invited to become such an important person.
At the beginning of the game, it is necessary to determine which letter or combination of letters will be considered “wrong”. The child will look for this letter in the texts and cross it out. Then a part of the text is selected, and the time is set for which the task should be completed. When the time runs out, it remains only to check the execution of the task. If the kid made a mistake, do not focus on this. Systematic repetition of the game will help the child learn to concentrate his attention, and over time, the mistakes will disappear.
The game "Teacher" is remembered by many, because in childhood everyone played it. Practice shows that the greatest interest in this game is shown by children studying in primary school. At this age, it is very important for them to play the role of someone significant, and the role of a teacher is ideal for this. Acting as students, parents should take into account the fact that the child is not able to make out adult handwriting - this can cause conflict situation and loss of interest in the game.
There are games that can be somewhat boring for adults. A prime example of this is the game "Only about one". But, despite the lack of dynamics, children love this game very much. The kid is invited to choose any toy and talk exclusively about it. Only the person holding the chosen toy will speak. It is spoken in 1 sentence, which either describes the subject as a whole, or only some of its details. It is very important not to repeat the answers already mentioned earlier. Also, you can not be distracted from the game, switching attention to other objects. If someone is distracted, then a penalty in the form of deducted points is imposed on such a player. If during the game a player has 3 penalties, then he is considered a loser. Similarly, there is a penalty for repeated statements or an answer out of turn.
To increase interest in the game, it is recommended to hold its time limits. If during the predetermined time none of the players received 3 penalties, then everyone becomes the winner. The absence of fines can be considered an achievement of success, since the baby, taking into account his hyperactivity, was able to concentrate his attention exclusively on play activities.
The game "Trained Fly" has some differences from the above. To carry it out, you need a sheet of paper on which 16 cells are drawn (4 cells vertically and 4 horizontally). Then a game chip in the form of a fly is made. If it is not possible to make it yourself, then you can take an ordinary button, which will symbolize this insect.
The finished chip is placed on any cell of the playing field. Now the fly will be given orders where it should move (how many cells and in what direction). During the game, the child must mentally imagine all the movements of the insect. The player giving orders must not see the playing field. All orders for how many cells the insect will move are given blindly. If a child gives orders, then not only attention, but also memory will be trained in him. When the insect goes beyond the lined cells, be sure to signal this. Then the players switch roles, and everything repeats.
Outdoor games
One such game is The Last of the Mohicans. As a preface, you can tell something about the Indians. To create an educational moment, it is best to discuss with the child the main characteristics of the Indians. In particular, we are talking about such qualities as observation, attentiveness and unity with nature. Success and well-being depend on their ability to notice what is happening around them. And only after creating this kind of motivation, you can offer the child to become one of the Mohicans.
The rules of the game "Catch - do not catch" are very similar to the rules of the well-known "Edible - inedible". To catch or not to catch the ball will be determined by a predetermined designation. For example, you can agree that the driver will throw the ball and say a word that is related to animals, and then the child must catch the ball. If the spoken word has nothing to do with animals, he does not catch the ball.
It is recommended to give the child the opportunity to choose topics on their own. Usually in such games, children show creativity and creative thinking. In addition, such games allow you to develop not only thinking and attention, but also significantly increase the speed of information processing and some motor skills.
Games for stress relief (relaxation)
A great game to relieve tension is "Touch". "Touch" allows the baby to go into a relaxed state and at the same time increases his tactile sensations.
Before the start of the game, the preparation of items made from different materials. In this case, soft toys, cotton wool, wood or plastic products are suitable. Items are laid out in front of the baby. After he carefully examines and remembers them, he is invited to close his eyes and guess what kind of object he was touched.
A proven way to make a child relax is to teach him to alternate muscle tension and subsequent complete relaxation. It is best to do this in a playful way.
The child is invited to enter the role of a soldier. To do this, we can give an example of how the military are on guard duty. The kid takes a combat stance as soon as he hears the word "soldier". In this position, he must stand for a certain time, after which the adults say the command “rag doll”. When executing this command, he should relax. It is best to lean forward a little so that the arms begin to dangle, as if they were made of cotton or fabric. In this position, you must be in advance for a predetermined time, after which the “soldier” command will again follow.
The game should end exclusively at the moment of relaxation. In addition, it is necessary to finish it only after the baby has really relaxed.
If at least once in his life a child had the opportunity to watch how a ball is inflated with a pump, then it will not be difficult for him to enter the image of the game “Pump and Ball”. The kid will have to depict the changes that occur with the ball during the inflation process.
The players stand opposite each other, and the one who will represent the ball should look sluggish, as if he is the deflated ball. Meanwhile, another player (usually one of the parents) will imitate the process of inflating the ball. As this process continues, the "ball" should become more inflated. When the baby's cheeks swell, and the arms are extended to the sides, the parent needs to express dissatisfaction with the result. Now the “ball” will have to be lowered, because it is too pumped. As the ball deflates, the child will relax and eventually just lie down on the floor.
Based on practice, we can conclude that it is quite difficult for hyperactive children to regulate the tone of their speech. Thanks to the game "Silence - Whisper - Shout" this problem can be dealt with. The game allows you to develop the ability to control the tone of speech at a conscious level.
The child must raise or lower the tone of his voice, focusing on predetermined signs. For example, if you put your finger on your lips, the baby will speak quietly and move slowly. If you put your hands under your head, then he should freeze and not talk. If the host raises his hands, then the child is allowed to run, jump and scream.
Another useful entertainment is called "Speak on a signal." The main factor here is communication with the baby. He answers any questions asked. But the answer itself begins only after a certain signal. Such a signal must be specified at the beginning of the game. An example would be scratching your chin or folding your arms across your chest, there are many options. If the question was raised, but there is no prearranged signal, the baby should not answer. At this point, self-control training takes place. It will be especially difficult for a child if he knows exactly the answer to the question posed.
playing with hyperactive child, it must be remembered that despite their energy, such children are emotionally unstable. The choice of game should also depend on age. For example, a student may refuse some games. In addition, one should not put pressure on a son or daughter if he or she refuses to play and starts offering something of his own. In such a situation, you will have to make some concessions, and then take the hyperactive child with the game. If the child is so mobile that no games can attract him, then it would be useful to contact a professional child psychologist who will help parents in the matter of education.